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Types and methods of data transmission

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Types and methods of data transmission

Uploaded by

emmanuel2239jjuyd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Types and methods of data transmission

Packet Structure:
Header:
– The IP address of the sender and receiver
– The sequence number of the packet
– Size of the packet (in bytes)

Payload:
– The actual data size

Trailer:
– Method of identifying the end of a packet
– Cyclic redundancy checks (CRC’s), a form of error checking to ensure the packet arrives
error-free.

Cyclic redundancy checks (CRC’S):


– This involves the sending computer, adding up all the 1-bits in the payload and storing it in
the trailer as a hex value before it is sent, and when the packet arrives, the receiving
computer recalculates the number of 1-bits in the payload and checks whether, it is similar
to the value in the trailer, if the two value matches there are no transmission errors, but if it
doesn’t match then the packets need to be re-sent.

Packet switching:
– A method of data transmission in which a message is broken up into a number of packets.
Each packet is then sent independently from start point to end point through different
nodes that contain a router. The router will determine which route the packet needs to take
in order to reach its destination.
Benefits:
–There is no need to tie up a single communication line
–A high transmission rate is possible
–It can bypass failed, busy, or faulty lines by re-routing packets
–Easy to expand package usage
Drawbacks:
– Packets can be lost and need to be re-sent
– More prone to errors
– There is a delay at the destination as the packets need to be re-ordered

– Sometimes it is possible for the packets to be lost because they keep bouncing around
from router to router, and never reach their destination, this causes the network to clog up
because of the number of lost packets. I method to overcome this is called hopping, a hop
number is added to the header of each packet. It is reduced by one each time it leaves a
router. If the number reaches zero and it still hasn’t reached its destination, the router it
will transmit to will delete it. The missing packet will be flagged and a request to resend
the packet will be made.

There are 5 Data transmission types:

Simplex mode:
– When a transmission occurs in one direction only.

Half-Duplex mode:
– When a transmission occurs in both ways but not at the same time

Full-Duplex mode:
– When a transmission occurs in both ways at the same time.

Serial data transmission:


– Data is sent one bit at a time through one channel/single wire, it is good over long
distances and arrives fully synchronized, but it is transmitted at a slower rate then parallel
data transmission.

Parallel data transmission:


– Data is sent many bits at a time through many channels/wires, it is good over short
distances and if it is transmitted over a long distance (ex: 20 meters) the data can become
skewed, the longer the worser, but it is faster than serial data transmission.

Universal Serial Bus (USB):

– The USB is used in serial data transmission and it can use the half-duplex and full-duplex
mode
– The Green and White wires are for data and while the Red and Black wires are for power
How do they work?
1. The USB is plugged into a computer and the small change in voltage allows the computer
to automatically detect that there is a new device.
2. The computer then automatically opens up the appropriate software for the device for the
data transmission to take place
3. If the user’s computer identifies it as a new device, the appropriate driver for it is
prompted to the user, some systems automatically do this by opening the website in which
the driver can be downloaded from after asking for permission.
New type?
– A new type of USB has been made, it is called USB-C, it is way better as it can have
transmission speeds up to 10Gbps (way faster than USB-3), and it can charge full sized
devices as it offers 100 watts (20 volts) of power.

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