aof the the sofa ant of > ll : Physics 24 2.2 2. HYDRO-STATICS Fluids are the substances that can flow. ‘Therefore liquids and gases both are fluids. Study of a fluid at rest is called fluid statics or hydrostatics and the study of fluid in motion is called fuid dynamics of hydrodynamics. Both combined are called fluid mechanics. ‘The intermolecular force in liquids are comparatively weaker than in solids. Therefore, their shape can be changed easily. Thus liquids assume the shape of the container. But their volume (or densiy) cannot be changed so easily. Liquids are incompressible and have free surface of their own. the intermolecular forces are weakest in gases,so their shape and size can be changed easily. Gases are compressible and occupy all the space of the container. DENSITY () Mass per unit volume is defined as density. So density at a point ofa fhuid is represented as am _ dm = him Pe AV SLUNIT: kg/m? CGS UNIT : g/cc Dimension: (MI: Density is a positive scalar quantity SPECIFIC WEIGHT OR WEIGHT DENSITY (w) Itis defined as the ratio of the weight of the fluid to its volume or the weigh! acting per unit volume of the Mud weight (W) mg _{m Waal coliine (Vai Jaa Wei . ‘SI Unit : N/m? Dimension : (ML? 1” Specific weight of pure waler at 4° is 9.81 KN/m? RELATIVE DENSITY 11s defined as the ratio of the density of the given fluid to the density of pure water at 4°C, _density of given liquid Py Relative density (R.D.) = Taier of 4G" 9, Relative density is a unless and dimensionless positive scalar physical quantity. Being a dimensionless/unitless quantity R.D. of a substance is same in SI and CGS system. SPECIFIC GRAVITY Its defined as the ratio of the specific weight of the given fluid to the specific weight of pure water at 4°C. tional pede weight of ivan liquid Specific gravity = SF eGifie weight of pure water at 4'C (9.81 kN/m*) Pix Ps : eee p, 7 RD. ofthe Baud 5 thus spectc gravity of a Hg is numerically equal to the rebative density of that ul and for calelaton Q purposes they are used interchangeably. E 21Pre-Medical BALES 2.5 PRESSURE ‘The pressure P is defined as the magnitude of the normal force acting on a unit surface area. ar P here AF= normal force on a surface area AA, ra ak SE UNIT : pascal (Pa) 1 Pa = 1 N/m? mension : [MI-"T*] Practical units : atmospheric pressure (atm), bar and torr Vatm = 1.01325 x 10% Pa = 1.01325 bar = 760 torr = 760 mm of Hg = 10.33 m of water 1 bar = 105 Pa | torr = pressure exerted by 1 mm of mercury column = 133 Pa. The pressure is a scalar quantity. This is because hydrostatic pressure is transmitted equally in all directions when force is applied, which shows that a definite direction is not associated with pressure. Consequences of pressure () Railway tracks are laid on large sized wooden or iron sleepers. This is because the weight (force) of the train | 's spread over a large area of the sleeper. This reduces the pressure acting on the ground and hence prevents | the yielding of ground under the weight of the train. | (i) A sharp knife is more effective in cutting the objects than a blunt knife. The pressure exerted = Force / area. The sharp knife transmits force over a small area as compared to the blunt knife. Hence the pressure exerted in case of sharp knife is more than in case of blunt knife. (ii) A camel walks easily on sand but a man cannot inspite of the fact that a camel is much heavier than man. This 's because the area of camel's feet is large as compared to man's feet. So the pressure exerted by camel on the sand is very small as compared to the pressure exerted by man. Due to large pressure, sand under the feet of man yields and hence he cannot walk easily on sand, Types of Pressure Pressure is of three types (i Atmospheric pressure (P,) (i) Gauge pressure (P,,.) Absolute pressure (P,.) (1) Atmospheric pressure and Torrecelli's exp » Force exerted by atmospheric air column on unit Cross-section area of sea level called atmospheric pressure (P,) F 2 9 = iq = 101.3 kN/m P, = 1.013 x 10° N/m? ‘A tube of length 1 m and uniform cross section is taken. It is filed with mercury and inverted into mercury tray. In equilibrium the height of mercury column inside the tube is 76 cm, Wok SANGLROME HOt *. atmospheric pressure P, = pgh = 136 x 10° x 9.81 x76 x 10? = 1.013 x 10° N/m? Note ;- Barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure, 232Geass E Physics (2) Gauge Pressure = I:xcess Pressure [ P~ Pyy,) measured with the help of pressure measuring instrument called Gauge pressure ry F Mg _ (volume x density) g Poyoge = : e een A A h P | A elo pressure due to liquid P, Py = Pp Pq = Po + beg Gauge pressure = Py ~ P, = hog Note :- Gauge pressure is always measured with help of "manometer". (3) Absolute Pressure : Sum of atmospheric and Gauge pressure is called absolute pressure. Pats = Pau + Paauge P. ats = Po + hpa Pressure exerted by a liquid (Effect of gravity) Consider a vessel containing liquid, As the liquid is in equilibrium, so every volume element of the fluid is also in equilibrium. Consider one volume element in the form of a cylindrical column of liquid of height h and of 19 diminished in magnitude. point of the fluid and to the walls of the container without ' area of cross section A, The various forces acting on the cylindrical column of liquid are 2 _ |G) Force, F,= P, A acting vertically downward onthe top face of the column. P, isthe pressye of he laud on eid the top face of the column and is known as atmospheric pressure. 4) |b Gi) Porce, F = P, A acting vertically upward al the bottom face of the cylindrical column, P, is the pressure of 4 | the liquid”’on the bottom face of the colurnn 3 |b ti) Weigh, W = mg of the cylindrical column of the hquid ating vertically downward alk Since the cylindrical column of the liquid is in equilibrium, so the net force acting on the column is zero. g |: Fi a F,¢W-F,-0 =>P,Atmg-P,A=0->P\A+mg =P, A p= Pe Gd can Now, mass of the cylindrical column of the liquid is, a m= volume xdensity of the liquid = Area of cross section xheight xdensity = Ahp 4 IE 7 Ay bt equation () becomes P, =P, +" 2%, P, = P, + hpg (i pi P, is the absolute pressure al depth h below the free surface of the liquid. quation (i), shows that the 3h absolute pressure at depth h is grealer than the atmospheric pressure (P,) by an amount equal to hg. gt ke jean also bowel hog_which is the difference of pressure between two points j : separated by a depth h. j § | 2.6 PASCAL'S LAW £ (8 Pascal's law is stated in following ways ~ : ak '® A liquid exerts equal pressures in all directions. 5 © Ifthe pressure in an enclosed fluid i$ changed at a particular point, the change is transmitted to every m 233Pre-Medical Applications of pascal’s law hydraulic jacks, hydraulic bits, hydraulic presses, hydraulic brakes, ete Hydraulic lift Kh Pressure applied = (j: § Pressure transmitted = ‘y Upward force on A,isF, = Q7x A, = 2.7 BUOYANCY AND ARCHIMEDE'S PRINCIPLE Buoyant Force a body is partially or wholly immersed in a fluid, it experiences an upward force due to the fluid surrounding it. This phenomenon of force exerted by fluid on the body is called buoyancy and force is called buoyant force or upthrust. Archimede's Principle It sates that the buoyant force on a body that is partially or totally immersed in a liquid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it. Now consider a body immersed in a liquid of density o. Top surlace of the body experiences a downward force F,=AP,=Alh,og+P) fi) Lower face of the body will experiences a upward force F, = AP, = Alh,.o.g + Pyl.(i) Ash, > h, so F, is greater than F, so net upward force F F, = Aoglh, hy) F=Aogl. IS. [ V, = immerged volume of body = AL] Floatation ‘When a body of density (p) and volume (V) is completely immersed in a liquid of density (o), the forces acting on the body are : () Weight of the body W = Mg = Vpg directed vertically downwards through C.G. of the body. (i) Buoyant force or Upthrust ‘Th = Vog directed vertically upwards through C. ‘The following three cases are possible : Case 1 Density of the body is greater than that of liquid (p > 0) In this case W>Th So the body will sink to the bottom of the liquid. 4 Wyyy = Wh = Vpg - Vog = Vpg (1 - o/p) = W (1 ~ 0/5). i Case ll Density of the body is equal to the density of liquid (p = 0) § In this case W-Th i So the body wil float fully submerged in the liquid. It will be in neutral equilibrium, 3 Wy =W-Th=0 j E Im Swot oe niouserncas sn oreo HATA SD MIDANREL UD MONIESEN MONE4 Eee Physics TM \coxnamaur ance recat, Im “soxnernsoiauncennwens ansfocenoncescrnartts Case HII Density of the’body is lesser than that of liquid (p < 0) Inthis case W Vg MEM Prag, < Pris Mos Im, mass of liquid of density p, and m, mass oflquid of density p, are mixed then Ma, FE Mom Pra = Vag, My , Me m1 | Pe If same masses are mixed i.e. m, = m, =m then py, = 5, (Harmonic mean of individual densities) IFV, volume of liquid of density p, and V, volume of liquid of density p, are mixed then Va=V,+V, and M, =m, +m,=p,V, + p.V, May. P1Vi P2Ve Pa” Vag VY tVy If same volumes are mixed ie, V, = Vp = V then p,, = P52 (Arithmatic mean of individual densities) ‘Athough force i a vector, the pressure sa scalar because fui pressure hasno intrinsic direction ofits own it acts perpendicular to any surface in the fluid, no maiter how that surface is oriented. Pressure due to liquid on vertical walls diflrent at different depth so average pressure on side wall of eee Buoyant force act vertically upward through the centre of gravity (C.G:) ofthe displace fd. This point is called conte of buoyancy (C.B). Thus centre of buoyancy i the point through which the face of buoyancy is supposed to act. . Buovant force or upthrust does not depend upon the characteris of the body such as its mass, size, density, etc, But it depends upon the volume of the body inside the liquid. The V,, It depends upon the nature of the lid as iis proportional to the density ofthe fi Theo This isthe reason that upthnust on a fully submerged body is more in sea water-than in pure water (64,2 Opa) 235Pre-Medical ALLEN ' » Due to upthrust the weight of the body decreases Wag” W-Th — (Wis the true weight of the body) Decrease in weight = W-W,,,, = Th = Weight of the fluid displaced © Using Archimede's principle we can determine relative density (R 1D) of a body as density of body ____whofbedy ~ density of pure water at 4C~ wt of equal volume of water \ RD. wt of body thrust due to wt of body in air inwater ~ Wy Wy jaler * Ifa body is weighed in air (W,,), in water (W,) and in a liquid (W,), then loss of weight in oit soecific gravity f ol = jac weigh ia waied © Incase of W = Th, the equilibrium of floating body does not depend upon variations in g though both thrust and weight depends upon 9, © The weight of the plastic bag full of atmospheric air is same as that of empty bag because the additional Upthrust is equal to the weight of the air enclosed. Illustrations Mlustration 20. A hollow metallic sphere has inner and outer radii, respectively, as 5 cm and 10 cm. If the mass of the sphere is 2.5 kg, find (a) density of the material, (b) relative density of the material of the sphere. Solution The volume of the material of the sphere is ve (S)a(e at) Sead (ie) ( *) |-$-22xto00 0.001251 1000 3 100). L100 3 g 2 - $3.14 0.000875 m? = 0.00367 m* 3 (0) therefore, density of th of the spheres p= NM = 25... kasi = 681.2 ho/m? i (0) Therelore, density of the material ofthe sphere is P= «j= ggaizq ka/m® = g/m’ i , 681. g (b) Relative density of the material of the sphere p, = 0.6812 E 8 $ Mlustration 21. ‘Two immiscible of densities 2.5 g/cm? and 0.8 g/cm? are taken in the ratio of their masses as 2:3 respectively. ind the average density of the liquid combination. Solution . Let masses be 2m & 3m then V=V, +V, Total mass = 2m + 3m = 5m. 10. cm/emn® = 1.09 gm/em® ‘Therefore, the average density p., SY ; i i ; a ao re oe een FM 002: Se m mm Physics Mlustration 22. - During blood transfusion the needle is inserted in a vein where the gauge pressure is 2000 Pa, At what height . must the blood container be placed so that blood may just enter the vein ? [Densily of whole blood = 1.06 x 103 kg mr] (1)0.192 m (2) 0.182 m (3) 0.172 m Solution 2000 Pressure P= hpg => h = 196 igixgg 7 9-192m Mlustration 23. (4) 0.162 m ‘Ans. (1) Calculate the depth of well if the pressure al its bottom is 15 times of that at a depth of 3 metre. Atmospheric pressure is 10 column of water. Solution Let depth of well be h then according to question - 15 x(3 + 10)pg = th + 10)pg -> h + 10 = 195 = h = 185 m Mlustration 24. ‘A Ustube contains water and methylated spirit separated by mercury. The mercury columns in the two arms are in level with 10.0 cm of water in one arm and 12.5 cm of spirit in the other, What is the the specific gravity of spirit 2 Solution Since level of mercury in the two arms of U-tube is same and if P, is the almospheric pressure then P,+hp,a =P, +hpg Mlustration 25. ‘Two liquids that do not mix are poured into a U-shaped tube as shown in fig. Hind the difference Hin these heights of liquids in terms of py, .p2h. Solution Sirating from the point B, we can apply the manometric equation as Pg + paath + Hl) ~ pygh = Py Since Pa = Pe = Pains ("Pp 1 vertical U-tube of uniform cross-section contains mercury in both arms, A glycerine (relative density = 1.3) column of length 10 cm is introduced into one of the arms. Oil of density 800 kg mis, poured info the other arm until the upper surface of the oil and lycerine are at the same horizontal level. Hind the length of the a Density of cury is 13.6 x 108 kgm* therefore, Mlustration 26. Solution Pressure at A and B must be same Pressure at A= P, + 0.1 x(1.3 x 1000) xg Pressure at B= P, +h x800 xg + (0.1 ~h} x 13.6 x 1000 g >0.1 «1300 = 800 h + (0.1 ~h} x 13600 >h = 0.096 m = 9.6 cm 10cm} > = 0:8 2. Specific gravity of spirit = 0.8 237Pre: Mextoal Besa itstration 27. A hydraulic automobile lift is designed to lift cars with a maximum mass of 3000kg. The area of cross-section of the piston carrying the load is 425 cm’. What maximum pressure would the piston have. to bear ? {taking g = 10 m/sec’) Solution: Fe 3000x10 300 0 According to pascal law P, Dy = 435x104 PA = “gps * 10>Pa = 7-06 x 10° Pa Ilustration 28. A cubical box of wood of side 30 cm weighing 21.6 kg floats on water with two faces horizontal. Calculate the depth of immersion of wood. Solution . For a floating body, the weight of displaced liquid should be equal to the weight of the block. Let x be the 216x108 xg depth of immersion. Then (x x 30 x30) x1 xg = 21.6 x108 xg 9x = "5559. G = 24cm Mlustration 29. A block of brass of mass 0.5 kg and density 8x 10? kg/m? is suspended from a string. What will be the tension in the string if the block is completely immersed in water ? ( q=10ms") Solution Volume of the block V =~ 2%. m? ‘T 8x10 b ; = x10°x10=2 . 0.625 upthnust due to water (Th) = Veja = gas g + 0.625 N The tension in the string T=W-Th=mg-Th= 0.5 x10 - 0.625 = 4.375N Mlustration 30. , a 1 ‘A log of wood floats in water with — of its volume above the surface. What is the density of wood? Solution For floating body weight = upthrust => Vg0g.9= Veg => ViPg =e Vow 4 => pa = % X10 = 0.8 x 10° kg/m? Mlustration 31. ‘A body weighs 160 q in ait, 130 g in water and 136 g in oil. What is the specific gravity of oil? Solution loss of weight in oll _ 160-136 24 8 Specific gravity of oil = of weight in water ~ 160-130 30 10 =08 Illustration 32. ‘A rubber ball of mass 10 gm and volume 15 cm* is-dipped in water to a depth of 10m. Assuming density of water tniform throughout the depth if itis released from rest. Find (take g = 980 cm/s”) (0) the acceleration of the ball, and {b) the time taken by it to reach the surface. Solution ‘The maximum buoyant force on the ball is F, = Vp,g= 15 x1x 980 dyn ‘The weight of the ball is mg = 10 x g = 10 x 980 = 9800 dyne 7 ‘The net upward force, F = (15 x980 ~ 10-x 980) dyne = 5 x 980 dyne = 4900 dyne 14700 dyne, 238 TM oosoeniavator sayonub mtcranen i | | |§ m m™ Physics {a} Therefore, acceleration of the ball upward a = 490 cm/s? = 4.9 m/s ah [2x10 {b) Time taken by it reach the surface is t { A f x0 202s Mlustration 33. An iceberg is floating partially immersed in sea-water. The density of sea-water is 1.03 gm/em? and that of ice is 0.92 gm/cm?. What isthe fraction ofthe total volume of the iceberg above the level of sea-water ? Solution In case of floation weight = upthrust i.e. mg=V,og or or Vn EV 3 e 92) oan 0 Vy=V-V, Ei or by 103] 103 ° 0206 IMlustration 34. {A piece of ce floats in liquid. What wal happen fo the level of liquid when the ice mets completely? Solution Consider a liquid of density py, with level A in a beaker a shown in fig (a). Leta piece of ie of mass m Moats in the quid as shown in fi (5). The iirease in level of the liquid is AB. Suppose Vp febe the volume of ler uid displaced. Then weight of the ice = weight of liquid displaced m When ice is completely melted. let the level ‘of {liquid + water) be at C as shown in fig (C). The difference of levels A and C is due to the ice converted into water. If thus volume be Vp then. mg=Vp ps oF Y= m * Pw Where py = density of water are we consider the following three cases ~ Vo {) I pL > Py then Vo > Vp . ives the lovel of (iguid + water) will ise Gi) Fp, < Py then Vp < Vp the level of quid + water) ill decrease Gi) I, = py then Vo = Vp then level will remain unchanged! 239Pre-Medical ‘\ boat carrying a number of large stones is floating in a water. What will happen to the water level ifthe stones are unloaded into the water. Solution 10. Ww. 240 Let M= mass of boat,m = mass of stones for floating condition weight = up thrust (Mm) a= Vp py M,m : OF ie ia a When stones are unloaded into the water M My = 5, (No,"= displaced volume by boai) m Mam 5 isplaced volume by stones) total displaced volume V, ~ Vp, ol2) mom pap, 2 Yo> Vy Solevel wil fll BEGINNER'S BOX-3 When equal volumes of two metals are mixed together, the density of mixture is 4 kg/m?. When equal masses of {he same two metals are mixed together, the mixture density is 3 kg/m?. Caleulate the densities of each metal ‘nan experiment the weight of 2.5 m? of a certain liquid was found to be 18.75 kN. Then find the specific weight of given liquid. ‘A vessel of 4 m? volume contains an oll which weight 30.2 KN. Determine the speci gravily of the oil, A mercury barometer reads 75 cin ina sfatlonary lift. What reading does it show when the lift is moving downwards, with an acceleration of 1 m/s? ? The diameter of the piston P, is 50 cm and that of the piston Py is 10 cm. What is the force exerted on P, when a force of 1 N is applied on P, ? The area of cross-section of wider tube is 800 cm®, If a mass of 16 kg is placed on the massless piston, find the difference in the level of water in the two tubes {An open Utube of uniform cross-section contains mercury, When 27.2 om ol water cokamn is poured into one limb of the tube, how high does the mercury rise in the other limb from is initial level lb = 1 g/em* and pyy ~ 13.6 g/om?} ‘certain block weighs 15N in ar, it weighs 12N when immersed in water. When immerse in another liquid it weighs 13N, calculate the relative density of () the block (i) the other liquid. A Ulock of wood flats in water with two-third of ls volume submerged. In oil the block floats with 0.90 of ts volume submerged, Find the density of () wood and (i) ol, Density of water is 102 kg/m’, ‘A 700 g sold cube having an edge of length 10 cm floats in water. What volume of the cube is outside water ? {a block of ion of deny §g cm * and size 5 cm x 5 em x 5 em was weighed whist completely submerged 'n water, what would be the apparent weight in g ~{ (gram-force) ? \Nonen pian sac ber uee SANG NOME ISO! RAND Ha SHECANGSAGRLDANQUSCOE™ “Howl 1 i ' g 3 i j 3 2 :