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14 b 2023 Adbms Solve

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17 views

14 b 2023 Adbms Solve

Uploaded by

techknoweasy101
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1. a) Define transaction.

A transaction is a single unit of work that may include multiple operations on a database, such
as reading, writing, and updating records. Transactions are used to ensure data integrity and
consistency, as they follow the ACID properties: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and
Durability. In other words, a transaction must be fully completed or fully rolled back, leaving the
database in a stable state.

2. (a) With an example, define schedule and serial schedule.


● Schedule: A schedule is the order in which operations from multiple transactions are
executed in a database. It specifies how transactions are interleaved, showing the
sequence of operations that occur.
● Serial Schedule: A serial schedule is a type of schedule where each transaction is
completed before the next transaction starts. This prevents any overlapping or
concurrent execution of transactions, maintaining the original order.

Example:

● Suppose there are two transactions, T1 and T2. A serial schedule would execute all
steps of T1 (like read, write, etc.) first, and then all steps of T2.

2. (b) Explain concurrent execution of transactions.


Concurrent execution of transactions allows multiple transactions to execute simultaneously,
which improves the efficiency and performance of a database system. Instead of processing
each transaction one after the other (serially), concurrent execution interleaves operations of
different transactions. While this improves system utilization, it also requires mechanisms to
handle issues like conflicts and ensure data integrity through concurrency control.

3. (a) Draw and explain the state diagram of a transaction.


Here’s an outline of the state diagram and explanation:

1. Active: The transaction is in progress and operations like read, write are happening.
2. Partially Committed: All operations have been executed, but the transaction is not yet
finalized.
3. Committed: The transaction has been completed successfully and changes are saved
permanently.
4. Failed: If an error occurs, the transaction enters this state and all changes must be
undone.
5. Aborted: The transaction has failed, and all its changes are rolled back to ensure
consistency.
3. (b) Explain ACID properties of transactions.
The ACID properties ensure reliability and integrity of database transactions. They are:

● Atomicity: The transaction must be completed as a whole; if any part fails, the entire
transaction is rolled back.
● Consistency: The database must remain in a consistent state before and after the
transaction.
● Isolation: Transactions should not interfere with each other; they must appear as if
executed in isolation.
● Durability: Once a transaction is committed, the changes are permanent, even in the
event of a system failure.

4. (a) Define conflict serializability and explain how to identify conflicting


instructions.
● Conflict Serializability: A schedule is conflict-serializable if it can be transformed into a
serial schedule by swapping non-conflicting operations. This ensures that the interleaved
operations maintain the same effect as a serial schedule.
● Identifying Conflicting Instructions:
○ Two operations conflict if they meet these conditions:
1. They belong to different transactions.
2. They access the same data item.
3. At least one operation is a write.
○ For example, if T1 writes on data item A and T2 reads or writes on A, these
operations are conflicting.

4. (b) What do you understand by conflict equivalent and view equivalent


schedules? Explain with example.
● Conflict Equivalent: Two schedules are conflict-equivalent if the order of conflicting
operations is the same in both schedules. This ensures that the effect on the database is
identical in both schedules.
● View Equivalent: Two schedules are view-equivalent if they produce the same final
outcome, regardless of the order of operations. This is less strict than conflict
equivalence, as it considers only the initial and final states of the data.

Example:

● Suppose we have two schedules, S1 and S2. If both schedules have T1 reading a value
before T2 writes to it and produce the same final values, they may be view-equivalent.

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