DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

GREATER NOIDA

Class XII (PHYSICS)

Session 2024-25

Must-Do Important Questions for

Class XII Physics:
Ace Your Exams!

Students Name: _____________

Page 1 of 17
 Unit I: Electrostatics

Electric Charges and Fields Electric charges, Conservation of charge, Coulomb's law-force
between two- point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and
continuous charge distribution. Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field
lines, electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole, torque on a dipole in uniform electric field.
Electric flux, statement of Gauss's theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely
long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical
shell (field inside and outside).

Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Electric potential, potential difference, electric

potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges; equipotential surfaces,
electrical potential energy of a system of two-point charges and of electric dipole in an
electrostatic field. Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a
conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitors and capacitance, combination of
capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without
dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor (no derivation, formulae
only).

1. A parallel plate capacitor of capacitance C is charged to a potential V by a battery. Without

disconnecting the battery, the distance between the plates is tripled and a dielectric medium of k = 10
is introduced between the plates is tripled and a dielectric medium of k = 10 is introduced between
the plates of the capacitor. Explain giving reasons, how will the following be affected: (i) capacitance
of the capacitor (ii) charge on the capacitance.

2. Four-point charges Q, q, Q and q are placed at the corners of a square of side ‘a’ as shown in the
figure.

(a) Resultant electric force on a charge Q, and

(b) Potential energy of this system.

3. (a) Use Gauss’ law to derive the expression for the electric field ( ) due to a straight uniformly
charged infinite line of charge density C/m.
(b) Draw a graph to show the variation of E with perpendicular distance r from the line of
charge.

Page 2 of 17
 (c) Find the work done in bringing a charge q from perpendicular distance r1 to r2 (r2 > r1).
4. Two identical parallel plate capacitor A and B are connected to a battery of V volts with the
switch S closed. The switch is now opened and the free space between the plates of the
capacitors is filled with a dielectric of dielectric constant K. Find the ratio of the total
electrostatic energy stored in both capacitors before and after the introduction of the dielectric.

V
A B

5. (a) Derive an expression for the electric field E due to a dipole of length ‘2a’ at a point
distance r from the centre of the dipole on the axial line.
(b) Draw a graph of E versus r for .
(c) If the dipole were kept in a uniform external field E0, diagrammatically represent the
position of the dipole in stable and unstable equilibrium and write the expression for the
torque acting on the dipole in both case.
6. (a) Use Gauss’s theorem to find the electric field due to a uniformly charged infinitely large
plane thin sheet with surface charge density .
(b) An infinitely large plane thin sheet has a uniform surface charge density . Obtain the
expression for the amount of work done in bringing a point charge q from infinite to a point,
distance r, in front of the charged plane sheet.

7. (a) Explain why, for any charge configuration, the equipotential surface through a point is
normal to the electric field at that point.
Draw a sketch of equipotential surface due to a single –q charge, depicting the electric field
lines due to the charge.
(b) Obtain the expression of work done to dissociate the system of three charges , and
are placed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side ‘a’ .

8. (a)Deduce the expression for the torque acting on dipole of dipole moment P in the presence of
a uniform electric field E.
(b) Consider two hollow concentric spheres, and enclosing charges 2Q and 4Q
respectively. (i) Find out the ratio of the electric flux through them. (ii) How will the electric
flux through the sphere change if a medium of dielectric constant is introduced in the
space inside in place of air? Deduce the necessary expression.

9. (a) Define electric dipole moment. Is it a scalar or a vector? Derive the expression for the
electric field of dipole at a point on the equatorial plane of the dipole.
(b) Draw the equipotential surface due to an electric dipole. Locate the points where
the potential due to the dipole is zero.

Page 3 of 17
10. A capacitor of unknown capacitance is connected across a battery of V volt. A charge
of 240 pC is stored in it. When the potential across the capacitor is reduced by 80 V,
the charge stored in the capacitor becomes 80 pC. Calculate V and the unknown
capacitance. What would have been the charge in the capacitor if the voltage were
increased by 80 V?

Current Electricity

Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity, mobility and
their relation with electric current; Ohm's law, V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear),
electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity, temperature dependence
of resistance, Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination
of cells in series and in parallel, Kirchhoff's rules, Wheatstone bridge.

11. (a) Define the term ‘conductivity’ of a metallic wire. Write its SI unit.
(b) Using the concept of free electrons in a conductor, derive the expression for the
conductivity of a wire in terms of number density and relaxation time. Hence obtain
the relation between current density and the applied electric field E.

12. Define relaxation time of the free electrons drifting in a conductor. How is it related to the drift
velocity of free electrons? Use this relation to deduce the expression for the electrical
resistivity of the material.

13. Write any two factors on which internal resistance of a cell depends. The reading on a high
resistance voltmeter, when a cell is connected across it, is 2.2 V. When the terminals of the
cell are also connected to a resistance of 5 as shown in the circuit, the voltmeter reading
drops to 1.8 V. Find the internal resistance of the cell.

Page 4 of 17
14. State Kirchhoff's rules. Use these rules to write the expressions for the currents and in
the circuit diagram shown.

15. Explain the term 'drift velocity' of electrons in a conductor. Hence obtain the expression for
the current through a, conductor in terms of 'drift velocity'.

16. Define resistivity of a conductor and give its SI unit. Plot a graph showing the variation of
resistivity with temperature for (i) Copper ( ii) Nichrome (iii) Semiconductor. How does one
explain such a behavior, using the mathematical expression of the resistivity of a conductor?

17. Write any two factors on which internal resistance of a cell depends. The reading on a high
resistance voltmeter, when a cell is connected across it, is 2.2 V. When the terminals of the
cell are also connected to a resistance of 5 as shown in the circuit, the voltmeter reading
drops to 1.8 V. Find the internal resistance of the cell.

Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

Concept of magnetic field, Oersted's experiment.

Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.

Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire. Straight solenoid (only
qualitative treatment), force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields.

Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field, force between two parallel
current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere, torque experienced by a current loop in uniform
magnetic field; Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment, moving coil
galvanometer, its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.

Page 5 of 17
Bar magnet, bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid (qualitative treatment only), magnetic field
intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis
(qualitative treatment only), torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field
(qualitative treatment only), magnetic field lines.

Magnetic properties of materials- Para-, dia- and ferro - magnetic substances with examples,
Magnetization of materials, effect of temperature on magnetic properties.

18. Write the expression for Lorentz magnetic force on the particle of charge q moving with
velocity v in a magnetic field B. Show that no work is done by this force on the charged
particle.

19. State Ampere's circuital law. Use this law to find magnetic field due to straight infinite
current carrying wire. How are the magnetic field lines different from the electrostatic field
lines?
20. Deduce the expression for the torque acting on a planar loop of area and carrying current
I placed in a uniform magnetic field .If the loop is free to rotate, what would be its
orientation in stable equilibrium?

21. (a) Why is the magnetic field radial in a moving coil galvanometer? Explain how it is
achieved.
(b) A galvanometer of resistance ‘G’ can be converted into a voltmeter of range (0-V) volts by
connecting a resistance ‘R’ in series with it. How much resistance will be required to change
its range from 0 to V/2?

22. (a) Two straight long parallel conductors carry currents I 1 and I 2 in the same direction.
Deduce the expression for the force per unit length between them. Depict the pattern of
magnetic field lines around them.
(b) A rectangular current carrying loop EFGH is kept in a uniform magnetic field as shown in
the fig.
(i) What is the direction of the magnetic moment of the current loop?
(ii) When is the torque acting on the loop (a) maximum, (b) zero?

Page 6 of 17
23. State the underlying principle of working of a moving coil galvanometer. Write two reasons
why a galvanometer cannot be used as such to measure current in a given circuit. Name any
two factors on which the current sensitivity of a galvanometer depends upon.

24. A long straight wire of a circular cross-section of radius ‘a’ carries a steady current ‘I’. The
current is uniformly distributed across the cross-section. Apply Ampere’s circuital law to
calculate the magnetic field at a point ‘r’ in the region for (i) r < a and (ii) r > a.

25. (i) Write two characteristics of a material used for making permanent magnets.
(ii) Why is core of an electromagnet made of ferromagnetic materials?

26. State Biot-Savart law, giving the mathematical expression for it. Use this law to derive the
expression for the magnetic field due to a circular coil carrying current at a point along its
axis. How does a circular loop carrying current behave as a magnet?

27. Two identical circular wires P and Q each of radius R and carrying current ‘I’ are kept in
perpendicular planes such that they have a common centre as shown in the figure. Find the
magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field at the common centre of the two coils.

28. A bar magnet of magnetic moment 6 J/T is aligned at 600 with a uniform external magnetic
field of 0·44 T. Calculate (a) the work done in turning the magnet to align its magnetic moment
(i) normal to the magnetic field, (ii) opposite to the magnetic field, and (b) the torque on the magnet
in the final orientation in case (ii).
EMI & AC

Electromagnetic induction; Faraday's laws, induced EMF and current; Lenz's Law, Self and mutual
induction.

Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage; reactance and impedance;
LCR series circuit (phasors only), resonance, power in AC circuits, power factor, wattless current.
AC generator, Transformer.

29. State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.

Figure shows a rectangular conductor PQRS in which the conductor PQ is free to move in a
uniform magnetic field B perpendicular to the plane of the paper. The field extends from x =
0 to x = b and is zero for x > b. Assume that only the arm PQ possesses resistance r.
When the arm PQ is pulled outward from x = 0 to x = 2b and is then moved backward to x =
0 with constant speed v, obtain the expressions for the flux and the induced emf, force
required to move the rod and the power dissipation as heat. Sketch the variations of these

Page 7 of 17
 quantities with distance 0 ≤ x ≤ 2b.

30. (a) Prove that the current flowing through an ideal inductor connected across a.c. source,
lags the voltage in phase by π/2.
(b) An inductor of self-inductance 100 mH, and a bulb are connected in series with a.c.
source of rms voltage 10 V, 50 Hz. It is found that effective voltage of the circuit π/4.
Calculate the inductance of the inductor used and average power dissipated in the circuit, if a
current of 1 A flows in the circuit.

31. (a) Draw a labelled diagram of AC generator. Write its working principle. Derive the
expression for the instantaneous value of the emf induced in the coil.
(b) A circular coil of cross-sectional area 200 cm2 and 20 turns is rotated about the vertical
diameter with angular speed of 50 rad s-1 in a uniform magnetic field of magnitude 3.0 × 10-
2
T. Calculate the maximum value of the current in the coil.

32. (a) Draw an arrangement for winding of primary and secondary coils in a transformer
State its underlying principle. Deduce the expression for the ratio of secondary voltage to the
primary voltage in terms of the ratio of the number of turns of primary and secondary
winding. For an ideal transformer, obtain the ratio of primary and secondary currents in
terms of the ratio of the voltages in the secondary and primary voltages.
Write any two reasons for the energy losses which occur in actual transformers.
(b) A power transmission line feeds input power at 2200 V to a step-down transformer
with its primary windings having 3000 turns. Find the number of turns in the secondary
to get the power output at 220 V.
(c) The primary coil of an ideal step up transformer has 100 turns and transformation
ratio is also 100. The input voltage and power are respectively 220 V and 1100 W.
Calculate
(i) number of turns in secondary
(ii) current in primary
(iii) voltage across secondary
(iv) current in secondary
(v) power in secondary

33. (i) An a.c. source of voltage V = V0 sin ωt is connected to a series combination of L, C and
R. Use the phasor diagram to obtain expressions for impedance of the circuit and phase angle
between voltage and current. Find the condition when current will be in phase with the
voltage. What is the circuit in this condition called?
(ii) In a series LR circuit XL = R and power factor of the circuit is P1. When capacitor with

Page 8 of 17
 capacitance C such that XL = XC is put in series, the power factor becomes P2. Calculate
P1/P2.

34. (a) A series LCR circuit is connected to an a.c. source of variable frequency. Draw a suitable
phasor diagram to deduce the expressions for the amplitude of the current and phase angle.
(b) Obtain the condition at resonance. Draw a plot showing the variation of current with the
frequency of a.c. source for two resistances R1 and (R1 > R2). Hence define the quality factor,
Q and write its role in the tuning of the circuit.

35. An a.c. source generating a voltage V = Vm sin ω t is connected to a capacitor of capacitance

C. Find the expression for the current, i, flowing through it. Plot a graph of V and I versus tat
to show that the current is π/2 ahead of the voltage. A resistor of 200Ω and a capacitor of
15.0 µF are connected in series to a 220 V, 50 Hz a.c. source. Calculate the current in the
circuit and the rms voltage across the resistor and the capacitor. Is the algebraic sum of these
voltages more than the source voltage? If yes, resolve the paradox.

36. (i) When an AC source is connected to an ideal inductor show that the average power
supplied by the source over a complete cycle is zero.
(ii) A lamp is connected in series with an inductor and an AC source. What happens to the
brightness of the lamp when the key is plugged in and an iron rod is inserted inside the
inductor? Explain.

37. An inductor L of inductance XL is connected in series with a bulb B and an ac source. How
would brightness of the bulb change when
(i) number of turns in the inductor is reduced,
(ii) an iron rod is inserted in the inductor and
(iii) a capacitor of reactance XC = XL is inserted in series in the circuit. Justify your Answer
in each case.

38. The figure shows a series LCR circuit with L = 10.0 H, C = 40 μF, R = 60 Ω connected to a
variable frequency 240 V source.

(i) The angular frequency of the source which drives the circuit at resonance.
(ii) The current at the resonating frequency.
(iii) The rms potential drop across the inductor at resonance.

Page 9 of 17
39. A capacitor ‘C’, a variable resistor ‘R’ and a bulb ‘B’ are connected in series to the ac mains
in a circuit as shown. The bulb glows with some brightness. How will the glow of the bulb
change if

(i) a dielectric slab is introduced between the plates of the capacitor, keeping resistance R to
be the same;
(ii) the resistance R is increased keeping the same capacitance?

40. Define mutual inductance between a pair of coils. Derive an expression for the mutual
inductance of two long coaxial solenoids of same length wound one over the other.

EM Waves

Basic idea of displacement current, Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, their transverse
nature (qualitative idea only). Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared,
visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.

41. Name the constituent radiation of electromagnetic spectrum which

(a) is used in satellite communication.
(b) is used for studying crystal structure.
(c) is similar to the radiations emitted during the decay of radioactive nuclei.
(d) has its wavelength range between 390 nm and 700 nm.
(e) is absorbed from sunlight by ozone layer.
(f) produces intense heating effect.

42. (a) When an ac source is connected across a capacitor, current starts flowing through the
circuit. Show how Ampere’s circuital law is generalized to explain the flow of current
through the capacitor. Hence obtain the expression for the displacement current inside the
capacitor. (b) A capacitor has been charged by a dc source. What are the magnitudes of
conduction and displacement currents, when it is fully charged?

43. Answer the following questions:

(i) Show, by giving a simple example, how em waves carry energy and momentum.
(i) How are microwaves produced? Why is it necessary in microwave ovens to select the
frequency of microwaves to match the resonant frequency of water molecules?
(iii) Write two important uses of infrared waves.

44. Answer the following questions :

(a) Name the em waves which are produced during radioactive decay of a nucleus. Write

Page 10 of 17
 their frequency range.
(b) Welders wear special glass goggles while working. Why? Explain.
(c) Why are infrared waves often called as heat waves? Give their one application.

45. (a) How is electromagnetic wave produced?

(b) Draw a sketch of a plane e.m. wave propagating along X-axis depicting the directions of
the oscillating electric and magnetic fields.
(c) Arrange the following electromagnetic waves in the descending order of their
wavelengths :Microwaves, Infra-red rays, Ultra-violet radiation, Gamma rays

46. (a) The oscillating magnetic field in a plane electromagnetic wave is given by
By = (8 × 10-6) sin [2 × 10-11 t + 300 π x] T
(i) Calculate the wavelength of the electo-magnetic wave.
(ii) Write down the expression for the oscillating electric field.
(b) The oscillating electric field of an electromagnetic wave is given by:
E = 30 sin [2 × 1011 t + 300 π x] Vm-1
(i) Obtain the value of the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave.
(ii) Write down the expression for the oscillating magnetic field.

47. Suppose that electric field part of an electromagnetic wave in vacuum is

E = 3.1 N/C cos [ (1.8 rad/m) y + (5.4 X 108 rad /sec)t ] î
a. What is the direction of motion?
b. What is the wavelength?
c. What is the frequency?
d. What is amplitude of magnetic part of the wave.
e. Write an expression for magnetic field part of the wave?

Optics

Ray Optics: Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula, refraction of light, total internal
reflection and optical fibers, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens
maker’s formula, magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact,
refraction of light through a prism. Optical instruments: Microscopes and astronomical
telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.

Wave front and Huygen’s principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface
using wave fronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen’s principle.
Interference, Young's double slit experiment and expression for fringe width (No derivation
final expression only), coherent sources and sustained interference of light, diffraction due to
a single slit, width of central maxima (qualitative treatment only).

48. Deduce the expression, by drawing a suitable ray diagram, for the refractive index of
triangular glass prism in terms of the angle of minimum deviation (D) and the angle of prism
(A).

Page 11 of 17
 (a) Draw a plot showing the variation of the angle of deviation with the angle of incidence.
(b) Calculate the value of the angle of incidence when a ray of light incident on one face of an
equilateral glass prism produces the emergent ray, which just grazes along the adjacent
face. Refractive index of the prism is √2.
49. Explain with reason, how the power of a diverging lens changes when
(i) it is kept in a medium of refractive index greater than that of the lens,
(ii) incident red light is replaced by violet light.
(b) Three lenses L1 L2, L3 each of focal length 30 cm are placed co-axially as shown in
the figure. An object is held at 60 cm from the optic centre of Lens L1. The final real
image is formed at the focus of L3. Calculate the separation between
(i) (L3 and L2) and
(ii) (L2 and L3).

50. (a) Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation by a combination of two thin convex
lenses in contact. Obtain the expression for the power of this combination in terms of focal
lengths of the lenses.
(b) A ray of light passing from air through an equilateral glass prism undergoes minimum
deviation when the angle of incidence is 3/4th of the angle prism. Calculate the speed of light
in the prism.

51. (a) A point object, O is on the principal axis of a spherical surface having a radius of
curvature, R. Draw a diagram to obtain the relation between the object and image distances,
the refractive indices of the media and the radius of curvature of the spherical surface.
(b) Write the Lens Maker’s formula and use it to obtain the range of values of µ (the refractive
index of the material of the lens) for which the focal length of an equiconvex lens, kept in air,
would have a greater magnitude than that of the radius of curvature of its two surfaces.

52. Draw a ray diagram showing the image formation by a compound microscope. Obtain
expression for total magnification when the images is formed at infinity.
(b) How does the resolving power of a compound microscope get affected, when
(i) focal length of the objective is decreased.
(ii) the wavelength of light is increased? Give reasons to justify your answer.

53. (a) A point object is placed in front of a double convex lens (of refractive index n = n2/n1
with respect to air) with its spherical faces of radii of curvature R1 and R2. Show the path of
rays due to refraction at first and subsequently at the second surface to obtain the formation
of the real image of the object.

Page 12 of 17
 Hence obtain the Lens-maker’s formula for a thin lens.
(b) A double convex lens having both faces of the same radius of curvature has refractive
index 1-55. Find out the radius of curvature of the lens required to get the focal length of
20 cm.

54. A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths, 650 nm and 520 nm, is used to obtain
interference fringes in Young’s double-slit experiment.
(i) Find the distance of the third bright fringe on the screen from the central maximum for
wavelength 650 nm?
(ii) What is the least distance from the central maximum where the bright fringes due to
both the wavelengths coincide?

55. (a) Explain two features to distinguish between the interference pattern in Young’s double
slit experiment with the diffraction pattern obtained due to a single slit.
(b) A monochromatic light of wavelength 500 nm is incident normally on a single slit of
width 0.2 mm to produce a diffraction pattern. Find the angular width of the central
maximum obtained on the screen.
Estimate the number of fringes obtained in Young’s double slit experiment with fringe
width 0.5 mm, which can be accommodated within the region of total angular spread of
the central maximum due to single slit.

56. When a plane wave front, of light, of wavelength X, is incident on a narrow slit, an intensity
distribution pattern, of the form shown is observed on a screen, suitably kept behind the slit.
Name the phenomenon observed.

(a) Obtain the conditions for the formation of central maximum and secondary maxima and
the minima.
(b) Why is there significant fall in intensity of the secondary maxima compared to the central
maximum, where as in double slit experiment all the bright fringes are of the same intensity?
(c) When the width of the slit is made double the original width, how is the size of the central
band affected?

57. (a) Using Huygen’s construction of secondary wavelets explain how a diffraction pattern is
obtained on a screen due to a narrow slit on which a monochromatic beam of light is incident
normally.
(b) Show that the angular width of the first diffraction fringe is half that of the central
fringe.
(c) Explain why the maxima at θ=(n+1/2)λ/a become weaker and weaker with increasing
n.Hence angular width of first fringe is half of the angular width of central fringe.

Page 13 of 17
 (a) Maxima become weaker and weaker with increasing n. This is because the effective
part of the wavefront, contributing to the maxima, becomes smaller and smaller, with
increasing n.

58. Why are coherent sources necessary to produce interference in Young’s double slit
experiment? Light waves from two coherent sources have intensities in the ratio of 4 : 9.
Find the ratio of intensities of maxima and minima in the interference pattern.

DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER

Dual nature of radiation, Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's
photoelectric equation-particle nature of light. Experimental study of photoelectric effect
Matter waves-wave nature of particles, de-Broglie relation.

59. The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons gets doubled when the wavelength of
light incident on the surface changes from λ1 to λ2. Derive the expressions for the threshold
wavelength λ0 and work function for the metal surface.

60. Light of frequency ν incident is on a photosensitive surface. A graph of the square of the
maximum speed of the electrons ν2max vs. ν is obtained as shown in the figure. Using
Einstein’s photoelectric equation, obtain expressions for (i) Planck’s constant (ii) work
function of the given photosensitive material in terms of parameters l, n and mass of electron
m.

61. Calculate the ratio of the frequencies of the radiation emitted due to transition of the electron
in a hydrogen atom from its (i) second permitted energy level to the first level and (ii)
highest permitted energy level to the second permitted level.

62. Find out work function of the metal, if the kinetic energies of the photoelectrons are E1 and
E2, with wavelengths of incident light λ1 and λ2

63. Estimate the ratio of de-broglie wavelength associated with deuterons and α- particles when
they are accelerated from rest through the same accelerating potential V.

64. Using the graph shown in fig for stopping potential vs the incident frequency of photons,
calculate Planck's constant.

Page 14 of 17
65. A proton and an α- particle have the same de-Broglie wavelength. Determine the ratio of (i)
their accelerating potentials, (ii) their speeds.

66. An e-m wave of wavelength λ is incident on a photo sensitive surface of negligible work
function. If the photoelectrons emitted from this surface have the de-Broglie wavelength λ1.
Find relation between 'λ' and 'λ1'.

67. In the study of a photoelectric effect the graph between the stopping potential V and
frequency ν of the incident radiation on two different metals P and Q is shown below:
(i) Which one of the two metals has higher threshold frequency?
(ii) Determine the work function of the metal which has greater value.
(iii) Find the maximum kinetic energy of electron emitted by light of frequency 8×1014
Hz for this metal.

68. Two monochromatic beams A and B of equal intensity I, hit a screen. The number of
photons hitting the screen by beam A is twice that by beam B. Then what inference can you
make about their frequencies?

69. A monochromatic light source of power 5 mW emits 8 × 1015 photons per second. This light
ejects photoelectrons from a metal surface. The stopping potential for this setup is 2.0 V.
Calculate the work function of the metal.

70. A photon and a proton have the same de-Broglie wavelength λ. Prove that the energy of the
2mcλ
photon is ( h ) times the kinetic energy of the proton.

Page 15 of 17
 ATOMS AND NUCLEI

Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of atom; Bohr model of hydrogen atom,
Expression for radius of nth possible orbit, velocity and energy of electron in nth orbit,
hydrogen line spectra (qualitative treatment only).
Composition and size of nucleus, nuclear force Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy
per nucleon

71. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is -13.6 eV. What are the kinetic and potential
energies of electron in this state?
What is the maximum number of spectral lines emitted by a hydrogen atom when it is in
the third excited state?

72. The figure shows energy level diagram of hydrogen atom

(a) Find out the transition which results in the emission of a photon of wavelength 496 nm.
(b) Which transition corresponds to the emission of radiation of maximum wavelength?
Justify your (a) Draw a schematic arrangement of Geiger- Marsden experiment showing the
scattering of a-particles by a thin foil of gold. Why is it that most of the a-particles go right
through the foil and only a small fraction gets scattered at large angles?
Draw the trajectory of the a-particle in the coulomb field of a nucleus. What is the
significance of impact parameter and what information can be obtained regarding the size of
the nucleus?
(b) Estimate the distance of closest approach to the nucleus (Z = 80) if a 7.7 MeV a-particle
before it comes momentarily to rest and reverses its direction.

73. (a) Two nuclei have mass number in the ratio 1 : 3. What is the ratio of their nuclear
densities?
(b)Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 8:125. What is the ratio of their nuclear radii?

74. (a) The mass of a nucleus in its ground state is always less than the total mass of its
constituents – neutrons and protons. Explain.
(b) Plot a graph showing the variation of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function
of their separation.
(c) Write four characteristic features of nuclear force.
Draw a plot showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon versus the mass number
(A). Explain with the help of this plot the release of energy in the processes of nuclear
fission and fusion.

Page 16 of 17
 Semiconductor Devices

Energy bands in conductors, semiconductors and insulators (qualitative ideas only) Intrinsic
and extrinsic semiconductors- p and n type, p-n junction Semiconductor diode - I-V
characteristics in forward and reverse bias, application of junction diode -diode as a rectifier.

75. Assuming that the two diodes D1 and D2 used in the electric circuit shown in the figure are
ideal, find out the value of the current flowing through 1Ω resistor.

76. (i) With the help of circuit diagrams, distinguish between forward biasing and reverse
biasing of a p-n junction diode.
(ii) Draw V-I characteristics of a p-n junction diode in
(a) forward bias,
(b) reverse bias.

77. Draw the energy band diagram of

(i) n-type and
(ii) p-type semiconductor at temperature, T > 0 K. In the case n-type Si semiconductor, the
donor level is slightly below the bottom of conduction band. whereas in p-type
semiconductor, the aceceptor energy level is slightly above the top of the valence band.
Explain, what role do these energy levels play in conduction and valence bands.

78. Explain the two processes involved in the formulation of a p-n junction diode. Hence define
the term’ depletion layer’ and ‘barrier potential’.

79. (a) Explain, with the help of a circuit diagram, the working of a p-n junction diode as a
half-wave rectifier.
(b) Explain briefly, with the help of circuit diagram, the working of a full wave rectifier. Draw its
input and output waveforms.

80. Draw the energy band diagram of n-type and p-type semiconductor at temperature T > 0 K.
In case of n- type Si-semiconductor, the donor energy level is slightly below the bottom of
conduction band whereas in p-type semiconductor, the acceptor energy level is slightly
above the top of valence band. Explain, giving examples, what role do these energy level
play in conduction and valence bands.

81. Distinguish on the basis of energy level diagram:

(i) between metals, semiconductors and insulators.
(ii) intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors.
(iii) p-type and n type semiconductor

Page 17 of 17