Module 1 :

The I nt e g um e nt a r y System

K W H L A Q

What do I HOW will What

What do I WANT What have I
you find out? ACTION will What new
KNOW? to know? LEARNED?
I take? QUESTION/S
do you have?
Skin is the Why people have I will find out People have As an Do sun screen
largest organ in different skin colors? by reading and different colors individual who really work?
the body. understanding because of the has dark skin,
the content of amount of the best way to
this module melanin in his/ do is to avoid a
specifically the her skin. direct sunlight.
lesson 1.
Integumentary How do hair grow? I will find out Hair grows from Always take Is it good to use
system is by reading and a root to the care of our hair, hair products?
composed of understanding bottom of a because it keeps
skin, hair, nails, the content of follicle under our us warm by
and exocrine this module skin. preserving heat
glands. specifically the and make us
lesson 2. prettier.
The How do skin acts as I will find out Skin contains We should do a How fast does our
integumentary a sense organ? by reading and specialized regular sensory nerve
system forms a understanding sensory nerve exercise, which send information
physical barrier the content of structures that can help to to our brain?
between the this module can detect improve our
internal and specifically the temperature, overall health.
external lesson 3. pain, and touch.
environments
There are three The different degree I will find out That burn has a Always be safe. What is the first
layers of skin of burn by reading and three-level aid treatment for
named, understanding named, 1st degree a thermal burn?
epidermis, the content of burn, 2nd degree
dermis, and this module burn, and 3rd
hypodermis specifically the degree burn.
lesson 5.
Multiple Choice: Choose the one alternative that bets complete the statement
or answers the questions.

1. The layer of epidermis in which mitosis takes place is the stratum

A. Corneum
B. Lucidum
C. Granulosum
D. Papilla
E. Basale
2. The color of Caucasian skin is due to
A. Carotene pigment in the dermis
B. The high level of melanin in the epidermis
C. Less melanin in the skin, allowing the blood pigment to be seen
D. The absence of all pigment
E. Melanin and carotene pigments
3. The sequence of layers in the epidermis from the dermis outward is
A. Corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
B. Corneum, granulosum, lucidum, basale, spinosum
C. Spinosum, basale, granulosum, corneum, lucidum
D. Basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum
E. Basale, lucidum, corneum, spinosum, granulosum
4. The subcutaneous layer of tissue can be called the
A. Epidermis
B. Superficial fascia
C. Papillary layer
D. Inner reticular layer
E. Dermis
5. The lines in fingerprints are determined by
A. The contours of the dermal papillae
B. The thickness of the dermis
C. The bundles of collagenous and elastic fibers in the epidermis
D. The fibroblasts, macrophages, and adipose tissue surrounding the nerves
E. The surface layer of cells that are constantly being shed
6. A function not pertaining to the skin is
A. Aids in retaining water
B. Regulates body temperature
C. Contains sense receptors
D. Excretes some waste materials
E. Provides movement
7. The stratum corneum cells contain a tough, water-repellant protein called
A. Keratohyalin
B. Eleidin
C. Keratin
D. Cerumen
E. Sweat
8. If melanin forms into patches, it’s referred to as
A. Flexion creases
B. Freckles
C. Dermal papillae
D. Lamellated corpuscles
E. Matrix
9. The cuticle is also called the
A. Lunula
B. Hyponychium
C. Eponychium
D. Nail matrix
E. Perinychium
10. Perspiration is formed by the
A. Sebaceous glands
B. Ceruminous glands
C. Endocrine glands
D. Merkel’s glands
E. Sudoriferous glands
11. The cause of graying hair is
A. Production of melanin in the shaft of the hair
B. Production of carotene in the shaft of the hair
C. Decrease in blood supply to the hair
D. Lack of melanin in the shaft of the hair
E. Parenthood
12. Hair develops from a(n)
A. Arrector pili
B. Shaft
C. Follicle
D. Sebaceous gland
E. Lanugo
13. The nails are modifications of the epidermal layers
A. Corneum and lucidum
B. Lucidum and granulosum
C. Granulosum and spinosum
D. Spinosum and basale
14. Cooling of the skin’s surface is aided by the
A. Endocrine glands
B. Sebaceous glands
C. Ceruminous glands
D. Prickle glands
E. Sweat glands
15. This gland contains true sweat, fatty acids, and proteins, and acquires an
unpleasant odor when bacteria break down the organic molecules it
secretes.
A. Apocrine sweat gland
B. Sebaceous gland
C. Ceruminous gland
D. Eccrine sweat gland
E. Mammary gland
 Conceptualize in Color: Structure of the Skin

Color these skin structures in the figure shown here. Select different colors for the structures
below and color the coding circles and the corresponding structures on the figure.
 Label the skin structures and areas indicated by the leader lines

and brackets on the figure. Select different colors for the

structures below. Describe the structure and functions of each

layer.

Hair Shaft

Hypodermis Stratum Corneum

Stratum Basale

Sebaceous Glands

Dermis Arrector Pili Muscle

Nerve Fiber
Hair Follicle
Hair Bulb

Subcutaneous Adipose
(Hypodermis)

Sweat Glands

Epidermis
➢ The epidermis is formed of stratified squamous epithelium that is keratinized (produces the
protein keratin and is the fundamental building component of the epidermis). The
epidermis' primary function is to serve as a physical and biological barrier to the external
environment, keeping irritants and allergens from penetrating and inhibits water loss and
preserves internal balance.

Dermis
➢ The dermis is the skin's inner layer and is much thicker (1-5mm) than the epidermis. The
dermis is located between the foundation membrane zone and the subcutaneous layer; its
primary function nourishes and supports the epidermis.

Hypodermis
➢ The hypodermis is a subcutaneous layer that lies underneath the dermis and is mainly
composed of fat. It acts as the primary structural support for the skin, protecting it from the
elements and assisting in stress absorption. It is a network of blood vessels and nerves.

Sweat glands
➢ Sweat glands are primary tabular glands that are tiny and coiled. They generate sweat. They
are present throughout the body in the dermis of the skin. Its principal purpose is to regulate
the body's temperature.
Adipose
➢ Adipose tissue comprises a loose network of specialized cells called adipocytes that are
embedded in a collagen fiber mesh. Its principal purpose in the body is to act as a reservoir
for lipids and triglycerides.

Papilla of Hair Bulb

➢ The hair bulb is a connective tissue structure surrounding the hair papilla and includes
blood capillaries and nerve terminals from the dermis. It is critical in regulating hair
growth.

Hair follicle
➢ A hair follicle is a stocking-like structure that surrounds the hair root and includes cells and
connective tissue. They produce and excrete a combination of lipids called sebum onto the
hair and skin surface, which acts as a natural lubricant for the stratum corneum and hair
shaft's dry and dead layer of keratinized cells.

Nerve fiber
➢ Nerve fibers are the nerves that provide the epidermis with nutrients and oxygen. They are
involved in the detection and transmission of heat, pain, and other unpleasant feelings.

Arrector Pili muscle

➢ Arrector pili muscles are small muscle that joins at one end to the base of a hair follicle
and the other end to dermal tissue. When the body is cold, it creates heat, causing the hair
on the skin to "stand up straight."

Sebaceous gland
➢ These structures are associated closely with hair follicles because they produce an oily coat
and protect the hair shaft from brittle.

Stratum basale
➢ The stratum basale is composed of columnar basal cells that are continually dividing and
advancing toward the surface. It contains melanocytes, which create melanin, the pigment
that is responsible for skin color.

Stratum corneum
➢ The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of dead skin that ate visible to the naked eye.
It protects the live cells underneath by forming a rigid barrier between the external
environment and the fragile cells inside.

Hair shaft
➢ The hair shaft is the portion of your hair that is underneath the skin's epidermis. It is
composed of a protein called keratin that has been compressed and joined. This is mainly
to trap a layer of air to increase insulation.
B. Following are the various events in the formation of new skin cells. Using the spaces
provided, order the events in the proper sequence by inserting numbers.

5
3
1
4
2

C. Differentiate between thick and thin skin as to the layers present and their locations.
Using the image below, color with red the areas with thin skin and blue for thick skin.
 D. Discuss the production of melanin based on the diagram below.

ultraviolet
UVj li@t

synthesize metanin product

melanin from the
amino acid
tyrasine

Melanin Production

Tyrosinase catalyzes the conversion of the amino acid tyrosine to another molecule termed
dopaquinone. Dopaquinone is converted to melanin by a sequence of chemical processes. It is
found in two primary forms: eumelanin, the most abundant kind of melanin, which is black or
brown in color, and pheomelanin, which is red. Melanin is generated and stored in keratinocytes
in response to exposure to the sun's UV rays since sun exposure encourages keratinocytes to release
substances that activate melanocytes. This enhanced melanin accumulation protects the DNA of
epidermal cells against UV damage and the breakdown of folic acid, a crucial component for
human health and well-being.
 E. Fill in the blanks to test your knowledge about skin color. Then color the figure below
using the instructions.

stratum basale

melanocytes.

melanin.

melanin nucleus
ultraviolet (UV)

Color each of the structures in the figure shown here. Choose the colors on your own.

Keratinocytes

Cell Nucleus

Melanin Granules

Melanocytes
 F. Enumerate and describe ALL the medical terms used as

diagnostic clue.

Medical terms

1. Albinism

➢ Albinism refers to an individual's genetic inability to generate melanin. The majority of

albinos have melanocytes that are incapable of producing tyrosinase. This may lead to
visual issues and a tendency to burn the skin quickly when exposed to excessive sunlight.

2. Vitiligo

➢ Vitiligo is a condition in which skin regions lose their melanocytes entirely or partially,
resulting in uneven white blotches.

It is caused by a malfunction of the immune system, in which antibodies target melanocytes.

3. Jaundice

➢ Jaundice is due to a buildup of the yellow bilirubin in the skin. This condition gives a
yellowish appearance to the skin, whites of the eyes, and indicates liver disease and a rapid
erythrocyte breakdown in some blood diseases.

4. Cyanosis

➢ Cyanosis occurs when the blood does not receive enough oxygen from the lungs, such as
when someone stops breathing, and the mucous membranes, nail beds, and skin look bluish
or cyanotic.

5. Pallor

➢ Pallor or paleness of the skin can occur in situations such as shock and anemia and
individuals with light-colored skin and might be more evident in individuals with a darker
complexion. In persons with a dark complexion, examining the lips and gums might reveal
some information concerning circulation.

6. Erythema

➢ Erythema, or skin redness, is produced by the engorgement of capillaries in the dermis with
blood due to skin damage, heat exposure, infection, inflammation, or allergic responses.

7. Nevus or mole

➢ Nevus or mole is a circular, flat, or elevated region that often appears throughout childhood
or adolescence due to a benign localized expansion of melanocytes.

8. Freckles

➢ Freckles are often reddish or brown in color and are more noticeable during the summer
than they are during the winter.
1. Which statement below is correct?
A. dendrites are produced by dendrocytes
B. glycolipids are produced by lipocytes
C. keratin is produced by keratinocytes
D. melanin is produced by merkel cells
2. When a medicine is delivered via a patch attached to the skin, it is said to be
delivered:
A. transdermally
B. subcutaneously
C. topically
D. intramuscularly
3. Which is a notable feature of the stratum corneum layer of the integument? It:
A. is where melanocytes and keratinocytes are rapidly dividing.
B. is richly supplied with blood capillaries.
C. consists of keratin filled cells with glycolipid in between cells.
D. has protruding epidermal ridges that push the overlying epidermis into
E. “fingerprints”.
4. What is the protein that fi lls the outermost dead cells of the epidermis?
A. granstein
B. dermin
C. melanin
D. keratin
5. What is the name given to the most superficial layer of the integument?
A. stratum corneum
B. papillary dermal layer
C. stratum lucidum
D. superficial fascia
6. Which layer of the integument contains rapidly dividing keratinocytes?
A. stratum lucidum
B. papillary dermal layer
C. stratum germinativum
D. reticular dermal layer
7. Choose the incorrect statement below.
A. Keratinocytes produce keratin
B. Merkel cells are associated with a sensory nerve ending.
C. Melanocytes produce melanin
D. Dendrocytes produce dendrocidin.
8. Which cell type produces a pigment that affords the skin some
protection against ultraviolet radiation?
A. keratinocytes
B. melanocytes
C. dendrocytes
D. merkel cells
9. Which is the most superficial layer of the integument that also has
capillaries, lymphatics and sensory neurons?
A. reticular dermal layer
B. papillary dermal layer
C. stratum granulosum
D. stratum lucidum
10. Which skin layer is the most superficial?
A. stratum lucidum
B. stratum corneum
C. papillary dermal layer
D. reticular dermal layer
 35

Lesson 2:

Conceptualize in Color: Structure of the Skin

1. Identify the two portions of the follicle wall by placing

the correct name of the sheath at the end of the
appropriate leader line.
2. Use different colors to color these regions.
3. Label, color code, and color the three following regions of the hair.

Cuticle

Cortex

Medulla

Epithelial Sheath

CT Sheath
 1. Identify the structures that are considered to be the accessory organs
of the integumentary system.
a. Draw and label the parts of the accessory organs of the
integumentary system.
b. Describe the function of each part.

Sweat Glands

Epidermis

➢ The epidermis is formed of stratified squamous epithelium that is keratinized (produces the
protein keratin and is the fundamental building component of the epidermis). The
epidermis' primary function is to serve as a physical and biological barrier to the external
environment, keeping irritants and allergens from penetrating and inhibits water loss and
preserves internal balance.

Dermis

➢ The dermis is the skin's inner layer and is much thicker (1-5mm) than the epidermis. The
dermis is located between the foundation membrane zone and the subcutaneous layer; its
primary function nourishes and supports the epidermis.

Hypodermis

➢ The hypodermis is a subcutaneous layer that lies underneath the dermis and is mainly
composed of fat. It acts as the primary structural support for the skin, protecting it from the
elements and assisting in stress absorption. It is a network of blood vessels and nerves.
Sweat glands

➢ Sweat glands are primary tabular glands that are tiny and coiled. They generate sweat. They
are present throughout the body in the dermis of the skin. Its principal purpose is to regulate
the body's temperature.

Adipose

➢ Adipose tissue comprises a loose network of specialized cells called adipocytes that are
embedded in a collagen fiber mesh. Its principal purpose in the body is to act as a reservoir
for lipids and triglycerides.

Papilla of Hair Bulb

➢ The hair bulb is a connective tissue structure surrounding the hair papilla and includes
blood capillaries and nerve terminals from the dermis. It is critical in regulating hair
growth.

Hair follicle

➢ A hair follicle is a stocking-like structure that surrounds the hair root and includes cells and
connective tissue. They produce and excrete a combination of lipids called sebum onto the
hair and skin surface, which acts as a natural lubricant for the stratum corneum and hair
shaft's dry and dead layer of keratinized cells.

Nerve fiber

➢ Nerve fibers are the nerves that provide the epidermis with nutrients and oxygen. They are
involved in the detection and transmission of heat, pain, and other unpleasant feelings.

Arrector Pili muscle

➢ Arrector pili muscles are small muscle that joins at one end to the base of a hair follicle
and the other end to dermal tissue. When the body is cold, it creates heat, causing the hair
on the skin to "stand up straight."

Sebaceous gland

➢ These structures are associated closely with hair follicles because they produce an oily coat
and protect the hair shaft from brittle.

Stratum basale

➢ The stratum basale is composed of columnar basal cells that are continually dividing and
advancing toward the surface. It contains melanocytes, which create melanin, the pigment
that is responsible for skin color.

Stratum corneum

➢ The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of dead skin that ate visible to the naked eye.
It protects the live cells underneath by forming a rigid barrier between the external
environment and the fragile cells inside.

Hair shaft

➢ The hair shaft is the portion of your hair that is underneath the skin's epidermis. It is
composed of a protein called keratin that has been compressed and joined. This is mainly
to trap a layer of air to increase insulation.
 2. Draw a diagram of hair growth and discuss it.

1. The anagen phase of hair development begins. It is the most extended phase, lasting around
three to five years for the hairs on your head, yet a single strand may continue to grow for
seven or more years in specific individuals.
During the anagen phase, your hair follicles produce hairs that continue to grow until they
are clipped or reach the end of their lives and fall out.

2. The catagen phase begins after the anagen phase concludes and lasts around ten days: hair
follicles contract, and hair development slow during this chapter. Additionally, the hair
splits from the hair follicle's base but stays in situ throughout its last days of growth.
3. Typically, the telogen period lasts between three and six months. This phase accounts for
around 10% to 15% of your scalp hairs. During the telogen phase, hairs do not develop,
but they also do not fall off. The telogen phase occurs after follicles have discharged inches
during the catagen phase.
4. The exogen phase of hair development is simply an extension of or a subset of the telogen
stage, and it lasts around 2 to 5 months; new hairs grow in the follicles while old hairs fall
out. Hair is lost from the scalp during the exogen phase, often aided by washing and
combing.
 3. Using a table, compare and contrast the terminal and vellus hair.

TERMINAL VELLUS
Replaces the lanugo of the Replaces the lanugo of the rest of
eyebrows, eyelashes, and scalp
the body.
Long, coarse, heavily pigmented Commonly called “peach fuzz,”
hairs.
which are short, fine, pale hairs
that are barely visible to the naked
eye.
Hair follicle occurs deeply. During childhood, cover most of
the body except for the hairs of the
eyebrows, eyelashes, and scalp.
Hair shaft contains a medulla. Hair follicles occurs less deeply.
Can be 3 feet long. Hair shaft does not contain a
medulla.
The type of hair, which develop in Can be 2mm long.
the body.
Develops in the body after puberty The type of hair, which develops in
in both males and females. the body during childhood.
 4. Using a table, compare and contrast the eccrine
and apocrine sweat glands.

ECCRINE SWEAT GLAND APOCRINE SWEAT GLAND

Simple, coiled tubular glands Simple, coiled tubular glands but have
larger ducts and lumens.
Much more common than apocrine Found mainly in the skin of the axilla
sweat glands. (armpit), groin, areolae (pigmented
areas around the nipples) of the breasts,
and bearded regions of the face.
Distributed throughout the skin of most Secretory portion of these sweat glands
regions of the body, especially in the is located in the lower dermis or upper
skin of the forehead, palms, and soles. subcutaneous layer.
Secretory portion of eccrine sweat Excretory duct opens into hair follicles.
glands is located mostly in the deep
dermis.
Excretory duct projects through the Secretion is via exocytosis.
dermis and epidermis and ends as a
pore at the surface of the epidermis.
Thermoregulatory sweating: help Sweat appears milky or yellowish in
regulate body temperature through color, odorless.
evaporation.
Start to function soon after birth. Do not begin to function until puberty
Helps to cool the body by evaporation Produce pheromones—chemicals that
of sweat, and also eliminates small influence the physiology or behavior of
amounts of wastes. other members of the species
 5. Relate the importance of the accessory organs of the integumentary
system in assessment of patients.

Understanding the skin demands familiarity with its supporting components. Hair, nails,
sweat glands, and sebaceous glands are all accessory structures of the skin.

Five critical areas to consider when screening patients are color, skin temperature, moisture
level, skin turgor, and any lesions or skin disintegration. Specific bodily locations, such as bony
prominences, skin folds, the perineum, between the digits of the hands and feet, and beneath any
medical device that may be removed during regular daily maintenance, need extra attention. For
instance, those with diabetes are more prone to develop dry skin. Additionally, if you are
dehydrated, your skin will become dry and cracked due to the absence of humidity and moisture.
Lesson 3:

A. Discuss the protective functions of the skin, hair, glands, and nails.
D

The integumentary system is comprised of skin, hair, nails, as well as glands. The
integumentary system's most visible purpose is to protect the underlying tissues by providing a
layer of skin.

The skin is regarded to be one of the body's most vital organs. It regulates insulin and
temperature, senses vitamin D and B synthesis, and inhibits fluid loss. In the skin, hair acts as a
protective layer. It provides a protective layer that regenerates consistently. It acts as a filter, retains
moisture and heat, and controls middle ear balance. Glands, or more precisely sweat glands, assist
in protecting us from extreme temperatures by cooling us down via the process of evaporation and
helping in excreting potentially harmful compounds from the body, such as urea. Over the fingers
and toes, nails serve as protective plates against mechanical injury. In general, it helps in
environmental sensing. The nerve endings located under your nail enable you to get more
information about the items you touch.

B. Explain how the skin acts as a sense organ.

The skin is the body's largest sensory organ, accounting for about one-third of its total
surface area. This organ comprises specific sensory nerve structures in the epidermis, dermis, and
hypodermis, which are responsible for detecting touch, surface temperature, and pain, among other
things. Specifically, the Meissner corpuscle (which responds to light touch) and the Pacinian
corpuscle (which response to vibration) are more concentrated on the tips of the fingers, which are
the most sensitive to touch. As a result of this capacity to perceive and convey information about
the contact of the skin with the outside environment to the central nervous system, the brain, or
the spinal cord, the body is better able to defend itself and prevent injury from external stimuli.
 C. escribe how skin act as a blood reservoir.

Since this skin has many blood vessels, it acts as a storage for blood. The skin contains
around 5% of the body's total blood volume. When the body loses a significant amount of blood,
this reservoir is transferred from the skin to the interior organs, where it is most required.
Additionally, blood vessels provide nutrients and remove waste materials from the basal layer
cells.

D. Discuss the importance of the skin in temperature regulation.

Skin is a massive organ. It is about 2 meters square. Its position at the interface between the
environment and our interior and its relatively large surface area contributes significantly to
thermoregulation. Thermoregulation refers to our body's capacity to maintain a constant
temperature regardless of surrounding temperature fluctuations. This process is an example of
homeostasis, defined as a dynamic state of equilibrium between the internal and external
surroundings. The skin contributes to the maintenance of homeostasis. It responds differently to
hot and cold situations, employing the skin's abundant blood supply to maintain a more or less
constant internal body temperature.
 E. Using a table, identify substances that can be absorbed and
excreted by the skin.

ABSORPTION EXCRETION
Passage of materials from the Elimination of substances from the body.
external environment into body
cells.
Absorption of water-soluble About 400 mL of water evaporates daily.
substances through the skin.
Negligible, but certain lipid- Sedentary person loses an additional 200 mL
soluble materials do penetrate per day as sweat; a physically active person
the skin. loses much more.
Toxic materials can be absorbed Sweat also is the vehicle for excretion of small
through the skin include organic amounts of salts, carbon dioxide, and two
solvents such as acetone and organic molecules that result from the
carbon tetrachloride, lead, breakdown of proteins— ammonia and urea.
mercury, arsenic; and the
substances in poison ivy and
poison oak.
Certain creams can be applied
topically and absorbed into the
blood supply.

F. Using the diagram below, discuss the involvement of

the skin in vitamin D production.

Vitamin D works as a hormone involved in the control of calcium homeostasis. Its primary
job is to promote the absorption of calcium and phosphate from the intestines. Adequate quantities
of these minerals are essential for good bone metabolism, while calcium is needed for normal
nerve and muscle function.

Vitamin D production starts when exposed to UV light; the epidermal layer of the human
skin synthesizes vitamin D. In the presence of sunlight; the skin synthesizes a type of vitamin D3
called cholecalciferol from a derivative of the steroid cholesterol. The liver transforms
cholecalciferol to calcitriol, which is converted in the kidneys to calcitriol (the vitamin's active
chemical form). Vitamin D is needed for appropriate calcium and phosphorus absorption, which
are necessary for strong bones. Lack of sun exposure may result in a deficiency of vitamin D in
the body, which can cause rickets, a painful
 A. Explain how epidermal wound and deep wound heal.

Wound healing refers to how the skin, or any wounded organ, restores itself after being
damaged. Ultimately, the goal of wound healing is to prevent or minimize future damage, clean
and seal the wound against infection, and restore tissue strength and, if feasible, tissue function to
the injured area. And there are two kinds of wound healing called epidermal wound healing and
deep wound healing.

Epidermal wound healing is the process through which the epidermis heals after injury.
Since epidermal-only wounds are often less severe than dermal-only wounds, several phases of
the wound healing process may be skipped. It is possible that clotting may not occur if there is no
breaching of the vasculature; however, an immune response is still generated as the wound site is
susceptible to infection.

The greater the size and depth of the scrape, the longer it will take for it to heal. Injuries
that extend into the dermis and subcutaneous layer are referred to as deep wounds. As a result of
the numerous layers involved, it is more difficult to understand than epidermal wound healing.

B. Discuss the differences between epidermal and deep

wound healing.

Although epidermal-only wounds are often less severe than dermal-only wounds, early
phases of the wound healing process may be missed. Clotting may not occur if the vasculature is
not breached; yet, an immunological response is still triggered since the wound site is vulnerable
to infection. The epidermis's basal cells lose contact with the basement membrane in response to
an epidermal injury. Following that, the cells expand in size and spread throughout the wound.
While, a deep wound affects the skin's innermost and deepest layers. Deep wounds that include
the dermis or the underlying muscle and fat heal more slowly than superficial wounds that involve
the epidermis. The healing process may be prolonged, and scar tissue is likely to develop due to
poor re-epithelialization. Additionally, severe injuries are more likely to get infected and develop
systemic illness through the circulatory system.
 C. Draw the phases of deep wound healing

4 STAGES OF DEEP WOUND HEALING

D. Compare and contrast a normal skin and scar tissue.

While the body's biggest organ may seem to be nothing more than cellular wrapping paper,
the skin performs various functions, from fighting off microbes to controlling body temperature.
Additionally, it has a significant flaw: badly wounded skin may heal but not renew. Rather than
that, it develops scars. These blemishes are not only aesthetic. Scar tissue may impair mobility and
hinder the body from cooling down due to the absence of sweat glands. While scars seem to be
thicker than normal skin, the tissue is thinner.

Furthermore, scar tissue is distinct from normal skin. It has more tightly packed collagen
fibers, less flexibility, fewer blood vessels, and may or may not include the same amount of hairs,
skin glands, or sensory components as intact skin. Scars are often lighter in color than normal skin
due to the arrangement of collagen fibers and the lack of blood vessels.
 Lesson 5:

A. Draw and describe the characteristics of the three (3)

types of skin cancer.

The second most frequent kind of skin cancer is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). It is often
observed in body regions that have been affected by ultraviolet light from the sun or tanning beds.
The head, neck, chest, upper back, ears, lips, arms, legs, and hands are all areas of skin that have
been exposed to the sun. This kind of skin cancer grows quite slowly. In contrast to other forms of
skin cancer, it can spread to the tissues, bones, and adjacent lymph nodes, making treatment
challenging. It is easily treatable if detected early.

A basal cell carcinoma is a form of skin cancer that occurs in the basal cell layer. Basal cell
carcinoma starts in basal cells, a kind of skin cell that replaces dead skin cells. It often manifests
as a little translucent lump on the skin, although it may take on other shapes as well. Basal cell
carcinoma is most often seen on sun-exposed skin parts, such as the scalp and neck.

Melanoma is a kind of skin cancer that develops when pigment-producing cells called melanocytes
undergo uncontrolled mutation and division. The majority of pigment cells are formed in the skin.
Melanomas may occur everywhere on the skin. However, certain places are more susceptible than
others.
 B. Discuss the ABCDE Rule in assessing melanoma.

One quick method to recall common melanoma traits is to think alphabetically - the
ABCDEs of melanoma. ABCDE is an acronym that stands for asymmetry, border, color,
dimension, and evolution. These are the skin damage features that physicians examine while
diagnosing and categorizing melanomas.

Asymmetry. Melanoma is often asymmetrical, which implies that its shape is irregular.
Noncancerous moles often have a uniform and symmetrical shape.

Border. Melanoma often has irregularly shaped boundaries, but noncancerous moles typically have
smooth, well-defined edges.

Color. Melanoma lesions are often multicolored or shaded. Typically, benign moles are one color.

Diameter. Melanoma growths are often larger than 6mm in diameter or around the size of a regular
pencil.

Evolution. Melanoma often changes its appearance, including its size, shape, and color. Unlike the
majority of benign moles, melanoma changes over time. If you have a mole or other skin growth,
keep an eye out for changes. If you detect any of the ABCDEs of melanoma, schedule an
appointment with a dermatologist immediately.

C. Define what is psoriasis.

Psoriasis is a skin condition in which skin cells grow up to ten times the average rate. This
results in the formation of rough red areas with white scales on the surface of the skin. They may
grow in any location, although most develop on the scalp, elbows, knees, and lower back. Psoriasis
is not a contagious disease. It does sometimes occur among family members.

Psoriasis often begins in adolescence. It impacts just a few regions for the majority of
individuals. Psoriasis may affect significant areas of the body in severe instances. Throughout a
person's life, the patches may heal and then reappear.
 D. Draw and describe the of stages of
pressure sore.

You may be more familiar with the term "bed sores" if you have had pressure sores. They
occur when you lay or sit in the same position for an extended period of time and your body's
weight presses on the bed or chair's surface, cutting off the blood flow. If you're on bed rest or in
a wheelchair, you may be eligible for them.

Level 1 is the most miniature severe stage. These pressure sores are limited to the epidermis of
your skin.

Stage 2 This stage occurs when the sore penetrates further into the skin.

Stage 3 These lesions have penetrated the second layer of skin and have reached the fat tissue.

Stage 4

This is the most severe kind of ache. Certain types may potentially cause muscle and ligament
damage.
 E. Describe the layers involved in and the symptoms of

first-, second-, and third-degree burns.

Burns of the first degree produce only minor skin damage. They are sometimes referred to
as "superficial burns" since they damage the skin's outermost layer. They result in discomfort,
redness, and swelling.

Second-degree burns are more severe than first-degree burns because the damage goes
beyond the skin's top layer. This form of burn results in blistering and intense redness, and soreness
of the skin. They are associated with discomfort, redness, swelling, and blistering. Additionally,
they are referred to as partial-thickness burns.

Third-degree burns, except for fourth-degree burns, are the most serious. They are the most
destructive, penetrating every layer of flesh. Third-degree burns are often believed to be the most
painful. However, since the damage is so severe with this sort of burn, there may be no pain due
to nerve damage. They result in white or dark skin that has been burnt. The skin can be numb.

F. Explain how to use the rules-of-nine and its importance

When people have burns, the rule of nines determines the burn percentage and guides
treatment options, including fluid resuscitation. It also forms part of the rules for deciding transfer
to a burn unit.

The "rule of nines" may be used to determine the extent of a burn rapidly.

This approach converts the surface area of the body to percentages.

The front and rear of the head and neck together account for 9% of the body's total surface
area.

Each arm and hand's front and rear surfaces account for 9% of the body's surface area.

The chest accounts for about 9% of the body's surface area, whereas the stomach accounts
for 9%.

The upper back accounts for 9% of the body's surface area, whereas the lower back
accounts for 9%.

Each leg and foot's front and back surfaces account for 18% of the body's surface area.

The genital region accounts for 1% of the total surface area of the body.

When people have burns, the rule of nines determines the burn percentage and guides
treatment options, including fluid resuscitation. It also forms part of the rules for deciding transfer
to a burn unit.
 G. Explain why serious burns are life-threatening.

While many injuries may be overcome and recovered with minimal assistance, burn
injuries sometimes present a far greater struggle and need professional medical attention.
However, the human body can withstand and recover from a wide variety of traumas and diseases.

Burns vary in intensity; the more severe the burn and the greater the area affected, the more
difficult it is to heal and recover. Severe burns may cause various consequences that can have a
detrimental effect on the victim's health and may even be deadly.

Not only can burns produce excruciating agony, but they may also compromise a person's
immune system and result in the loss of bodily tissue. Since immune cells can often reach afflicted
tissue due to burns, the infection may emerge fast, producing further issues for the person.