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Chap 7 Notes

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9 views3 pages

Chap 7 Notes

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betaworker232007
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XII MATHEMATICS

CHAPTER 7 SUMMARY
CHAPTER 7: STRAIGHT LINE
The Distance Formula: If P1 (x1 , y1 ) and P2 (x2 , y2 ) are two points in xy-plane, then the distance d = |P1 P2|
between them is given by

d = |P1 P2 | = √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 OR d = |P1 P2 | = √(x1 − x2 )2 + (y1 − y2 )2

• Distance between two points in a plane is always positive.

Division Formula: Point dividing the join of two points in a given ratio. Consider two points A(x1 , y1 ) and
B((x2 , y2 ) in a plane. Let P(x, y) is the point dividing the line segment AB in the ratio m: n
mx2+nx1 my2 +ny1
Then coordinates of P(x, y) are: P(x, y) = ( , ) where m: n = +ve for internal division.
m+n m+n

Mid-point of AB: Consider two points A(x1 , y1 ) and B((x2 , y2 ) in a plane. Let P(x, y) is the mid point. Then
x1+x2 y1 +y2
coordinates of P(x, y) are: P(x, y) = ( , 2 )
2

• The point of intersection of all medians is called “Centroid” of the triangle. (Medians are concurrent)
• The point of intersection of all the altitudes is called “Orthocenter”. (Altitudes are concurrent)
• The point of intersection of all the perpendicular bisectors is called “Circumcenter”. (Perpendicular bisector are
concurrent)
• The point of intersection of all the angle bisector is called the in-centre
• In ∆ABC such that A(x1 , y1 ), B(x2 , y2 ) and C(x3 , y3 ) are the coordinates, the in-center is given as:
ax +bx2+cx3 ay2 +by2 +cy3
( 1a+b+c , a+b+c )
• The centroid of a ∆ABC is a point that divides each median in the ratio 2 : 1
x +x +x y +y +y
• Centroid has coordinates ( 1 32 3 , 1 32 3 )
Points to Remember:
• Three points will be the vertices of a right triangles if “Pythagoras theorem is satisfied”
i.e., |AC|2 = |AB|2 + |BC|2 (Use distance formula)
• The points will be vertices of an isosceles triangle if two sides are equal
i.e., |AB| = |BC|
• Four points will be the vertices of parallelogram.
If |AB| = |CD|
And |BC| = |AD|
• The parallelogram will be a square if “Diagonals are equal in length”
i.e. |AC| = |AD|

Slope of Gradient of a Line


Rise y
Slope of a line ‘l’ is denoted by ‘m’. The ratio of rise to the run is called slope of the line m = = x = tan α
Run
where α is the inclination of the line
• If line is parallel to x-axis. Then α = 0, and m = 0
• If line is perpendicular to x-axis, then α = 90o , So m = ∞
Method Of Find Slope Of A Line Joining Two Points
y −y
Consider a line l form by joining P(x1 , y1 ) and Q(x2 , y2 ); then m = x2 −x1
2 1
• Consider two lines l1 and l2 such that m1 = Slope of l1 and m2 = Slope of l2 , Then lines are parallel iff
m1 = m2
• And lines are perpendicular iff m1 m2 = −1 Or m1 m2 + 1 = 0
MUHAMMAD ALI MISBAH 1
Forms of Equations:
Equation of a straight line parallel to x-axis (or perpendicular to the y-axis) is y = a
• y = 0 is the equation of x-axis
• If a > 0 (+ve); then y > 0 (+ve) is the equation above x-axis
• If a < 0 (-ve); then y < 0 (-ve) is the equation below x-axis
Equation of a straight line parallel to the y-axis (or perpendicular to the x-axis) the standard equation is x = b
• x = 0 is the equation of y-axis
• If b > 0; then x > 0 is the equation of line right to y-axis
• If b < 0; then x < 0 is the equation of line left to y-axis
1. Slope-Intercept Form: y = mx + c
2. Point Slope Form: y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
y −y
3. Two Point Form: y − y1 = 2 1 (x − x1 )
x2 −x1
x−x y−y1
4. Symmetric Form (Parametric Form): cos α1 = sin α

5. Normal Form: x cos α + y sin α = p


x y
6. Two Intercept Form: + = 1
a b
7. A Linear Equation with Two Variables x and y Represents a Straight Line:A linear equation in two variables
x and y is given by ax + by + c = 0 where a, b and c are constant and are not simultaneously zero
a c
m = − b ; y − intercept = − b

Points to Remember:
Consider two lines:l1 : a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and l2 : a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0
• The lines will be parallel if a1 b2 − b1 a2 = 0
• The lines will be perpendicular iff a1 a2 + b1 b2 = 0
a b c
• The lines will be coincident if a1 = b1 = c1
2 2 2
a b
• The lines will be intersecting, if a1 ≠ b1
2 2
𝑏 𝑐 −𝑏 𝑐 𝑐 𝑎 −𝑐 𝑎
• Intersection between two lines is (𝑙1 ∩ 𝑙2 ) = (𝑎 1𝑏2 −𝑎2 𝑏1 , 𝑎1 𝑏2−𝑎2 𝑏1 )
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1

Distance of a Point from a Line


Consider l: ax + by + c = 0 and P(x1 , y1 )
(|ax1+by1 +c|)
The distance of point from line is d = 2 2√a +b
• The distance is always positive
• If the point P (x1 , y1 ) lies on l, then the distance d would be zero
• If ax1 + by1 + c = 0, then P(x1 , y1 ) satisfy the equation

Distance between Two Parallel Lines


|c1 −c2 |
The distance between two parallel lines ax + by + c1 = 0 and ax + by + c2 = 0 is given by d =
√a2 +b2

Angle between Two Lines


Consider two coplanar lines l1 and l2 intersect at a point P. Then the angle θ between two lines from l1 to l2 is
m2−m1
tan θ = 1+m m1 2

Family of Lines
We can find a family of lines through the point of intersection of the two non-parallel lines l1 and l2 . Family of lines
a1 x + b1 y + c1 + k(a2 x + b2 y + c2 ) = 0 When k is non-zero real number

MUHAMMAD ALI MISBAH 2


Concurrency of three Straight Lines
Let three non-parallel lines l1 : a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0, l2 : a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0and l3 : a3 x + b3 y + c3 = 0
a1 b1 c1
Then these three lines will intersect each other at a same point if the following condition is satisfied |a2 b2 c2 | = 0
a3 b3 c3

Area of Triangular Region


x1 y1 1
1
Area of triangular region whose vertices are P(x1 , y1 ), Q(x2 , y2 ) and R(x3 , y3 ) is given by Area = 2 |x2 y2 1|
x3 y3 1
• The three points P, Q and R are collinear iff Area = 0
• Area is always positive, if sign of the area is negative, then it is to be omitted.

Area of Polygon
Area of polygon whose vertices are P(x1 , y1 ), Q(x2 , y2 ), R(x3 , y3 ) and X(x4 , y4 ) is given by
1 x1 − x3 y1 − y3
Area = |x − x y − y |
2 2 4 2 4

Homogenous Second Degree Equation


ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0 provided a, h and b are not simultaneously zero. Second degree homogeneous equation
represents a pair of lines through the origin

Nature of Lines
• The lines are real and distinct, if h2 > ab
• The lines are real and coincident if h2 = ab
• The lines are imaginary if h2 < ab

To Find Measure of Angle


2h a
m1 + m2 = − And m1 m2 =
b b
2√h2−ab
tan θ = |a+b|

MUHAMMAD ALI MISBAH 3

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