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1646514525-Notes From Jee Topper-0

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15 views4 pages

1646514525-Notes From Jee Topper-0

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4788mishra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Parallel Combination of Cells

A cell is an important device in an electrical circuit, it is used to transfer electrical energy to the
circuit. The cells are connected to the two terminals: Anode and Cathode. The anode is the
positive terminal and the cathode is the negative terminal. The current flows out of the anode and
enters the cathode. The difference in the charge of the two terminals of the cell will create a
potential difference across the circuit. The potential difference produced is called
the electromotive force or EMF of the cell. This EMF causes the flow of electric current in the
circuit.
More than one cell connected together is called the battery. The cells are connected either in
series or parallel. In a series combination, there is only a single path between the terminals of the
cell. The positive terminal of the cell is connected to the negative terminal of the other cell in a
series combination. Parallel combination circuits have multiple paths between the terminals. In a
parallel combination of cells, all the positive terminals of the cells are connected together and the
negative terminals of the cells are connected together.

Parallel Combination of Cells

When the cells are connected in parallel, the current will be divided among the various cells.
From the figure, we can see that two cells are connected in parallel. The emf of cell 1 is ε 1 and
the emf of cell 2 is ε2. The internal resistance of cell 1 is r1 and cell 2 is r2. The current is split into
i1 and i2. The total current i = i1 + i2
The resultant internal resistance of the combination is
1requa=1r1+1r2
The equivalent EMF ( εeq) is equal to the potential difference between A and B (VA – VB) when it is
not in use. To determine the equivalent EMF we should apply Kirchoff’s loop rule.
From the figure above, we get
– ε1 + ir1 + ir2 + ε2 = 0
⇒ i = ε1– ε2/(r1 + r2) ——(1)
The potential difference VA – VB = ε1– ir1
Or VA – VB = ε2+ ir2
Substituting the value of ‘i’ in either of the two equations above we get
VA – VB = ε2+ ir2
= (ε2r1+ ε1r2)/(r1 + r2)
Considering the equation of resultant internal resistance, the above expression can be written as
ϵ eq = r (ϵ1r1+ϵ2r2)

Advantages of Cells Connected in Parallel


(1) If any one of the cells connected in parallel is damaged, the other cells are not affected.
(2) If the cells are connected in parallel they will not exhaust easily.

Disadvantages of Cells Connected in Parallel


(1) The voltage developed will not be increased by increasing the number of cells in the parallel
combination.
(2) The output power is based on one cell. Therefore, the brightness of the bulb connected will
not be very high.
Kirchhoff’s Laws
Gustav Kirchhoff developed a set of laws relating to the conservation of current and energy in the
electrical circuits. They are KCL (Kirchhoff’s Current Law) which deals with the current flowing
in the circuit and KVL (Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law) which deals with the voltage source present in
the circuit. His discoveries has also paved the path for quantum theory of electromagnetic
induction by Max Planck. Most of his discoveries and researches were dealing with electric
current. Among this Kirchhoff’s law of circuits is the most important one.
We know that Georg Simon ohm showed the relationship between voltage, current and
resistance and formulated the ohm’s law. This law is the basis of electricity. The law states that V
= I R, where voltage V is in volts, Current I in amps and resistance R in ohms. Thus I = V / R and
R = V / I. But in complex circuits it is difficult to find the voltage and current in the circuit by using
Ohm’s law. Hence for complex circuits Kirchhoff’s law of circuits help us to find the value of
voltage and current which flows within the circuit.

Circuit terms
A circuit is a closed path through which current flows. A path is a single line which consists of
circuit elements and sources. A node is defined as a terminal or junction in which two or more
elements will be joined together and thus have a common point for more than one branches. A
branch consists of elements like resistors and sources connected between two nodes. A loop is a
closed path in which elements are counted just once. A mesh is an open loop and open path with
no elements in it. If the elements are connected in series the current which flows through each
ones are the same. If the elements are connected in parallel the voltage across each
components remains the same.

The First Law - Kirchhoff’s Current Law


This law deals with the current flowing in the circuit. It states that the algebraic sum of all the
currents meeting at a point is zero. The total current entering a node or junction is equal to the
total current or charge leaving the node. This is also known as the Conservation of Charge.
Consider a node and here three currents are entering the node and three currents are leaving
the node. The currents entering the node are taken as positive and the current leaving the node
is taken as negative. The law states that the totals current entering the node plus the total
currents leaving the node is equal to zero.
Kirchhoff’s current law
Thus I1 – I2 - I3 + I4 + I5 – I6 = 0 or I1 + I4 + I5 = I2 + I3 + I6. This is the junction rule.
So currents entering to a node = currents leaving the node.

The Second Law – Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law


When current travels in a circuit the magnitude of the current changes according to the product of
current and resistance or emf which is connected in the circuit. Thus the law states that the
algebraic sum of all voltages within the loop will be equal to zero. This is also known as
the Conservation of Energy. Here the sum of voltage drops is equal to the sum of voltage rise.
Consider three voltages V1, V2, V3 which is connected in a circuit.

Kirchhoff’s voltage law


The Equation according to the law is written as V1 + V2 + V3 = 0.
The direction of the current can be either taken in clockwise direction or in anticlock wise
direction. Once selecting the direction of the current we need to maintain the same direction
throughout the circuit. If the final value is positive then it is clear that the direction of current
assumed is right. If the final value we get is a negative value then it says that the current
direction we assumed is reversed. The voltage drops across the resistors when the current flows
in clock wise n clockwise direction is considered as positive drops. The voltage drops across the
resistors when the current flows in anticlock wise direction is taken as negative drops. This is
also known as the Loop Rule.

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