J

. r
. '
' ,· ..

' .. I •
I

CHAPfER, .

I ONE.·.·· • I
,

STRESS I,

, '

' l

1.1 INTRODUCTION • ' )

•
I

An experimental stress analyst must have a thorough understanding of stress,

strain, and the laws relating stress to strain. For this reason, Part 1'of this text has •
been devoted to• the elementary concepts of the theory of elasticity. The first
chapter ·deals with stresses p~oduced in a body due to external and body-force
loadings. The second chapter deals with deformations and strains produced by the ,
loadings and with relations between the stresses and strains. The third chapter
covers plane problems in the theory of elasticity, important since a large part of a .•
first course in experimental stress analysis deals 'with two-dimensional problems.
Also treated is the stress-function approach to the 'solut~on of plane problems.
Upon completing the subject matter of Part 1 of the text, the student should have
a firm understanding of stress and strain and should be able to solve some of the I

more elementary two-dimensional problems in the theory of elasticity by using the I

I

Airy's-stress-function approach.
I
I

1.2 DEFINITIONS

Two basic types of force act on a body! to produce stresses. Forces of the first type
are called surface forces for the simple reason that they act on the surfaces of the
body. Surface forces are generally exerted when one body comes in contact with • '•
, I ' ,
another. Forces of the second type are called body forces since they act on each
element.of the body. Body forces are commonly'produced by centrifugai gravita- •• :_ -~ •
tional, or other force fields. The most common body force~ are gravitational, being • : •• •
present to some degree in a·lmost all cases. For many practical applicationst
, I
,· .•
' I • t \
•, I •
I
.I I I

3
 4 ELEMENTARY ELASTICITY

Figure I.I Arbitrary surface (eit

her in t~
showing the resultant of all for
ces acting al or ~t~ --
of area AA. • . _ O\'e r lb --·~
e clc ,:
I

however, they are so small comp

ared with the surface forces pre
·: be neglected without introd sent that th
ucing serious error. Body for
following analysis for the sake ces are included :Y tan
of completeness. . 111
Consider an arbitrary internal the
or external surface, which ma
curvilinear, as shown in Fig. y be pl
1.1. Over a small area AA of
neighborhood of an arbitrary this surface :e ~r
point P, a system of forces acts
represented by the vector AF,. wh ich has a resultane
in
action of the resultant force ve the figure. It should be noted that the lin t
ctor AF. does not necessarily
. , outer n·ormal n associated
with the element of area AA. If
coincide with e; f
divided by the increment of are the resultant force AF :
a A~ the average stress which
obtained. In the limit as AA acts over the ar ~ is
approaches zero, a quantity de
. stress T n acting at the point fined as the resultant
P is obtained. This limiting pro
equation form below. cess is illustrated in
- ,- .
•• . T ·= lim AFn
•• r

I n A.A -0 AA .
... , (1.1)
•Th e line of action of this res '.,
ultant stress Tn coincides with I
the resultant force AF", as the line of action of
illustrated in Fig. 1.2. It ~ im
po in t th at the resultant stress portant to note at this
the body an d the orientation is a function of both the position of the point Pin
Tn
of the plane which is passe I

rmal n. In a body subjected d through the poipt -and .

, • identified by its· outer no
to an arbitrary system of

•- !

p
,,,. •
,
• J I .. , •
/ .. I '

. '
.. -• • -- • •
_:
Figure 1.2 Resolution of the uJtant stress T,. into
res
• I components <Ta and T.• . • •
its ~ormal and tangentta
' • . I
,·

I • ,
 STRESS S

Figure 1.3 Resolution of the resultant stress T,. into its

three cartesian components t:~, tz,, and Gu-

loads, both the magnitude and th~ direction of the resultant stress Tn at any point
P change as the orientation of the plane under consideration is changed.
As illustrated in Fig. 1.2, it is possible to resolve Tn into two components: one
<Jn normal to the surface is known as the , resultant normal stress ' while the com-
ponen t r n is known as the resultant shearing stress.
Cartesian components of stress for any coordinate system can also be- ob-
tained from the resultant stress. Consider first a surface whose outer normal is· in
the positive z direction, as shown in Fig. 1.3. If the res1.dtant stress Tn associated
with this particular surface is resolved into components along the x, ,y, and z axes,
the cartesian stress components rzx, rz;, and <1zz are obtained. The components 1:zx
and r:y are shearing stresses since they act tangent to the surface under considera-
tion. The component <Jzz is a normal stress since it acts normal to the surface.
If the same procedure is followed using surfaces whose outer normals are in
the positive x and y directions, two more sets of cartesian components, rxy, r.xz:,
<Jxx, and ryx, ryz, aYY, respectively, can be obtained. The three different sets of three
cartesian components for the three selections of the outer normal are summarized
in the array below:

<1xx fxy fxz outer normal parallel to the x axis

fyx (Jyy fyz outer normal parallel to they axis
fzx !zy (J %; outer normal parallel to the z axis
\

From this array, it is clear that nine cartesian components of stress exist. These
components can be arranged on the faces of a small cubic element, as shown in
Fig. 1.4. The sign convention employed in placing the cartesian stress components
on the faces of this cube is as follows: if the outer ~ormal defining the cube face is
in the direction of increasing x, y, or z, then the associated normal and shear stress
components are also in the direction of positive x, y, or z. If the outer normal is in
the direction of negative x, y, or z, then the normal and shear stress components
are also in the direction of negative x, y, pr z. As for subscript convention, the first
6 ELEMENTARY ELASTICITY

,(h,
I
~--r I
/
,
Ty1 I
I
r,q
I
Ty1

(ly
~-1 +Tu
(J"yy I
♦
\ ru
Tyl
I crry
)-_ 3"z x_~ ---- -
/
/ JTu
/ I
/ T1y +---f
/
I
/ ( ♦ (J"ll

Figure 1.4 Cartesian components of stress acting on

th~ faces of a small cubic element.

subs crip t refers to the oute r norm al and defin I

es the plan e upon whic h the stress

com pone nt acts, wher eas the seco nd subs cript
gives the direc tion in which the
stres s acts. Fina lly, for norm al stresses, positive
sign·s indic ate tensi on and negative
sign s indic ate comp ressi on. '

1.3 STRESS AT A POINT

At a give n poin t of interest within a body,

the magnitude and direc tion of the
• resu ltant stres s T,1depe nd upon the orientatio
n of the plane passed throu gh the
poin t. Thu s an infinite num ber of resultant-stres
s vectors can be used to repre sent
the resu ltant stres s at each poin t since an infin
ite number of planes can be passed
thro ugh each poin t. It is easy to show, however,
that the magnitude and direc tion
of each of these resultant-stress vectors can
be specified in terms of the nine
carte sian com pone nts of stress acting at the P?int
e uilib rium of the elemental tetrahedron
. Thi~ can seen by considering ?e
shown m F1~. 1.~. In this figure
t~e stres ses actin g over the four fa~es of the tetrah
ed~on are represented by their
aver a e values. The average value is denot_ed
by,_~la~mg a "' sign over the stress
g 'I d r for the tetrahedron to be m equ1hbnum, the
Sy mbo l n or e .. b . . following cond"t•
• . fl d F.1rst consider equ1h
mus t be satts e • num m the x d'trectt.on: 1 10n
~ _
_ A s (n x) _ -r .A cos (.(n, y) - r·zx A cos (n, 1

I
T~ A a XX co ,
nx
- y.x z) + F __1 hA _ O
:1: 3 -
.
 STREM 7

I
I '
,
I

I,
./

I
l I
,1 •

y/ I / T --(
1y Ir, .
p I r- _ _ J_!_l __ _
~
Ty1t '/ , / ~-T11 •
,
/ _J
/ +-, ,
/ ,;, ,~

,Figure 1.5 Elemental tetrahedron

at point P showing the average
stresses which act over its four
faces.

where h = altitude of tetrahedron 1 ' ' .

A = area of base of tetrahedron
...FX = average body-force intensity in X direction
Tnx = component of resultant stress in x direction .
and A cos (n, -x ), A cos (n, y), an9 A cos (n, z) are the projections of the area A. on
the yz, xz, and xy planes, respectively.
.
,' . I ' • I

By, ~etting the a~t_itud~ h 7 0, af~er eli~inating the common factor A f:om each •.
term of the expression, 1t can be seen that the body-force term vanishes, t~e
average stresses become exact stresses at the point P; and the previous expression -
becomes ' ' ' I 't '\ I
0
J

. Tnx' = axx co~(~, x) + tyx cos (n, y)' + Lzx cos (n~ z) . • · (1.2a) .
Two similar_ expressions are obtained by considering equilibrium in the y and z ~
directions; · • ,
T,.y...: txy cos (n, x) + a-.,/ cos (n, y) + !zy cos (n, z) (L?b)
Ynz = txz cos (n, x) + 'tyz' cos (n, y) + (Jzz cos (n, z)' •(1.2c)-.
Once the three cartesian components of the resultant stress for a particular plane·
have been determined by employing Eqs. (1.2), the resultant stress ~" cari b~
determined by using the ex pression
I . T" = ✓ T;x + T;y + T~z
' '

'
The three direction cosines which define the line of action of the resultant st~ess T"
are . . - .• I

~ \
• , ( - )' , Tnx '
' ( ) T,.y
' cos T,. ~ X ' I T" I - ' ~OS !n ' y . I Tn I
I •

I ,

.
'
 8 ELEMENTARY ELASTICITY
f -,
, ,

The .norm?) stress u. and the shearing stress .'.• which-act on the plane under
cons1derfit1on can be obtained from the expressions
I ' .. ,

I - <J n~ IT,, f cos (T,, , n) and rn= / TnI sin (T,, , n)

\,
nca
The angle between the resultant-stress vector Tn and,th1 e·normal to the_plane
n
be determined by using the well-known relatiOnship • '
/ I
cos (T,,., n) = cos (T,,, x) ~s (n, x) + cos (T,,, y) cos (n,• y) - •
. ,,.-,: ~

•• + COS ( T,, , Z) COS (n, z) / ,

ering
,, It should also be noted that the normal stress <1,, can be determi~ed ~y consid
era..
the proje~ions of T,,x, T,,y, and r,,z·onto the normal to the plane under consid
1

tion. Thus
an = T,,x COS (n, X) + T,,,- COS (n, y) + T,,z COS (n, Z)
'

Once an has been determined, 'n can easily be found since

!Iii
.,

1.4 STRESS EQUATIONS OF EQUILIB~IUM

I , , •
I

s of
In· a body subjected to a gen~ral system of body and surface forces,, ~tresse
variable magnitude and directfon are produced throughout the body. The distrib-
of the body is
ution of these stresses mustI be such that the overall equilibrium, ,

maintained; furthermore, equilibrium of each element in the body must be main-

the
.tamed. This section deals with the equilibrium of the individual elements of
n-
body. 9n the element shown in Fig. 1.6, only the stress and body-force compo
act in
• '· ents which act in the x direction are shown. Similar components exist and
the faces
• ... •• the y and z directions. The stress values shown are average ·stresses over /

x
of an element which is _assumed to be very small. A summation of forces in the
direction gives • •
•
. .
; '
'
.' , - I

dy ~ r;~) dx dz : .
0 0
( CT xx+ :;x dx - l1xx) dy dz+ ( ryx + ;;x •• •

0
, +{r,x:+ ;;x dz - !zx) dx 'dy + F" dx dy dz== 0 _

Dividing throu~h by dx dy dz gives

I

oaxx oi,,x" or,i ; (1.3a)

~ +---;- +• ~-
uZ
+ Fx = 0
vX uy
, I

\
 • STR ~ 9 '

t· ' I

''

I,
I
I
, I ~. ar1
µz,_ ,d,
~l l

I ...
ry,~ I
/ I
r'/ I
I ,: .. / •
d1
I. F, / ar;,
r

/
tk----·---- i;,•
u~ ,
a, dy ~-_ _.. ,
/ fTxx+ --;-d.x / Trx Y
/ uX /
/ ✓
/ I ••

I
d.y

!I
Figure 1.6 Small element removed from l ...,.
a body, showing the stresses acting in the x direction only. . -

. .
-. .. • • I

. .
By considering the force and stress compon / , ••
ents in they and z directions, it can be•.
established in a similar fashion that
✓
• \ I
• o {
1
'•
/

• I

ot
~ + ouYY +~
ot
ox oy oz +F =0 . y (1.3b) •
otx:z: otyz oa:z:z -
-+ -+ -:
ox ay oz+ f ==0, %

where Fx, F,, F, are body-force intensities

(in lb/in 3 or N/m 3) in ~he x, y; and z
directions, respectively. 1

Equations (1.3) are the well-known stress

equations of equilibrium which any
theoretically or experimentally obtained stre
ss distribution must satisfy. In obtain-
ing these equations, three of the six equilib
rium conditions have been employed.
The three remaining conditions can b~
utiliz_ed to establish additional relation-
ships between· the stresses. / .
Consider the element shown in Fig. 1.7. , :
Only those stress components which •i.
will produce a moment about the y axis are
sho
has been selected with its origin at the centroi wn. Since the coordinate system ;
d of the element, the normal stress •
components and the_ body forces do not •• I
,produce ~ny m~ments. ..•.
t
 lO ELEMENTARY ELASTICITY

I I
I I T
I I I orxz dx
I
I ♦ Txz-ax T y
I

I ~--- -- --+-~
/
I /
dz / orx1 dx
I
Txz+ ox T
I
/
)- ---- ---- -- Figure 1.7 Small elern
/
/ K from a body, showingenth refllov
/ •h
/ wh 1c prod uce a morne t e Sites~e<J
/ . nt ab0 ....l
dy y axis._ ut lhe

A sum~a tion of moments about the Y axis gives the following express"
ion:
or;zx dz) dz, / _ orzx dz) dx d dz
( r,x+ az 2 dxdy 2+ \r,x az 2 . y 2
or dx) dx I ( /orxz dx) dx
-
( !xz+ a:ZT dy,dz T- !xz- ax 2 ~ydz2"'-0
which reduces to
' r zx dx dy/ dz - rxz dx dy dz= ,0 _,1
\
\
Therefore, 't'zx = 1 xz
(1.4a)
The remaining two equilibrium. conditions can be used in a similar manner to
establish that
(1.4b)
!yz r !zy : (1.4c)
The equalities given in·Eqs. (1.4) reduce the nine cartesian components of stress to
six independent components,. which may be expressed in the following array:

(l xx rxy !zx
!fY ,uyy ryz
Lzx ryz Uzz
,,
'

1.5 LAWS OF STRESS TRAN SFOR MATI ON

It ~as previously been shown that the resultant-stress vector T,, acting on an
arbitrary plane defined by the outer normal n can be determined by substituting
•

L
 • STRESS 11

~-Y

Figure 1.8 Resolution of T" into three cartcsian com-

X
ponen ts u"", t"" •• and t""".
• I

, . .

the six independent cartesian components of stress into Eqs. ( 1.2).

However, it is , ~. '
often desirable to make anoth er transformation, :namely, that
from the stress •
components axx, aYY' Uzz, rxy·, ryz, r~x! which refer to an Oxyz coord
inate system, . ,
to the stress components (J x'x'' (J Y'Y'' (J Z'Z'' r x·'y'' r y'Z'' 'tz'x'' which
refer to an Ox' y' z'
coordinate system. The transformation equations commonly used
to perform this
operation ~ill be developed in this section.
Consider an. element similar to Fig. 1.5 ·with an inclined f~ce
having outer·
. normal n. Two mutually perpendicular directions n' and n" can
the,n be denoted in · .. ••. ,
the plane of the inclined face, as shown in Fig. 1.8. The resultant
stress T" acting on·· .
the inclined face can be resolved into components alol)g the direc
tions n, n'; and n'f •, • ,; ,.
to yield the stresses (J nn' Lnn'' and Lnn". This resolution of the resul
tant' stress into
components can be accomplished most easily by utilizing the carte
:
sian conipon--:
ents T,,x, T,,y, and T,,z. Thus · ' I
~
I

i .

·a"" = T,,~ cos (n, x) + T,.y cos (n, y) + T,,z cos (n, z)
1
rnn' = T,,x cos (n', x) + T,,y cos (n', y) + T,,z
C<?S (n', z)
'tnn" . T,,x cos (n", x) + T,,y cos '(n'\ y)~ + T,,z cos (n", z) '··.·•.-

If the results from Eqs. (1.2) and (1.4) are substituted into these
expressions, the
following impo rtant equations are obtained:

= <J xx COS 2 (n, X)

I

+ <J yy •COS 2 (n, y) + <J z=

•
<Jnn
COS
2. (n, Z)
. . ' •,,
. ,·
·+ 2-rxy cos (n, .t) cos (n, y) +' 2ryz cos (n, y) cos (n, z) 1

+ 2tzx cos (n,' z) cos (n, x)

I ' , .
I
•
,. .
,, •' t
• I

(1.5a)
\ J

./ •
I : •

7 ,'
 12 H..EMENTAKY ELASTICITY

TM'= tJ1 ~ cos (n, x) cos (n', x) +. a" cos (n, y) cos (n'. y)
I

+ au cos (n, z) cos (n', z)

+ t x,[cos (n, x) cos (n', y) + cos (n, y) cos (n'. x)]
+ tyz[cos (n, y) cos (n', z) + cos (n, z) cos (n', y)]
+ f:x[cos (n, z) cos (n, x) + cos (n, x) cos (n', z)]
'
-inn.,= a,.,. cos (n, x) cos (n", x) + a" cos (n, y) cos-(n", y)

+ U:z cos (n, z) cos (n'', z)

+ rxy[cos (n, x) cos (n", y) + cos (n, y) cos (nn, x)]
+ ryr[cos (n, y) cos (n'', z) + cos (n, z) cos (n"; y))
+ !z.x[cos (n, z) cos (n", x) + cos (n, x) cos (n", z)J
(Lsc}
Equations (1.5) provide the means for determining normal-and shear-stress
, ponents at a point associated with any set of cartesian reference axes provid:rn· the
/ stresses associated with one set of axes are known.
Expressions for the stress comp~nents ax•x•, uy'r' a='='' rx'r' r,,,=,, r~r'can be
obtained directly from Eq. (I.Sa) or Eq. (1.5b) by employing the followin
procedure. g
In order to determine ax'x', select a plane having an outer normal n coinciden
with x', A resultant stress Tn = Tx, is associated with this plane. The normal sfres:
a"'x' associated with this plane is obtained directly from Eq. ( 1.5a) by substituting
x for n. Thus •.

ax,~,= axx cos 2 (x', x) + a,, cos 2 (x', y)

+ <1zz cos 2 (x', z) + 2r.xy cos (x',.. x) cos (x', y)
,
~ 2-ryz cos (x', y) cos (x', z) + 2-rzx cos (x', ~) cos (x', x) (l.6a)

By selecting n coincident with they and z' axes and following the same procedure,
expressions for a >"'Y' and a z'r can be-obtained as follows: ,.

<1y11 , = <lyy cos2 (y', y) + <lzz cos 2 (y', z)

+ a.xx cos 2 (y', x) + 2r,z cos (y', y) cos (y', z)
,

+ 2ru cos (y', z) cos (y', x) + 2rx, cos (y', x) cos (y', y) (1.6b)
az,z,= azz cos2 (z', z) + dxx cos 2 (z', x)
+ a,~ cos 2 (z', y) + 2rzx cos' (z', z) cos (z', x)
I

+ 2rx, cos (z', x) cos (z', y) + 2r,z cos (z', y) cos (z', z) (l.6c)

The shear-stress component r~'Y' is 'obtained by selecting a plane having outer

normal n coincident with x' and the iQ ...plane direction n' coincident with y', as
/
 ·,
STRESS ll

I
X

I
I

, I /
I /
--------

Figure 1.9 Resolution of Ta· into three cartesian

\ y' stress components aJ:'J:'. t:s•,·. and t,..,.. ,,

shown in Fig. 1.9. The shear stress rx'y' is then obtained from Eq. (I.Sb) by substi..
tuting x' for n and y' for n'. Thus
t x1y1•= <1 xx COS (x', X) COS (y', X) ,
+ a.,, cos (x', y) cos (y', y) + au cos (x', z) cos (y', z) •
+t x,[cos (x', x) cos (y', y) + cos (x', y) cos (y', x)]
+ r.,:[cos (x', y) cos (y', z) + cos (x', z) cos (y', y)]
+ t:x[cos (x', z) cos (y', x) + cos (x', x) cos (y', z)] (1.6d)
By selecting n and n' coincident with they' and z', and t and x' axes, additional
expressions can be developed for r,,z, and tz,xi, respectively, as follows:
ty':' = <1.,, cos (y', y) cos (z', y)
· + <J:: COS (y', ~) cos (t, z) + <J~u COS (y', X) COS (z', X)
;
\

. + r,:[cos (y', y) cos (z', z) + cos (y', z) cos (z', y)]

I

+ t:x[cos (y~, z) cos (z', x) + cos (y', x) cos (z', z)]

/

+ txy[cos (y', x) cos (z', y) + cos (y', y) cos (z', x)] (l.6e)
.
!z'x' = <1:: cos (z', z) cos (x', z)
I

+ <1xx cos (z', x) cos (x', x) + <1yy cos (z', y) cos (x', y)
t'tzx[cos (z', z) cos (x', x) +cos (z', x) cos (x', z)]
+ rx1[cos (z', x) cos (x', y) + cos (z', y) cos (x', x)]
+tyz[c~s (z', y) cos (x', z) + cos. .(z', z) cos (x', y)]
'

(1.6/) '
'
These six equations permit the six cartesian components of stress relative to the
Oxyz coordinate .system to be transformed into a different set of six cartesian
components of stress relative to an Ox'y~z'. coordinate system. -

•
 I
14 ELEMENTARY ELASTICITY
l

1•6 PRIN elPA L sTRF .Ss~ :

. i l
. .

p.
In Sec. 1.2. it wa·s noted that the resultant-stress vector T" at a , given' 01
d · d Pl nt P
_epen e_d upon the choice of the plane upon which the stress_ac!ed. If a
1.1;,~c !s
selected such that T" coincides with the outer normal n, as shown m ~ig. 11
dent, ts
cleaf tha_t the shear stress •n vanishes and that T;,, <Tn, and n are comci
,, • . If n 1s selected .so that it coincides with T , then the plane defined b
tioi,: is
known as a principal plane. The direction give~ ?Y n i~ a principal di~ec
st:d
the normal stress acting on this particular plane 1~ a ~rmcipal stress. In every
d· te
· of stress there exist at least three principal planes, which are mutua~ly perpen
dist~cu.
Jar, and associated with ·these principal planes there are at most three
Fig. ;net
principal stresses. These statJments can be established by referring to
• • and noting that · , • ,lfj

.. i • •
I ..
.

= <ln (n, z) (
I "

I '

= '1n (n~'x)'· = <ln (n, y), ~?S

.
•
,
..,:_. ·T,;x
.' .
COS
,
-·t ·r,,y
i
COS 1
T,,z:
, i
obtained
. If Eqs. {1.2) are substituted into Eqs. (a), the following 'exp·ressions are
; I
• I
• '
1

(1;" cos (~, + ''" cos (n, y) +-'"' C?S (n, 7-) -:-- (1. cos (n, X)
X)

,
( I
• 'txy cos (n, x) + <lyy cos (n, y) + ~zy cos, (n, z) . <ln ,cos (n,_y), I
(I
•
I • I

• t xz cos (n, x) + t cos (n, y) + <J zz cos (~,. z). ._ :, <Jn ~os (n, z)
yz

' I

.Rearranging Eqs. (b) gives ,,

,
I
. •
.
. . (nxx - <1n) COS (n, ~)+Ty ~ COS + 'tzx· COS (n, z) = 0
(n, y)
. .' '..' /. ! ; ' (

·rxy COS (n,.x) + (<lyy - <1n) COS (n, y) .+ 'tzy C?S (n, z) = 0
I • • ' l .
·
'txz COS (n, x) +· Tyz COS (n; y) +· (<1zz - a~) COS (n, ~) =._D
I I '
' ....

' .' '

,I
(
. r
. ' n

• I '

I • .. f

I T,q •
/
y
I /
, I /
'
_____. _ J-1 /
I I ' • I

Figure 1.10 Coincidenc~ of~ with the outer nor,

indicates that the shear· stresses vanish and th,
X
. ~ I
btlComes equal in magnitude to .i;.. ' I·

.......
If
-~ I \
 .
'

STRESS 15
\
\

·, Solving for any of the direction cosines~ say cos (n, x ); by detenninan~s gives
0 tyx 't:x
0 a,,.)' - ~n 'tzy
0 !yz (J:-z - (Jn
cos (n, x1) = (d).
I
,. (J xx·- a,,· : 'tyx , 'tzx
'txy ayy - (Jn 'tzy '
•
\
I
'txz I
t }'Z a ...
.... - a,.
,...

It is clear that nontrivial solutions for the directioi;i cosines of the principal plane .
will exist only if the determinant in the denominator .is zero. Thus 1 .

I f • t' yx , 'tzx
(J yy - (J n 'tzy =0 I •
(e)
•
t yz (J zz - (J n
. J '
Expanding the determinant after substituting Eqs. (1.4) gives the following impor-
• tant cubic equation: . • ., ·'
. .
3 (
<Jn - (J xx + <J' yy + (J• zz)an2
+• (a XX(1 yy + (l yy(T Z% +' (J zzO' XX - t;y - t;z - t;x)<Jn

-. (cixxO"y~(Jz z·_' <T~x·J;z -

'
O"y,.,t;.'( -
I
O'z:'t~y + 2rxy 'tyz'tzx) •0 (f.7)
' • I ' ' • '.

The roots of this· cubic equation are the three principal stresses.: By substituting .1
/

th·e six cartesian components of stress into this equation, one can solve for a: and
obtain thre~ real roots. Three possible solutions exis~. • .••
i
1.: ir' (l 1, (J'2., 0'3. are distinct, then are unique 'and mutu. ally. 1
n1, n2, and 113
perpendicular. .
2. If a 1 ~ a 2 # a 3 , then n3 is unique and every direction perpendicular to n 'is a
3
principal direction associated with a 1• ·=. o: 2 .
. .
3.· If a 1 = a 2 = a 3 , then a hydrostatic state of stress exists and every direction is a
.
principal direction.
,,
I

Once the three principal stresses. have been established, they can be sub- .,
stituted individually into Eqs. (c) to give three sets of simultaneous equations - .
I
whi~h tQgether wi.th •the relation , . • • . •. • • : • • • • ~. ,
I • • l
', • I • • • •

cos 2 (n, x) + cos 2 (n, y).+ cos 2 (n, z) = t' •

I

• can be solved to give the three sets ._of direction cosines defining the principal
• I
planes~ A numerical example of the procedure used in computing principal
stresses and directions is given in the exercises at the end ·of the chapter. "~
In . treating principal stresses it is often useful to ; order them so that
a 1 >' a 2 >· a 3 . When the stresses ,are ordered in this fashion, a 1 is the normal
stress having the largest algebraic valu& 'at a given point and a 3 is the normal
,, .
. .
 16 ELEMENTARY ELASTICITY

s~ess having the ~mallest alg~braic v~Jue. It is i~portant to recall _in this 0
process that tensile stresses are considered positive and ~ompressive rde .
·d d . , stret,._ t;~
cons1 ere negative. . ; -~s I
Another important concept is that of stress invariants. It was noted·. ~tt

that a state of stress could be desc~ibed by !ts six cartesian,s~r?ss comPo~: Scc. 1
respect to either the Oxyz coordinate system or the Ox Y z, coordinat .nts 8
\\ii ·S
Furthermore, Eqs. (1.6) were established to give the r~lation~hip betw: Ys1/I
two systems . In addition to Eqs. (1.6),.three other relations exist which en thelli.Se
, . · • • r are
the three mvarian ts of stress. To esta~l!~ h t_hese mvanan ts, re1er to Eq. (l. 7) eancd
is the cubic equation in terms of the '\\ihicL
prmc1pa1 stresses <J 1,d<J•2, a:11d a 3 . By recaJJ
. . •1
that a 1, u 2 , and a 3 are independent of the ca~te~1a_n co.or 1nat_e. system elll 10 ini
it is clear that the coeffic~ents of Eq. (1.7~ wh1~h contam cartes_1an compote YCQ_
the stresses must also be·1ndependent or invariant of the coordinate systelll nts or
:from Eq. (1.7) it is clear that , •lh11s,

•I1 = <1x:x + <1yy + <Jzz = <1x'r + Uyy' + Gz'z'

I2
_
- <1xx (J yy
+ (Jyy <1:z + (J %% (J xx
_ ,,.2 _ 1 2 _ r2
"xy yz zx
, 2 ·2 2

I
= (JX'X'(JY'Y ' + (Jy'y'(J%'Z' + (JZ'Z (JX'X' - 1 fX'y' - fy'Z' - 't'Z'X'
(l.8)
.
. = (JX'X'.<Jyy1{!z1z, - <JjX''t';z, - <J1 ,yt;X' - <1zrz,f;y' + 2fx'y'f).,Z '!Z'X'

-
where / 1 , 'i 2 , and / 3 are the first; se~nd, and third invari~nts of stress, res~
/

ti~e~y._ If the Oxyz coordinate system is selected coincident with the principal
. .;
d1rect1ons, Eqs. (1.8) reduce to 1 ••
I 2 =' ~ 1 a 2 + u2 <13 + <J3 a 1 . !j = a i a a 2 3 . - ( 1.9)

1.7 MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS •

In developing equations for maximum shear stresses, the special case will be
/ considered in ·which txy = ryz = rzx = 0. No loss in generality is introduced by
considering this special case since it involves only a reorientation of the reference
axes to coincide with the principal directions. In the following development n1, n2 ,
~nd n3 will be used to denote the principal directions. In Sec. 1.3 the resultant
, stress on an oblique plane was given by , ~
(a)

~ Substitution of values for T,.x, T,,Y, and T,,z from Eqs. ( I .2) with principal normal
stresses and zero shearing stresses yields , ~ • -· -
,.. • ~ •
I/
I
(b)
Tn2 = a 21 cos . n, •n1 + a. ~os (n, n2 ) + uj cos 2 (n, n3 )
' 2 ( I ) 2
2
2
 STRESS 17

Also from Eq. (I.Sa)

2 1

U,, = al COS (11, n1) + G2 COS 2 (n, n 2) + 0'3 ~S 2 (n, ,13) (c) ·
Since r; = T; - a~, an expression for the shear stress t on the oblique plane is
• obtained from Eqs, (b) and (c) after substituting I= co; (n, n ), m = cos (n, n2),
and n = cos (n, n3) as 1

t; = ar /2 + aim2 + aln 2 - (~, /2 + U2m 2 + a3n 2)2 (4) . ,/ '

The planes on which maximum and minimum shearing ~tresses occur can be ·.
obtained from Eq. (d) by differentiating with respect to the direction cosines l, m., .
and n. One of the direction cosines, n for example, in Eq. (d) can be eliminated by
solving the expression , , •
~

12 + m2 + n2 = 1 (e)
for I and substituting into Eq. (d). Thus
2
r; = (af - a~)/ + (a~ - a~)m 2 + ai - [(a 1 -· a 3)/2 + (a 2 - a )m 2 + a3] 2(/)
3
By taking the partial derivatives of Eq. (!), first with respect to l and then with
respect to m, and equating to zero, the following equations are obtained for
• I

determining the direction cosin'es associated with planes having maximum and
minimum shearing stresses: ,
/
l[½(a 1 - U3) - (a 1 - a 3 )/2
a 3 )m 2 ] = 0 - ((! 2
' -(g) '. -

m[}(a2 - a3) - (a 1 - a 3)l2- - (a 2 - a 3)m 2] = 0 ~ (h) ~

One solution· of thes~ equations is o~viously l = m = 0. Then from Eq. (e),.
n = + 1 (a p~incipal plane with ~ero shear). Solutions different from zero are also ·. - ~.
possible for this set of equations. Consider first that m = O; then from Eq. (g), .•.•,,
I= + (~) 112 and from Eq. (e), n = + (}) 112. Also if l = 0, then from, Eq. (h),
m = + (}) 112 and from. Eq. (e), n • + (}) 112 . Repeating the above procedure by
eliminating l and m in turn from Eq. (f) yields other values for the direction
cosines which make the shearing stresses maximum or minimum. Substituting the
values 1= + (}) 112 and n = + (}) 112 into Eq. (d) yields ..

t n2 = 2<11 + 0 + 20" 2<11 + 0 + 20"

1 2 1 2
3 - ('I •
1
3 )2
' •

from which
/
/

Similarly, using the other values f~r the direction cosi~es which make the shearing
stresses maximum gives .
tn = }(a1 - a 2 ) and rn = }(<12 ~- C13)

Of •these three possible results,· the largest magnitude 'Yill be obtained from
a 1 -·. a 3 if the principal stresses are ordered such that a 1 > __ a 2 > ~ 3. ~~s
I
,.
• • • 'rma~ = 1(amax - Olmin) = }(<11 - G3) {1.10)
 18 ELEMENTARY ELAS
TICITY

Admissible
combinations
'Tm .. of On and 1n
\ .

L .. .L -- -- -- -- Figure t.11 Mohr's, Circl

-- -~ -- -: -- "" 7 e £or the three.dill\ •
03 - 0n state of stress.
a2 ! .
. .
en,,~_
·1 -·~1
•
•
A useful aid for visual
. izing the ~mp~ete sta st I
te
.th ree-d1m ens1• ona1Mohr's ci·rcle shown 1n Flg. 1.11. Th~f ress at a _point ~
similar to the familiar .. is representation Wh' the
two-dimensional Mohr, .r
stresses, the maximum sh s ci cle, shows thc ~hr_e ' •ch .
earing stres~es, and !he e Prinei "
normal- and shear-stress rang
components must he fo e. of vastlues withm Which :~1
r a given ate of stress.
he
•
f

1.8 THE TWO-DIME

NSIONAL STATE O
F STRESS
• For two-dimensional str
ess fie lds where <1 z: = tz x = ty
.. and (J is the angle be
tw een : = 0, z',is coincident wi
.. x and x', Eqs. (1.6a) toi( th z
l.?f) reduce to
(] X'X' = uxx cos 2 (J + u sin 2 '
YY 0 + 2t xy sin 0 cos 0
,
_ <1xx + <1yy +
I

<1xx r:- <1yy cos

- 2 - 2. 20 + t sin 20
• .xy . (l.lla
(] y'y' = (] yy cos 2 0 + <1xx 2 , )
sin 0 - 2t xy sin fJ co
• • s0 I
u +u u -u
_ >'Y xx + YY
2 2 • cos 20 - t •
xx
sin 20
.
I
xy 1 (l.llb) •
'tx 'y' = <1yy cos 0 sin 0 - <1xx
•

cos 0 sin()+ txy(cos 2 ()

\
I •

- sin 2 0)
• <1yy ~ u xx sin 20 + t xy cos 20
2 ,
(1.1 lc)

The relationships betw •(1.lld)

phically repr~sented by een stress components given in Eqs. (1.11
using Mohr's circle of ) can be gra-
this diagram, nQtmal- stress, as indicated in
stress components u Fig. 1.12. In·
stress components t ar are plotted horizonta
l I • ,J
e plotted vertically. Te lly , while shear-
I

of t~e t ~x'is. ,Compres nsile stresses are plot

sive1stresses are plot.te ted to the right
which tend to produc d to the left. Shear-stre
e a clockwise rotatio ss compo~ents .
point are plotted abov n of a small element
, e the a axis. Tho~e te su rrounding the •
nding to produce a co
.I l unterclockwise .,,

•
.
'
,
 • I
, I
I '

.' \ t I

,
• I •

' . ,

y . ~
I ~ ,.
, { y I • ' I
I

,/
y
I . rr,y
I I

r.,, I ••

.\ . f •
o-,, I •
I I
,l : I

I , .
, • I
~ 1
C 1
• ,... I / 't • ,

I t
r > I

, .

I
. ,
I •

I • •
•
•... ~ I •
I • ' • \ f,
I I '
I f \ ,, , I

I•

I 41
C .. \
~ ,c
0
I • ci
l ' 0
, '
. '
~ ~ ~
OJ
...t:. .. '
.. I
'
,
.
C.

(j

I '

• I

~ •'

<Txx
'
rT"
vxx I I
'
J

.I I

I I
..
'
l . .' ,
,.
i,ligure 1.11 Mohr's ~ircle of stre . ..
ss. r t I ,'I
• t •
r
I

, •

..I·
.
'
I I
••l
I i
I
. I
•

' • • t ,
• I ·' '. ; i ' •
rotat1~n a~e ?lotted below .. Wh •
, I •
en plotted in this ma~er, the stre ., - •• . .

associated with each plane throu ss compon~nts • • .

gh the point are represented by a
circle. The diagram thus gives an point ori the .
excellent visual picture of the state
., . point. Mohr's circle and Eqs. (1.1
. of stress at a •. •..
1
1) are often used in experimental
l work when stress components
• stress-analysis" •, • ;
are transformed from one coordi
, . another. These relationshi nate system to . . .· ·: ••.
ps will ·be used frequently in later
• •. : .where strain gages and ph sectio~s of this text,' •.. : •
otoela·sticity methods of, analys~s
• two-dimensional stress sys~em are discussed. Since .
s are ofte~ considered 1n subsequen
·. ,i' I be useful to co
nsider the principal stresses which t cha~ters, it :Nill··:.-.: •
System; If a Coordiriate syst~m occ ur
is chosen so that a,.:,-, 't,~· , 't , =.O
in tw.o-d im ensional stress ._ a
' plarie stress ·exists and ·Eq. (1.7) 1 , 'then a state of.·.• '.
1 .~educ es to: .. ·•. ,":, •·_·:·.- :·. ,<..•• . ·:,:=: ::·.• • ._: ·: • ,. .'i .·
, .. ' '. , C· :'.'.. :• ~nl~~ '.:
.1, ' • 1

.(u~" ~ ~yy;~;· (a·xx~ Y, ,: 't!,)l~

I I ' • •} .,; • ••• : ·
., ' .• I
1
. . \ ...

t
•
•
1
jq_ '. ' ·,: · ':::: (a) ~ ! •
•,
\ •
, ' ' ' 1 •
)if j 1, ~' ' f 4
! • • • , /'·
I • '. ••
f I • , '
, :··. • ' ~, ; •
/ ,. •• I' I '
\ : .'
.. , • ,
'
, . , ,;; •
t, ;•
-,. . ·;·.. • • "1 •
I
•I.'.: ·: •.
/
• f
~'
, '.

• , • . •• • • : • •
•

~
• ~. , ..

I '1 •
• I •, i I I { • '
f I ; • I
I , ,, 1
I •
, ••. l. •
\ I ! , / •

.
• •
j <f •
. { '. i '
• •
• I {
t \
I I j~ ,, '• : • •
/ t • ~ ; I ~ ; • r ••,. • I \ •
1 lj
o ,
' ' ')
\ .•
• J
1, \ • ),, '. I', j ' I I 'i
I '
' ' . l .
•

.
,' t I
 20 ELEMENTARY ELASTICITY

Solving this equation for the three principal stresses yields

+ t'2,xy
(J a, (J 2 = <Ju +2 <1,., + ((Jxx -
2
<J yy)

. . (1.J~
• The two direction cosines which define the two principal plan )
determined from Eq. (1.1 le), which gives r,.,,. in terms ,of <1,,,,, <111 , : ..,and~hClt11 ~
,. 0 between x and x'. If x' and y' are selected so that x = n1 and y :::: 11 he1111QI
must vanish since no shearing stresses can exist on principal planes~•~Cit \.t
following equation can be written: ~ th;

<1 n ; <1..,. sin 2(n 1, x) + r,,, cos 2(n1, x) = 0

Dividing through by cos 2(n 1, x) and simplifying gives

2txy
tan 2(n 1, x) = (1xx -
a
)')'

<1:xx - <1yy
and hence cos 2(n., x) = J( xx, _ )2 + 4r2
<1 <1~Y • xy
I
. ~'t'xy
sin 2(n 1, x) = J(, (1XX _ (J yy
)2 + 4'f2 X}'
(l.I4c)
n ~f ,n 1 ,if the cartesian st ress
• the directio
Equations ( 1.14) are used in solving for
components rxy, <1xx, <1,,y are known. .. ., _

1.9. STRESSES RELATIVE TO A PRINCIPAL COORDINATE

SYSTEM
. . -
. If the coordinate system Oxyz is selected to coincide with the three principal
directions n1, n2, n3, then <J1 =·(]XX.' <J2 = <1,,,,, <J3 = (JZZ' and 'xy = 'yz =,,zx==O.
This reduces the six compo.nents of stress to three, which permits a considerabJe
. ,
·simplification in some of the previous results. Equations (1.2) become
,.l
T,,x = o- 1 C?S (n, x) T,.,, = o- 2 cos (n, y) T,,z =·0-3 cos (n, z) (1)5)
,·
and Equations (1.6) reduce to
"\
' 2
' '
<1x'x' = 0'1 cos 2 (x', x) + o- 2 cos 2 (x', y) + o- 3 cos (x', z)
. -~ ' ( 2 2 2
<1 y'y' = O' 1 COS (y', X) + (1 2 COS (y',' y) + O' 3 COS (y', Z) •

<1z,z' = <11 cos 2 (z', x) + o- 2 cos 2 (z', y) + u 3 "cos (z', z) .

2

rx'Y' = u 1 cos (x', x) cos (y', x) + r, 2 cos· (x', y) cos (y'. y)

~ , I
' .,... ,

+ <1 3 cos (x', z) cos (y', z) (1.16}

I

•
 I
STRf.SS 21

ty'i' =0'1 cos. (y', x) cos (z', x) + t1 2 cos (y', y) cos (z', y) ,,
_·
+ t13 cos (y','z) cos (z', z)
t:'x' = t11 cos (z', x) cos (x', x) + u2 cos (z', y) cos (x', y)
+ a.3 cos (z', z) cos (x', z) \

Often expe~imental methods yield principal stresses directly, and in th~e·

cases Eqs. (1.16) are frequently used to obtain the stresses acting on other planes. •·

1.10 SPECIAL STATES OF STRESS

.
Two states of stress occur so frequently in practice that they have been classified. : · •
,They are the state of pure shearing stress and the hydrostatic state of stress. Both ••
are defined below. '· , ·
.· ,

1. A state of pure shear str~ss exists if one particular set of axes Oxyz can be found
~uch that axx = a>'Y = a:: = 0. It can be shown that this particular set of axes. -
Oxyz exists if and only if the first invariant of stress I~ = 0. The proof of this
C9ndition is beyond the scope of this text Two· of the infinite number of arrays
,
which represent a state of pure shearing stress are given below.·'. • ,•
I

;,,
'
'O 'txy 'txz <1xx . ~X)' 'txz
I
-·

'txy, 0 'tyz or tX)' (J )')' =- (J xx 'tyz

'txz t)'% 0 'txz t.)'%
·o .,

Pure shear Can be converted to the

• form shown on t~e left by a
suitable rotation of the co- ~ •1 •
ordinate system , . I/ .
, .

2. A state of strCss is said •to be hydrostatic if "xx = <1.YY ,,; <1u = - f and an the •
shearing stresses vani~h. fn photoelastic work a hydrostatic state of stress is
: often called an isotropic state of stress._ The stress array· for th~~ case· is -
• / >·, •

~p·',. 0 • 0
0 - p • .. 0 ~ ·
I
'I ·o· o'~p i _,,.,. . ' -
J ~·

. One particularly importart property of these two states of,,stress is that t~ey
can be combined to form a general state of stress. Of more importance,
however, is the f~t that any state of stress can be separated into a state of pure_
/ , , ' I .... • ... ••,F • •

. '
' ',
 ll f:LHMENTAk Y ELASTICITY

'

shear plus a hydrostatic state of stre~s. This is easily seen frorn the thre
• shown below·. .
e arr~ ~~,

(1 xx t~.., t .XJr -p O 0
t~-,• a.,, fy: = 0 -p 0
t~u t,, (1 r= 0 0 -p
<1.xx +P · f xy t,u

+ t .xy (J ,., +p l t }'I

t x= 'ty: (J z: +p
General state of stress = hydrostatic state of stress
+ state of pure shearing stress
• I
It is immediately clear that the array on the ~c(t represents a general state of Str
and that the center array represents' a hydrostatic state of stress; however 1ess
~ight-hand array represents a state of pure shear if and, only if its first 8; ~e
invariant is zero.· This fact implies that . ress
[ ,
'
(a~ + p) + (aYY + p) + (a zz + P) = 0
Hence P= -½(axx + <1yy + d;z) (1. 18)
, \ '

If the p.represented in the'hydro~tatic_stat~ of_stre~s sat~sfies Eq. (1.18), then the

' . ,eparatton <?f the state of stress given m Eq. (1.17) 1s vahd. In the study of plasr1.
city, the effect of th~ hydrostatic ~tresses is usually neglect~d; consequently, th
l . _•
l
principle illustrated above is quite important. ~, e
i '

,
EXERCISES 'I

/·
"-1.1 At a point in a stressed body, the cartesian ~mponents of stress are <1xx == 60 MPa
<1YY _ - 30 MPa, <1 == = 30 MPa, -rxy = 40 MPa, -ry:i = tu ' 0. Determine the normal and shear stresse~
on a plane whose outer normal has the direction cosines

I I' I . cos (n., X) = fr ' cos (n,, y) = fr- cos (n, z) = n

,{2 At a point in a stressed body,. the cartes~~n.components of stress are <1 xx= 70 MPa, <1,,., = 60 MPa,
<1:u = 50 MPa, t~,, = 20 MP~, -r,,, = -20 ~Pa,: tzx = 0. Determine the normal and shear stresses on a
plane whose outer,-normal has the direction cosines . -

cos (n, x) = # cos (n, y) = ti cos (n, z) = ½!

I
1.3 At a point in a stressed body, the. cartesian components of stress are <1x X = 40 MPa, <1 )"1 = 60 MPa,
' <1z:z -_ 40 MPa, txy = 80 MPa, -r,,, = 50 MPa, tzx,= 60 MPa. Determine (a) the normal and shear
stresses on a plane whose outer normal has the direction cosines I ·,

cos (n. x) = f . cos (n, y) = f cos (n, z) = J }

I '

and (b) the angle between T,. and the outer norm~ n.
 •
STllfSS lJ
.
I

' , ,
, l 4 At a.. · · • 1
•
(J 11 =20
i;::
1 m a 51rc •
sscd body, the car1c,lan •

componcnlS of &trc&5 arc W Mra 11 "'40 MPa

a, t ., = 40 MPa t
stresses on a plan
h '
• 20 Mp
1:1 30 MJ>a
. De
a.. ,.
termine (a) the norm ' "1 and "1~'.
c w o&c outer YInormal a, t ,, a
has the direction cosin •
es • ,•
~

cos (n, x) a! co •t I • I
J

and (b) the angle be s (n, y) c:1 j (n, z) == 1

•
,1

tw
C
0 6

.
1.5 0 ctcrmme the nor ccn r,. and the outer norm ,
al n, ✓
the x }' and l
. ma an d shear stres • •,

, , es the cartcs1•an co ses on a plane whose outer normal ma~es

z ax ,
t '

equa an,.te ..
' t
i f

mponents of stress at s with 'I

\

1Y'
\he point are
<J u == a" = au • •:
i =0 t ~, = 75 MPa t
,, ;; O ' t =~ = 100 MPa
J c rollowirig stress d.

(1 -3
x.x -
1st0.but1. on has be,
2
en determined {or a ma
~ Y - z a.,, =3
,2
chine component~
X
-

an == 3.x + Z +¼
y
l

t.1t., = Z - 6xy
y
-

~ 14
uilibrium satisfied •
•• t =0
11 •
.,
"u = X + 'j - l.
m the absence of body • 1
I

lf
, th e sta te of stress at a for ce s~ ,1 I \_ ' '~ , t
ny pom • t •m i,

a body is given by the • • I

I equations r • I

<1 u = a x + by '
+ cz aY, = dx 2 + ey 2 + fz 2 I I
a::= gxl + hy1 + iz>
'
txy = k
' ' I •, "
ty: = ly + mz
what equa t:x = nx + pz
2 1
.I ,

· tions must the body-fo ., . , ,

rce inte.nsities F F , . i'

l.B At a point 'in a st x , ., , F• sa t·1sf ?

ressed body\ the carte y. . ''
a,..,. 3oMP~ t, , = sian component~ of str
es
components into a 30 MPa, t,, = 30 MPa,
t, . = 60 MPa. ira
s are a =90 MPa a == 60 MPa, •
new set of ·ca nsfor~• this set Of 'd: • •••
where the O x y' z' ax . rte •
s1a n stress components te sia n str
~s are defined as: • re\atw• c to• an Ox' y' es s ' • I

' t set of coordm • atcs • I•

, • -:.
' \
. ..
. . ·'
B ' I
Case 1 Case 2
- ' Case 3 Case' 4 .. t •

. '
r.,
·x -x I

y -y . x/4 • ..
x/4
I
.'x/2 o· ., . 1t/2 . ,,•, .
' .
I •

. x/2 !
1t/2 '•' 0
z-t 0 .0 ' .
I

'
'
1t/2 . 1t/2 I
'
l
I

,,
1.9 At a point in a str '•
essed body,\the carte •: . r . ...
'

a:: = 50 MPa, t x, = sian components of str

ess.are a.xx = .70 MPa
·' • ,. •

20 .MPa, t ,z ~ - 20 , a.,
'
'

MPa, t :x =0. J'ransf

ents into a ·new set orm th~s ~et o~ cartesia .,. -~ MPa,
•

of ·cartesian stress co n stress coJnpon-

I I

Ox'y'z' axes are defin m po nents· relative to an Ox' y' '(

ed by the foUciwing di set of_ coordina~es wh_er . , '
rection coSineS: •. e the I

.
-~ ~ '
•
I
( . '· I
• I \1 I •
•• • ' • •. . ·:· .•.
J • \ :. '

' . .,
\ '

'
: . ,,' '
'
·X y z
.. . , .. '
• I 11
'
I

l
I
.
x'
y
13
•1 • (
l
3
1
-½2.' ,'. • • ', • I

I i-:- 3 \,.
,.
3\ .-) f'

, .1 · ' ..
.. ' '
i ,.
--½ ,· l
3, 3 I
,· .
,"

•
I'
I
I
' • ·,

.. '

' • ; •
'
'
• 1. •,,I'
, . , , , , .
'\ " •
•
...
' t
.' • I

.' ' ,• ' I •, , •

c.
- t ~ ,"• •
1 • • \' ~, ' ,
, ,
. ,. . •.,
I
f • •
I . , • I : :
•
.• • 1 ._,\ I

•~
. • . . ' I ", i \
. •

, ; :-
, ,, •
.' ' I '
• •
•• • •, ',
•••

• "
I I o I
I
~
' 1
,
. i ~
, • 'r I •

.., 1.10 For the state . • . • ·: ' • . , •

• I • I •
' • , '. • •
• ,
•

Of stress at the potn • .. \ •

I •, • •
. • 11 d t ine
• \ •\ • • • ' •

maximum sheaf slress t of Exercise . • • .~ erm the pr inc ipal stress~ and the ••
• '
•
• • •
•

~t the point: : (' :·. , .. . , •• • • •,•. I •

' • '
; • /: :... \;. • •• • ..
•
• .

i ,'
.. ' ..
. •• ,:: .
'
, • ••• '
I • ' . . I

' • .,. ,, 1
•

f
,I ,

! • '·'
I 1 • 1 1 , ' • I. !
) ' . I t •
I • : I
I
' ! f
I .' I '
I
('
. .t
. ' I
. ,.. . "\ • I
•
. •' ,
,, ',· ·,.l ,. : '
', ...
I • I I ' I :
I, ' I •
'\ ,.· t 4 • I
• I
.• . \ I
 24 ELEMENTARY ELASTICITY

I.I I for the state or srr~s at the point of Exercise 1.2, determine chc prin .
maximum shear ~lre$S at the point. CJpaJ strcs~ .
tll For the Stale: or stress .at _rhe point of Exercise l.3, determine the prindpaJ ell)~ 11
maximum shear stress at the pomt streSse:s ·,
. . %-,
1.13 For the state of stress at .th e pomr of Exercise J.4. determine the prfocipal ~ I\
maiimum shear srrcss nt the pomt. st resses
. h • • I ari(f
J.1-4 Derermrne t e pnnopa stresses and the ma:t.imum shear stress at the Point x === J. . t~
the stress distribution given in Exercise 1.6. 2• ..l' 11:t 1.i t
1.15 At a point in a stressed •
body.
,
the cartesian components of stress arC a ~ i~
a,.,-= SO MPa. u,z = SO MPa, r", = 100 MPa, r = O t' = SO MPa. Detcrmi"'c ( ) •• i=:. So
Q th >.,
• F' • U •u
stresses and the maximum shear stress at the point and (b) the orientation of the Plan c Ptin .1\
maximum tensile stress acts. eon \J.ih;;~l
• • ed I~
tl6 Ac a pomt m a Jtre~s body, the cartesian components of stres~ are <I.a:•::::: a t
t 61 = 15 MPa. t,., = 0, tu= 100 MPa. Determine (a) the principal stresses and the th ... ~,. :::z a
• ••aq-'(fll} a, lit 0
stress at the point and (b) the orientation of the plane on which the maximum tensile ll,n s'--.,
• • stress 'lt4r
J.17 At a pomt m a stressed body, the cartesian components of stress are u u = a === <T acts.
t~, = 100 MPa, tn = 0, tu= 75 MPa Determine the principal stresses and the ;;soci;;,; 2~~~
djrections. Check on the invariance of / 1• / 2 • and / 3 . --. Pr1ritj~

t.18 At a point in a stressed body, the cartesian components of stress are <1_,r,,.::: a ....
t "' = t ,, = tu = l 00 MPa Determine the- principal stresses and the associated principal; a~~~
Check on the invariance of ~1, / 2 , and 13 . . •rectlo11,:
1.19 A machine component is subjected to loads which produce the following stress field i
where ao oilhole ~u~t ~ drilled; u ,a= 100 MPa, an=. -50 M~a, as::.- 50 MP~, tx_.,: ~region
r y# = tu= 0. To m1mm1z.e the effects of stress concentrations, the hole must be dnUed alo ~~a,
• • , . D . ng a li
para JIe J to t he d1rect1on of the maximum tensile stress in the reg1on. etermme the direction . _Ile
associated with the centerline of the hole with respect to the reference Oxyz c~rdinate syste:Stnes
t20 A two-dimensional state of stress (a . = -r. = t z, = 0) exists at a point on the free su~a
:. .,'C '" ce or
machme component. The remaining cartesian ~m~onents of stress. are ~xz === 100 MP a
•

<1 11 = - 80 MP~ t
.c,
= -40 MPa. Determine (a) the prmc1pal stresses and their
,
associated direl't; a,
. -. ......ons
at the point and (b) the maximum shear stress at the point. \. '
L21 A two-dimensional state of stress (<1..: = t zz = r_Y = 0) exists at a point on the. surface
- . .
ofa loadCd
I

member. Determine the principal stresses and the maximum shear stress at the point 1f the remainin
cartesian components of.stress are q :u = 90 MPa, q 1, = 60 _MPa, r.xy = 40 MPa. g
1.22 A two-dimensional state of stress (q:: = r=x = rz,, = 0) exists at a poinl"on the surface of a loaded
member. The remaining cartesiary components of stress are <1 xx= 100 MPa, <1,,_., = 10 MPa
r", ::- ·20 MPa, Determine the principal stresses and the maximum shear stress at the point. '
l.23 A two-dimensional state of stress (cru = ru = -rz, = 0) exists at a point on the surface ofa loaded
member. The remaining cartesian components of stress are au= 90 MPa, a,,. 40 MPa,
.. t"' = 60 MPa. Determine the principal stresses and the maximum shear stress at the point.
1.~ Solve Exer~ise 1.22 by,~eans of Mohr's circle.
1.25 Solve Exercise 1.23 by means of Mohr's circ~e.
1.26 At the point of Exercise 1.22, determine the normal and shear stresses on a plane whose outer
normal has the direction cosines

cos (n, x) =¾ cos (n, y) = j cos (n,. z) = 0

1.27 At the point of Exercise 1.23, determi!)e the normal and shear stresses on a plane whose outer
normal has the direction cosines

cos (n, x) =½ cos (n, y) =f cos (n, ~) = J

•
//
 STkf.SS ~

1.28 There is a crack in o plate of steel which makes the material in that area weak in tension and
shear. The pln1c must be used for a member which will be loaded to produce the following stale or
111rc-ss in the plane of the plate: Gu ci 100 MP~ a,.,= -60 MPa. t'.1, = 20 MPa. How should the x and
J' axes be oriented with respect to the crack in order to minimize the effect of the crack?
1.29 At a point in a metal machine part the principal stresses arc a, -= 150 M Pa. r1 l m 100 MPa.
<r 1 ID SO ~{Pa. Determine the normal and shear stresses on a plane who~e outer normal ·has the
dir~tion cosines

1.30 If the three principal stresses relative to the Oxyz reference system arc <1 l -=au = 100 MP~
tr: •u,, - 80 MP~ <13 au z:a - 20 MPa~ dctcnnine the six-cartesian components of stress relative to
:2

the Ox)'z' reference system where Ox'y'z' is defined as:

I
8 Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4
,
x-x rc/4 7t/2 0 x/4
y-y ~

x/4 n/2 x/4 0

z - z' 0 0 rc/4 7t/4

1.31 Resolve the general state of stress given in Exercise 1.1 into a hydrostatic state of stress and a state
of pure shearing stress. 1
1.32 Resolve the general state of stress given in Exercise 1.2 into a hydrostatic state of stress and a state
of pure shearing stress.
1.33 Resolve the general state of stress given in Exercise 1.4 into a ~ydrostatic state of stress and a state
of pure shearing stress. ,,
1.34 Resolve the two-dimensional state of stress given in Exercise 1.21 into a hydrostatic state of stress
and a state of pure shearing stress.
1.35 Determine the octahedral normal and shearing stresses associated with the principal stresses a ,
1
'1 2 , and '13. Octahedral normal and shearing stresses occur on planes whose outer normal
makes equal
8:!lgles with the principal directions n 1 , n2 , and n .
3

REFERENCES
1. Boresi, A. P., and P. P. Lynn: "Elasticity in Engineering Mechanics," chap. 3, Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ., 1974.
2. Chou, P. C., and N. J. Pagano: "Elasticity," chap. l, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., Princeton,
N.J., 1967. '
3. DureHi, A. J., E. A. Phillips, and C. H. Tsao:" Introductio n to the Theoretical and Experimental
Analysis of Stress and Strain," chap. 1, ·McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1958. - _.,
4. Love, A. E. H.: "A Treatise on the Mathematic al Theory of Elasticity," chap. 2, Dover Publications,
Inc., New York, 1944.
5. Sechler, E. E.: "Elasticity in\Engineering," chaps. 2 and 3, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
1952.
6. Sokolnikoff, I. S.: "Mathemat ical Theory of Elasticity," 2d ed., chap. 2, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York; 1956:· • , _
7. Southwel~ R. V.: "An Introductio n to the Theory of Elasticity," chap. 8, Oxford University Press,
Fair Lawn, NJ., 1953. ,
8. Timoshenko , S.; P., and J. N. Goodier: u Theory of Elasticity," 2d ed., chaps. 1, 8, and 9, McGraw-
Hill Book Company, New York, 1951.
/ •