Digital To Analog Converters Questions

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Question 1:
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Identify the most significant bit from the ’100010' binary data.

1. Right most bit 0

2. Second bit from side 0

3. Central bit 0

4. Left mast bit 1

Answer (Detailed SolLition Below)

n 4 : Left most bit 1

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Digital To Analog Converters Question 1 Detailed Solution

• MSB stands for most significant bit * the bit position in a binary number having the greatest
value.
• The MS8 is sometimes referre c. to Jiph -order bit or left-most bit due to the convention
in positional notation of writii-ig ma .i-icant digits further to the left.
° The MSB can also correspond tz the s’gn bit of a sipned binary number. In one’s and two’s
complement notation, ’1" signifies a negative number and "0" signifies a positive number.

Example:
(12)io' (1100)z

MSB

1 1 0 0

According to the question, the most significant bit of '100010' binary data is '1'.
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Question 2:

Given below are three types of converters

1. successive approximation type

2. weighted resistor type

3. R-2R ladder type

Which one of the types are D to A converter?

1. only 1 and 2

2. only 2 and 3

3. only 1 and 3

4. 1, 2 and 3

Option 2 : only 2 and 3

Digital To Analog Converters Question 2 Detailed Solution

The correct option is 2

Concept:

D/A converter:
D/A converter converts digital or binary data into its equivalent analog data. This analog data is
required to drive motors and other analop devices. The converted analog value is either in voltage
or current form.
There are two types of D/A converters:
• Weighted Resistor or Resistive Divider type
• R-2R Ladder-type

Weighted resistor DAC:

It uses a summing amplifier with a binary-weighted network as shown below.

R

2"R 2“Rt,2'R

@1(MSB)

Fo r an n-bit ADC,
• If the weipht of MSB resistor is 2R, then the reig the LSB resistor is 2nR
• We require n number of resistors.
• We require n different values of resistors i.e. 2ñ, z'R, 2^R, ..., 2”R.
The accuracy and stability depend on the accuracy of resistors.
The requirement of a wide ranpe of resisto r values restricts the use up to 8-bit.
R-2R ladder resistor DAC:

It uses a summing amplifier with an R-2R ladder network as shown below.

2R

R R

2R 2R 2Rd, 2R
(LSBt* nt (M8B)(d )
Fo r n-bit DAC, it requires only 2 different values of resistors i.e. R and 2R.

Question 3:
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The smallest change in the input signal that can be detected by an instrument is called

3. Resolution

4. Precision

Answer (Detailed So1ut!on Below)

Optio n 3 : Resolution

Digital To Analog Converters Question 3 Detailed Solution

• The smallest c -iang e nput sipnal that can be detected by an instrument is referred to as
its "resolution. ’
• The term resoluzicn cie3cribes the finest detail that a device or system can detect or measure.
• It is a key parameter for systems that deal with digital signals, as it is directly linked to the
quality or level of detail of the output.
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Quesfion 4:
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Two 10-bit ADCs, one of successive approximation type and other of single slope
integrating type, take Ta and Tb time respectively to convert 3V analog input signal to
digital output. If the input analog signal is increased to 6V, the approximate time taken
by II E' DCs will respectively be

2. Ta, Tb

3. Ta, 2Tb

4. 2Ta, Tb

Answer (Detailed ?o1Lition Below)

Option 4 : 2Ta, Tb

Digital To Analog Converters Question 4 Detailed Solution

The correct answer is 4) ZTa '

• For the successive appr *ion ADC, the conversion time is proportional to the input
voltage range, so fo• a 6‘'.'’ input signal, the conversion time will be 2 times Ta. Therefore, the
approximate time take by the successive approximation ADC for a 6V input signal will be 2Ta.
• For the sinple slope integrating ADC, the conversion time is also proportional to the input
voltage range, so for a 6V input signal, the conversion time will be 2 times Tb. Therefore, the
approximate time taken by the sinple slope integrating ADC for a 6V input signal will be Tb.
• Therefore, the approximate time taken by the two ADCs for a 6V input signal will be 2Ta for
the successive approximation ADC and Tb for the single slope integrating ADC.
Question 5:
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Which of the following is the fastest A-D converter?

1. Successive approximation type

2. Flash rype

3. Integration type

4. Ramp type

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 2 : Flash type

gitai To Analog Converters Question S Detailed Solution

\The correct answer is option 2):(Flash type)

Concept:
Flash ADC (Fastest)

• The flash ADC is the fastest type available. A flash ADC uses comparators, one per voltage
step, and a strinp of resistors.
• Flash-type ADC requires no counter For an n-bit ADC, flash-type ADC requires (2 — 1)
comparators
• A 4-bit ADC will have 15 comparators, and an 8-bit ADC will have 255 comparators.
• The following fipure shows a 3- bit flash ADC circuit.
 84na to

• It is formed of a series of comparat each one comparing the input signal toa unique
reference vokage.
• The comparator outputs connect to the inputs of a priority' encoder circuit, which then
produces a binary output.
• V, is a stable reference voltage provided by a precision vohage regulator as part of the
converter circufL
• As the analog input voltage exceeds the reference voltage at each comparator, the comparatar
outputs will sequentially saturate to a high state.
• The priority encoder geszezates a binary number based on the highest-order active input.
ignoring all other active inputs.

Additional Information
• The successive approximation 7\/D converter has a shorter conversion time compared to the
counter ramp A/D converter.
• Counter type ADC and successive approximate ADC use DAC Counter type ADC uses linear
search and successive approximation type ADC uses binary search
• A ring counter is used in successive approximation-type ADC
• Dual slope ADC is the most accurate

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Question 6 Vie\+’ !his Question Online •

A 5 bit ladder has a digital input of 11010. Assuming that 0 corresponds to 0 V and 1
corresponds to + 10 V, its output voltage will be:

2. — 6.5 V

3. — 8.125 V

4. + 8.125 V

Answer ‹Detailed ?otLit‹on Below)

Optio n 4 : + 8.125 V

Digital To Analog Converters Question 6 Detailed Solution

Concept:

Fo r a ladder-type D/A Converter:

Output Voltage (V#) = Resolution x Decimal Equivalent of binary input.
Where Resolution is given by:

Given n = S and the Digital inpr:I

. The Resolution will be:

R - 0.3125

Since the decimal Equivalent of 11010 = 26

So, V = 26x 0.31 25
V./ = 8.125 V
Note• If the full-scale voltage is given, them

Resolutio n

Question 7 ;, • View this Question Online >

The resolution of an 8 bit DAC will be:

’ “. ’” ”
”

2. 1/8

3.

4. 1/64

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 1 : 1/255
*• *\. ’‘ '
Digital ToAnalog Converters Question 7 Detailed Solution

Resolution: It is defined as the smallest change in the analog outputvéltape corresponding to a

change of one bit in the digital input '
The percentage resolution (96R) of an n-bit DAC ,’.
The resolution of an n-°it D th a range of output voltage from 0 to V is given by:

Calculation:

Number of bits (n) = 8

Resolutio n -see-

Question 8 ¥’ie\+’ this Question Online •

A 6-bit ladder D/A converter has a maximum output of 10 V. The output for input 101001 is
approximately

1. 4.2

2. 6.5

3. 5.5

9.
4.

Answer ‹Detailed ?otLit‹on Below)

Option 2 : 6.5

Digital To Analog Converters Question 8 Detailed Solution

Output Voltag’e )’ - Resolution x Decimal Equivalent of binary input

Where Resolution is given by:

Renat t on ——

Where, Vjt = Full scale voltage or maximum voltage

Given n = 6 and the Digita1 input = 101001

. The Resolution will be:

Since the decim al Equivalent cf 101L'C:1 = 41

So, Vt = 41 x 0.1587
V./ = 6.5067 V
V0 = 6.5 V

Note: If the reference voltage is given, then:

ResatutJon ——

Question 9 Vie’.\’ this Qu=.stion OnJine

!f the resolution of a digital-to-analop converter is approximately 0.495 of its full-scale

range, then it is a/an

1. 16-bit converter

2. 10-bit converter
 4. 12-bit converter

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Optio n 3 : 8- bit converter

Digital To Analog Converters Question 9 Detailed Solution

C n of R olu i n:
It is defined as the smallest change in the analop output voltage corresponding to a change of one
bit in the digital output.
The percentage resolution (96R) of an n-bit DAC is:
%R

As we know the formula resolut-o n,

OD = x 100 =0.4

250 = 2N -1

2N = 251 25 5

i.e., 28 = 255

N =8

Hence the minimum value of N satisfying the condition.

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Question 1 0 Vievlhsouehononine

The difference between analog voltage represented by two adjacent digital codes of an
analog to digital converter is

2. Resolution

3. Quantization

4. Precision

Answer (Detailed So!Lit\on Below)

Optio n 2 : Resolution

Digital To Analog Converters Question 10 Detailed Solution

Resolution: It is defined as the smallest change in the analog output voltage corresponding to a
chanpe of one bit in the digital output.
The percentage resolution (96R) of an n-bit DAC is:
0fi x 100

The resolution of an n-bit DAC with a ranpe of output voltage from 0 to V is given by:
R —— vnfts

Hence the difference between aha Itape represented by two adjacent digital codes of an
analog to digital converter is ca!led ution.
Hence option (2) is the correct answer.

Accuracy:
• The accuracy of the A/D converter determines how close the actual digital output is to the
theoretically expected digital output for given analog input.
• In other words, the accuracy of the converter determines how many bits in the digital output
code represent useful information about the input signal.
96 Accuracy of a n bit ADC = (1 / 2^ ) s 100

Question 11 'Vie’.v this Qu=.stion OnJine

A D/A converter has 5V full-scale input voltage and an accuracy of + 0.2%. The maximum
error for any output voltage will be

1. S mV

2. 10 m* ’

3. 20 m

4. 1 mV

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Optio n 2 : 10 mV

Digital To Analog Converters Question 11 Detailed Solution

Concept:

Maximum error (Et) of D/A is given as,

Et = ( • Accuracy)

Where,
VFS fullyscale input voltage
 waiuuia iui .

Given: Vf5 = SV , Accuracy= 0.? S

E, = 10 mV

Question 12 View this Question Online >

The resolution of 4 Bit counting ADC is 05 V For an analog input 5.8 volt the output of
ADC will be

1. 1100

2. 1 1 11

3. 1010 -

4. 1011 • ,

' '‘ -‹ *
” ' '
Answer DetailedSolution
( Below

“’ Digital To Analog Converters Question 12 Detailed Solution

• AnaIop-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) transform an analop voltage to a binary number (a series

of 1’s and 0's).
 • I ten eventually to a digital num ber (base 1U) tor reading on a meter, monitor, o r chart.
• The ADC resolution depends upo n the number of bits used to represent the digit number.
• As the number of bits increases the resolution of an Analog to Digital Converter improves and
the quantizatio n error decreases.

Resolution for n — bit A/D converter will be:

Where

R = Resolution

Vt\ is reference voltage ’o r’ Full-scale voltage

n = number of bits

2ib 1 gives output voltage value.

Calculation:

VFS — 5.8 V

n=4

R = OS V

2 b = 12.93 V 12 V

In bits, the output voltage will be 1100

Hence option (1) is the correct answer.

;d• Important Points

The resolution of DAC is a change in analog voltage corresponding to the LSB bit increment
at the input.

The resolution (R) is calculated as:

R

No. of levels = 2" — 1

Vr S reference voltage 'o r’ Full—scale voltage

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Question 13 Vievlhsouehononine:

A 8-bit A/D converter is used over a span of zero to 2.56 V. The binary representation of
1.0 V signal is

1. 011 001 00

2. 011 100 01

3. 101 001 01

4. 101 000 10

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

tio n 1 : 011 001 00

Digital To Analog Converters Question 13 Detailed Solution

Resolution:
Resolutio n of ADC is a change in analog voltage corresponding to a 1-bit increment.

Resolutio n is the number of bits per conversion cycle that the converter is capable of processing.
R ——

n = No. of bits of ADC

Vrange ' Vmax- min

Analog output = Reslotio n x Decimal equivalent to binary

VO = R X D

Calculation:
 range ' V mex— ° min

Vmax = 2.56 V

if-HI F I ' 0 V

rzng@ ' 2 56 V

n=8
Resolutio n
is R

.. R = 0.01.

Output voltage V 1V
w 1 = 0.01 x D

.. D = 100

The binary value of 100 is

2 1U0
50 - 0
25-0
12-1
6-0
3-0
\-1
0-1

The binary equivalent of 100 is (011 001 00)s

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Question 14 View this Question Online >

A 4-bit R-2R digital to analog converter using Inverting op-amp has a reference of 5V.
What is the analog output for the input code 1010?

1. 3.125 V

2. 0.78125 V

3. —3.125 V -

+
4. 0.3125 V , - ”

" •“
.“ , ‘
Answer (Qetailpd solution Below)

Digital To Analog Converters Question 14 Detailed Solution

Cn I
R - 2R ladder DAC:

3 bit R — 2R DAC by using Inverting ap-amp is shown below:

Voltage 2R
Source j
2R 2R 2R
MSB LSB
Volaqe R R 2R
Sou ce

2R 2R 2R
MSB LSB
a.
n. ' a-VW-

Output voltage is defined as:

V0' — 1(R¿) (i)
Current is calculated as:

Current drawn fro m the source is

1 = V/ R (iii)
Current is calculated as:

The final output voltage is

Fo r n bit DAC output voltage is

Calculation•
Given digital input is 1010 and the reference voltage is 5 V

consiclering the value of the feedback resistor for Op amp is R G

Output voltage is

Vo' -?.125 V
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Question 15
Vie'.v thiE Question Oniire

Which of the following is the fastest A-D converter?

1. Successive approximation type

2. Flash rype

3. Integration type

4. Ramp type

Answer (Detailed Solution Below )

Option 2 : Flash type

Digital To Analog Converters Question 15 Detailed Solution

\The correct answer is option 2):(Flash type)

Concept:
Flash ADC (Fastest)

• The flash ADC is the fastest type available. A flash ADC uses comparators, one per voltage
step, and a strinp of resistors.
• Flash-type ADC requires no counter For an n-bit ADC, flash-type ADC requires (2 — 1)
comparators
• A 4-bit ADC will have 15 comparators, and an 8-bit ADC will have 255 comparators.
• The following fipure shows a 3- bit flash ADC circuit.
• lt is formed of a series af compar one comparîng the input signal toa unique
reference vokage.
• The œmparator outputs connect to 1e inputs af a priorité' encoder circuit, which then
produces a binary output.
• V is a stable reference vohage provided by a precision vohage regulator as part of the
converter circufL
• As the analog input voltage exceeds the reference voltage at each comparator, the comparatar
outputs will sequentially saturate to a high state.
• The prfozity encoder generates a binary number based on the highest-ozder active input.

Additional Information
• The successive approximation 7\/D converter has a shooter conversion time compared to the
counter ramp 7\/D canverter.
• Counter type ADC and successive approximate ADC use DAC Counter type ADC uses linear
search and successive approximation type ADC uses binary search
• A ring caunter is used in sucœssive approximation-type ADC
• Dual slO E' ADC is the most accurate