CHAPTER-6

WORK AND ENERGY

Q-1: What is work? Write a detail note on work? What is unit of work?

WORK:
“Work is done when force acting on the body displaces it in the direction of a force”.

Explanation:
In physics, work is to be done when a force acts on a body and moves it in the direction of the
force. Naturally greater is the force acting on a body and longer is the distance moved by it, larger
would be the work done.

Mathematically:
Work is a product of force F and displacement S in the direction of force i.e.
Work done = Force x displacement
W = FxS

If Force and Displacement do not have the Same Direction:

If force and displacement do not have the same direction such as shown in figure:

Here the force F is making an angle θwith the surface on which the body is moved. Resolving
F in to its perpendicular components Fx and Fy as:
Fx= Fcosθ
Fy= Fsinθ
In case when force and displacement are not parallel then only the x-component Fx parallel to
the surface causes the body to move on the surface and not the y-component.
Hence W = Fxx S
= (Fcosθ)S
W = FScosθ

Dependence of Work:
Work depends on the force acting on a body, displacement of the body and the angle between
them.
Quantity:Work is a scalar quantity.

Unit of work:SI unit of work is Joule (J)

Joule:
It defined as:
“The amount of work is one joule when a force of one newton displaces a body through
one meter in the direction of force”.
Thus 1 J = 1 N x 1m

Bigger Units of Joule:

Joule is a small unit of work. Its bigger units are
1 kilo joule (kJ) = 1000 J = 103 J
1 mega joule (MJ) = 1000 000 J = 106 J

Q-2: What is meant energy? Explain with examples. What are the types of energy?

ENERGY:
“A body possessesenergy if it is capable to do work”.

Explanation:
The energy is an important and fundamental concept in science. It links almost all the natural
phenomenon. When we say that a body has energy we mean that it has the ability to do work.

For Example:
Water running down the stream has the ability to do work, so it possesses energy. The energy
of running water can be used to run water mills or water turbines.

Types of Energy:
Energy exists in various forms such as
i. Mechanical Energy
ii. Heat Energy
iii. Light Energy
iv. Sound Energy
v. Electrical Energy
vi. Chemical Energy
vii. Nuclear Energy

Types of Mechanical Energy:

Mechanical energy possessed by a body is of two types.
i. Kinetic Energy
ii. Potential Energy

Note:
Energy can be transformed from one form to another form.

Q-3: What is kinetic energy? Explain with examples. Also derive its equation.

KINETIC ENERGY:
“The energy possessed by a body due to its motion is called its kinetic energy”.

Examples:
i. Moving air is called wind. We can use wind energy for doing various things. It drives windmills
and pushes sailing boats.
 ii. Similarly, moving water in a river can carry wooden logs through large distances and can also
to derive turbines for generating electricity.
Thus a moving body has kinetic energy, because it can do work due its motion. The body
stops moving as soon as all of kinetic energy is used up.

Derivation of Equation of Kinetic Energy:

Consider a body of mass m moving with velocity v. the body stops after moving through some
distance S due to some opposing force such as force of friction action on it. The body possesses
kinetic energy and is capable to do work against opposing force F until all of its kinetic energy is used
up.
∴ Kinetic energy of a body = Work done by it due to motion
K.E. = FS .............................. (1)
Where vi =v
vf =0
F = ma
F
a =–
m
Since motion is opposed, hence ‘a’ is negative.
Now by using 3rd equation of motion:
2aS =v2f – v2i
F
2(– )S = (0)2 – (v)2
m
2FS
– =–v
m
1
FS = mv2 .............................. (2)
2
From equations (1) and (2), we get
1
K.E = mv2 .............................. (3)
2
Equation (3) gives the K.E. possessed by a body of mass m moving with velocity v.

Q-4: What is potential energy? Explain with examples. Also derive its equation.

POTENTIAL ENERGY:
“The energy possessed by a body due to its position is known as its potential energy”.

For Example:
Often a body has the ability to do work although it is at rest.
i. An apple on a tree is capable to do work as it falls. Thus it possesses energy due to its
position.
ii. Stored water possesses potential energy due to its height.

Elastic Potential Energy:

“The energy present in a body due to its elasticity is called elastic potential energy”.

For Example:
A stretched bow has potential energy due its stretched position. When released, the stored
energy of bow pushes the arrow out of it. The energy present in the stretched bow is called elastic
potential energy.

Gravitational potential energy:

“The energy present in a body due to its height is called gravitational potential energy”.
For Example:
A hammer raised up to some height has the ability to do work because it possesses potential
energy. The energy possessed by hammer is due to its height.

Derivation of Equation of Potential Energy:

Let a body of mass m be raised up through height h from the ground. The body will acquire

potential energy equal to work done in lifting it to height h.

∴ Potential energy of a body = Work done by it due to its height
P.E. = F x S
Where F = w = mg
And S = h
So P.E. = mgh
Thus the potential energy possessed by the body with respect to ground is mgh and is equal to
the work done in lifting it to height h.

Q-5: What are the forms of energy? Discuss them briefly.

FORMSOF ENERGY:
Energy exists in various forms. Some of the main forms of energy are
a. Mechanical energy
b. Heat energy
c. Electrical energy
d. Sound energy
e. Light energy
f. Chemical energy
g. Nuclear energy

a. Mechanical Energy:
“The energy possessed by a body both due to its motion or position is called
mechanical energy”.

For Example:
Water running down a stream, wind, a moving car, a lifted hammer, a stretched bow, a catapult
or a compressed spring etc. possesses mechanical energy.

b. Heat Energy:
“Heat is a form of energy given out by hot bodies”.

Sources of Heat Energy:

i. Large amount of heat energy is obtained by burning fuel.
ii. Heat is also produced when motion is opposed by frictional forces.
iii. The foods we take provide us heat energy.
iv. The Sun is the main source of heat energy.

c. Electrical Energy:
“Electricity is the one of the widely used form of energy. Electrical energy can be
supplied easily to any desired place through wires”.

Sources of Electrical Energy:

We get electrical energy from batteries and electric generators. These electric generators are
run by hydro power, thermal or nuclear power.

d. Sound Energy:
 “Sound is a form of energy. It is produced when a body vibrates”.

For Example:
i. A vibrating diaphragm of a drum.
ii. Vibrating string of a sitar.
iii. Vibrating air column of wind instrument such as flute pipe etc.

ِ
e. Light energy:
“Light is an important form of energy”.

Importance:
Plants produce food in the presence of light. We also need light to see things.

Sources of Light Energy:

We get light from candles, electric bulbs, fluorescent tubes and also by burning fuel.
Howevermost of the light comes from the Sun.

f. Chemical Energy:
“Chemical energy is present in food, fuels and in other substances. We get other forms
of energy from these substances during chemical reactions”.

For Examples:
i. The burning of wood, coal or natural gas in air is a chemical reaction which releases energy as
heat and light.
ii. Electric energy is obtained from electric cells and batteries as a result of chemical reaction
between various substances present in them.
iii. Animals get heat and muscular energy from the food they eat.

g. Nuclear Energy:
“Nuclear energy is the energy released in the form of nuclear radiations in addition to
the heat and light during nuclear reactions such as fission and fusion reactions”.

Uses of Nuclear Energy:

Heat energy is released in nuclear reactors is converted into electrical energy.

Energy of Sun:
The energy coming from the Sun for the last billions of years is the result of nuclear reactions
taking place on the Sun.

Q-6: What do you mean by inter-conversion of energy? Explain with examples.

INTERCONVERSION OF ENERGY:
“Energy cannot be destroyed however it can be converted into some other forms.
During the inter-conversion of energy from one form to other forms, the total energy at any
time remains constant”.

For Example:
Rub your hands together quickly. You will feel them warm. You have used your muscular
energy in rubbing hands as a result heat is produced. In the process of rubbing hands, mechanical
energy is converted in to heat energy.

Interconversion of Energy in Nature:

 Processes in nature are the results of energy changes.

For Example:
Some of the heat energy from the Sun is taken up
by water in the oceans. This increases the thermal
energy. Thermal energy causes water to evaporate from
the surface to form water vapours. These vapours rise up
and form clouds. As they cool down, they form water
drops and fall down as rain.

Potential energy changes to kinetic energy as the rain falls. This rain water may reach a lack or
a dam. As the rain water flows down, its kinetic energy changes into thermal energy while parts of
kinetic energy of flowing water is used to wash away soil particles of rock known as soil erosion.

Q-7: What are the major sources of energy? Explain them briefly.

MAJOR SOURCES OF ENERGY:

The energy we use come from the Sun, wind and water power etc. actually, all of the energy
we get comes directly or indirectly from the Sun.

Non-Renewable Resources:
“The fossil fuels took millions of years for their formation. They are known as non-
renewable resources. They will run out because we are using fossil fuels at very fast rate”.

a. Fossil Fuels:
“They are usually hydrocarbons (compounds of carbon and hydrogen)”.

Explanation:
When they are burnt, they combine with oxygen from the air. The carbon becomes carbon
dioxide, hydrogen becomes hydrogen oxide called water while energy is released as heat.

In Case of Coal:
Carbon + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Heat Energy

In Case of Oil and Gas:

Hydrocarbon + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + Heat Energy

Waste Products Release from Fossil Fouls and their Side Effects:
Fossil fuels release harmful waste products. These wastes include carbon mono-oxide and
other harmful gases, which pollute the environment. This causes serious health problems such as
headache, tension, nausea, allergic reactions, irritation of eyes, nose and throat. Long exposure of
these harmful gases may cause asthma, lungs cancer, heart diseases and even damage to brain,
nerves and other organ of our body.

Uses of Fossil Fuels:

We use fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas to heat our houses and run industry and
transport.

Remember That:
We are using fossil fouls at a very fast rate. Their use is increasing day by day to meet our
energy needs. If we continue to use them at present rate, they will soon be exhausted. Once their
supply is exhausted, the world would face serious energy crises. Thus, fossil fuels would not be able
to meet our future energy needs. This would cause serious social and economical problems for
countries like us. Therefor we must use them wisely and at the same time develop new energy
sources for our future survival.

b. Nuclear Fuels:
“In nuclear power plants, we get energy as a result of fission reaction”.

Fission Reaction:
“In fission reaction heavy atoms, such as Uranium atoms, split up into smaller parts
releasing a large amount of energy”.

Explanation:
Nuclear power plants give out a lot of nuclear radiations and vast amount of heat. A part of this

heat is used to run power plants while a lot of heat goes waste into the environment.

Renewable Energy Sources:

“Sunlight and water power are the renewable sources of energy. They will not run out
like coal, oil and gas”.

a. Energy from Sun:

“Solar energy is the energy coming from Sun and used directly and indirectly”.

Explanation:
Sunlight does not pollute the environment in any way. The sunrays are the ultimate source of
life on the earth. We are dependent on the Sun for all our food and fuel. If we find a suitable method
to use a fraction of solar energy reaching the earth, then it would be enough to fulfill our energy
requirement.

Uses of Solar Energy:

Solar energy is used in solar cookers, solar distillation plants, solar power plant, etc.

 Solar House Heating:

The use of solar energy is not new. However its use in houses and offices as well as for
commercial industrial purposes is quite recent. Complete solar house heating system are successfully
used in areas with a minimum amount of sunshine in winter.

Parts of Heating System:

A heating system consists of
i. A collector
ii. A storage devise
iii. A distribution system

Workingof Solar House Heating:

A solar collector made of glass panels over
blank metal plates. The plates absorb the Sun’s
energy which heats a liquid flowing in the pipes at the
back of the collector. The hot water can be used for
cooking, washing and heating the buildings.

 Solar Cells:
“Solar energy can also be converted directly into electricity by solar cells. A solar cell
also called photo cell is made from silicon wafer. When sunlight falls on solar cells, it converts
the light directly into electrical energy”.
Usesof Solar Cell:
Solar cells are used in calculators, watches and toys.

Solar panel:
“Large numbers of solar cells are wired together to form solar panels”.

Usesof Solar Panels:

Solar panels can provide power to telephone booths, light house and scientific research
centers. Solar panels are also used to power satellite.

Future Plan:
Several other methods to trap sunrays are under way. If scientists could find an efficient and
inexpensive method to use solar energy, then the people would get clean, limitless energy as long as
the Sun continues to shine.

b. Energy from Water:

“Energy from water power is very cheap. Dams are being constructed at suitable
locations in different parts of the world”.

Advantages of Dams:
Dams serve many purposes.
i. They help to control floods by storing water.
ii. The water stored in dams is used for irrigation and also to generate electrical energy without
creating much environmental problems.

c. Wind Energy:
“Wind energy has been used as a source of energy for centuries”.

Uses of Wind Energy:

i. It has powered sailing ships across the oceans.
ii. It has been used by wind mills to grind grains and pump water.
iii. More recently, wind power is used to wind turbines.

Wind Power Plant:

“When many wind machines are grouped together on wind farms, they can generate
enough power to operate a power plant”.

Interesting Information:
i. In the United States, some wind farms generate more than 1300 MW of electricity a day.
ii. In Europe, many wind farms routinely generate hundred megawatts or more electricity a day.

d. Geothermal Energy:
“Water reaching close to the magma changes to steam due to high temperature of
magma. This energy is called geothermal energy”.

Magma:
“There is hot molten part, deep in the earth called magma”.

Process to Obtain Geothermal Energy:

In some parts of the world, the earth provides us hot water from geysers and hot
springs.Geothermal well can be built by drilling deep near hot rocks at places, where magma is not
very deep. Water is then pushed down into the well. The rocks quickly heat the water and change it
into steam. It expands and moves up to the surface. The steam can be piped directly into houses and
offices for heating purposes or it can be used to generate electricity.

e. Energy from Biomass:

“Biomass is plant of animal wastes that can be burnt as fuel. Other forms of biomass
are garbage, farm wastes, sugarcane or plants”.

Uses of Biomass Energy:

These wastes are used to run power plants.Many industries that used forest products get half
of their electricity burning bark and other wood wastes. Biomass can server as another energy
source, but problems are there in its use.

Process of Generating Electricity from Biomass:

When animal dung, dead plants and dead animals decompose, they give off a mixture of
methane and carbon dioxide. Electricity can be generated by burning methane.

Q-8: What is mass energy equation? Explain.

ٰ ِ
MASS ENERGY EQUATION:
“The relation between mass m and energy E is given by Einstein’s mass-energy
equation.
E = mc2
Here c is the speed of light (3 x 108 ms–1)”.

Explanation:
 Einstein predicts the interconversion of matter and energy. According to him, a loss in mass of
a body provides a lot of energy.
 The above equation shows that tremendous amount of energy can be obtained from small
quantity of matter. It appears that matter is highly concentrated form of energy.
 This happens in nuclear reactors. The process of getting energy from our nuclear power plants
is based on the above equation.
 The process is taking place on the Sun and stars for the last millions of years.
 Only a very small fraction of the Sun’s energy reaches the earth. This very small fraction of the
Sun’s energy is responsible for life on the Earth.

Q-9: How electricity can be obtained from fossil fuels? Briefly explain with the help of flow
sheet diagram.

ELECTRICITY FROM FOSSIL FUELS:

We are using electricity in houses, offices, schools, business centers, factories and farms. We
have different ways of generating electricity. Most of the electricity is obtained using fossil fuels such
as oil, gas and coal. Fossil fuels are burnt in thermal power stations to produce electricity.

Energy Conversion Process:

Various energy conversion processes involved in producing electricity from coal are described
in a block diagram.
Q-10: Explain energy conversion process by simple flow sheet diagrams.

ENERGY CONVERTOR:
In the energy convertor, a part of the energy taken by the system is converted into useful work.
Remaining part of energy is dissipated as heat energy, sound energy (noise) into the environment.

FLOW DIAGRAM OF ENERGY CONVERTOR:

Energy flow diagram given below shown the energy taken up by an energy convertor to
transform into other forms of energy.
Q-11: How environmental problems are related with energy? How these problems can be
controlled?

ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT:

“Environmental such as pollution that consists of noise, air pollution and water
pollution may arise by using different sources of energy such as fossils fuels and nuclear
energy”.

Pollution:
“Pollution is the change in the quality of the environment that can be harmful and
unpleasant for living things”.

Thermal Pollution:
“A temperature rise in the environment that disturbs life is called thermal pollution”.
Thermal pollution upsets the balance of life and endangers the survival of many species.

Air pollutants:
Air pollutantsare unwanted and harmful. Natural processes such volcanic eruptions, forest fires
and dust storms add pollutant to air. These air pollutant, rarely build up to harmful levels. On the other
hand, the burning of fuel and solid wastes in homes, automobiles and factories releases harmful
amount of air pollutants.

Waste Produce by Power Plants:

All power plants produce waste heat, but fission plants produce the most. The heat released
into a lake, a river or an ocean upsets the balance of life in them. Unlike other power plants, nuclear
power plants do not produce carbon dioxide, but they do produce dangerous radioactive wastes.

Methods Used to Control Pollution:

In many countries government have passed laws to control air pollution. Some of these laws limit the
amount of pollution that power plants, factories and automobiles are allowed to give off.
 To meet these conditions for automobiles, new cars have catalytic convertors. These devices
convert some polluting gases. The use of lead free petrol has greatly reduced the amount of
lead in the air.
 Engineers are working to improve new kinds of car engines that use electricity or energy
sources other than diesel and petrol.
 Many individual communities have laws which protect their areas from pollution. Individuals
can help to control air pollution simply by reducing the use of cars and other machines that
burn fuel.
 Sharing rides and using public transportation are the ways to reduce the number of
automobiles in use.

Q-12: What is meant by efficiency? Explain.

EFFICIENCY:
“The ratio of useful output to input energy is very important to judge the working of a
machine. It is called the efficiency of a machine”.
OR
“Efficiency of a system is the ratio of required form of energy obtained from system as
output to the total energy given to it as input”.

Mathematically:
 required form of output
Efficiency =
total input energy
required form of output
% Efficiency = x 100
total input energy

Explanation:
We provide some form of energy to a machine. This is necessary for the machine to work. We
give some of energy to the machine as input, to get useful work done by them as output. Human
machine also need energy to do variety of work. We take food to fulfill the energy needs of our body.

For Example:
Electric motor may be used to pump water, to blow air, to wash clothes, to drill holes etc. For
that they use electric energy.

Remember That:
How good a machine is, depends how much output we obtain from it by giving certain input.

Ideal System:
“An ideal system is that which gives an output equal to the total energy used by it. In
other words, its efficiency is 100 %”.

Explanation:
People have tried to design a working system that would be 100 % efficient. But practically
such a system does not exist. Every system meets energy losses due to friction that causes heat,
noise etc. These are not useful forms of energy and go wastes. This means we cannot utilize all

energy given to a working system. The energy in the required form obtained from a working system is
always less than the energy given to it as input.

Q-13: What is power? Write its formula and unit of measurement.

POWER:
Power is defined as:
“The rate of doing work is called power”.

Explanation:
Two persons have done equal work, one took one hour to complete it and other completed it in
five hours. No doubt, both of them have done equal work but they differ in the rate at which work is
done. One has done it faster than the other. The quantity that tells us the rate of doing work is called
power.

Mathematically:
work
Power =
time
W
P =
t
Quantity:
Since work is a scalar quantity, therefore, power is also a scalar quantity.

Unit:
SI unit of power is watt (W)

Watt:
It is defined as:
 “The power of a body is one watt if it does a work at the rate of 1 joule per second”.

Bigger Units of Power:

Bigger units of power are kilowatt and mega watt
1 kW = 1000 W = 103 W
1 MW = 1000 000 W = 106 W
Moreover:
1 horse power = 1 hp = 746 W

DO YOU KNOW

Q-1: From where our body gets energy?

Ans: Our body gets energy stored in the food we take to perform various activities.

Q-2: What kind of energy is used by most of house hold appliances?

Ans: Most of things of our daily use need electrical energy for their operation.

Q-3: How electric power generates in nuclear power plants?

Ans: A nuclear power plant uses the energy released in nuclear reactor such as fission to
generate electric power.

Q-4: Describe the energy conversion in vaulting pole?

Ans: A pole vaulter uses a flexible vaulting pole made of special material. It is capable to store all the
vaulter’s kinetic energy while bending in the form of potential energy. The vaulter runs a fast as possible
to gain speed. The kinetic energy gained by vaulter due to speed helps him/her to rise up as the
vaulter’s straightens. Thus he/she attains height as the pole returns the potential energy stored by the
vaulter in the pole.

Q-5: Write efficiency of some typical devices/machines.

Ans:
Device/Machine Energy input Energy output % Efficiency
Electric Lamp 100 J 5J 5%
Petrol Engine 100 J 25 J 25 %
Electric Motor 100 J 80 J 80 %
Electric Fan 100 J 55 J 55 %
Solar Cell 100 J 3J 3%

MULTIPLE CHOICE EXERCISE

Q-6.1: Multiple Choice Questions:

i. The work done will be zero when the angle between the force and the distance is ………
a) 45o b) 60o
c) 90o d) 180o

ii. If the direction of motion of the force is perpendicular to the direction of

motion of the body, then workdone will be ……………….
a) maximum b) minimum
c) zero d) none of these

iii. If the velocity of a body becomes double, then its kinetic energy will …………………..
a) remains the same b) become double
c) become four times d) become half
 iv. The work done in lifting a brick of mass 2 kg through a height of 5 m above
ground will be …………………
a) 2.5 J b) 10 J
c) 50 J d) 100 J

v. The kinetic energy of a body of mass 2 kg is 25 J. Its speed is ………………..

a) 5 ms–1 b) 12.5 ms–1
c) 25 ms–1 d) 50 ms–1

vi. Which one of the following converts light energy into electrical energy?
a) electric bulb b) electric generator
c) photocell d) electric cell

vii. When a body is lifted through a height h, the work done on it appears in the form of its ..
a) kinetic energy b) potential energy
c) elastic potential energy d) geothermal energy

viii. The energy stored in coal is …………………………….

a) heat energy b) kinetic energy
c) chemical energy d) nuclear energy

ix. The energy stored in dam is …………………

a) electric energy b) potential energy
c) kinetic energy d) thermal energy

x. In the Einstein’s mass-energy equation, c is the …………………..

a) speed of sound b) speed of light
c) speed of electron d) speed of Earth

xi. Rate of doing work is called ………………….

a) energy b) torque
c) power d) momentum

CHAPTER-6 9th PHYSICS MCQS ANSWERS

i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x xi
c c c d a c b c b b c

REMAINING EXERCISE

Q-6.2: Define work. What is its SI unit?

Ans: See notes Q-1

Q-6.3: When does a force do work? Explain.

Ans: When a force is applied on a body and the body covers some distance in the direction of force
then work is said to be done by the force.

Q-6.4:Why do we need energy?

Ans: We need energy to
 Perform daily life activities
 Maintain our body temperature
 Run different kinds of machines etc.

Q-6.5: Define energy. Give two types of mechanical energy.

Ans: See notes Q-2

Q-6.6: Define K.E. and derive its equation.

Ans: See notes Q-3

Q-6.7: Define potential energy and derive its relation.

Ans: See notes Q-4

Q-6.8: Why fossil fuels are called non-renewable form of energy?

Ans: See notes Q-7

Q-6.9: Which form of energy is most preferred and why?

Ans: Solar energy is most preferred because solar energy does not produce any sort of pollution
moreover solar energy reaching earth is thousand times more than the energy consumption of
mankind.

Q-6.10: How is energy converted from one form to another? Explain.

Ans: See notes Q-6

Q-6.11:Name five devices that convertelectrical energy into mechanical energy.

Ans: Following are the devices which convert electrical energy into mechanical energy:
i. Electric fan
ii. Washing machine
iii. Electric motor
iv. Juicer machine
v. Cream separator

Q-6.12: Name a device that convert mechanical energyinto electrical energy.

Ans: Electric generator is a device which converts mechanical energy in to electrical energy.

Q-6.13: What is meant by the efficiency of a system?

Ans: See notes Q-12

Q-6.14: How can we find the efficiency of a system?

Ans: See notesQ-12

Q-6.15: What is meant by the term power?

Ans: See notes Q-13

Q-6.16: Define watt.

Ans: See notes Q-13

FORMULAE USE IN NUMERICALS

1. W = FS
2. W = FScosθ
1
3. K.E. = 2mv2
4. P.E. = mgh
5. E = mc2
W
6. P =
t
output
7. % Efficiency = x 100
input
MINI EXERCISE
Q: A crate is moved by pulling the rope attached to it. It moves 10 m on a straight
horizontal road by a force of 100 N. How much work will be done if
i. The rope is parallel to the road.
ii. The rope is making an angle of 30o with the road.
Sol: Firstly:
Force = F = 100 N
Distance = S = 10 m
Angle =θ = 0o
Work =W =?
Now
W = FScosθ
= (100)(10)cos0o
= (100)(10)(1)
= 1000 J
Secondly:
Force =F = 100 N
Distance = S = 10 m
Angle =θ = 30o
Work =W =?
Now
W = FScosθ
= (100)(10)cos30o
= (100)(10)(0.866)
= 866 J

EXAMPLES

Example 6.1: A girl carries 10 kg bag to a height of 18 steps, each 20 cm high. Calculate the
amount of work she has done to carry the bag. (Take g = 10 ms–2)

Sol: Here
Mass =m = 10 kg
No. of steps =n = 18
20
Height of each step =h = 20cm = = 0.2 m
100
Gravitational acceleration = g = 10 ms–2
Work =W =?
Firstly:
Force = F =w = mg
= 10 x 10
= 100 N
Secondly:
Distance =S = nh
= 18 x 0.2
= 3.6 m
Lastly:
Work =W = FS
= 100 x 3.6
= 360 J
Example 6.2: A stone of mass 500 g strikes the ground with a velocity of 20 ms–1. How much is
the kinetic energy of the stone at the time it strikes the ground?
Sol: Here
500
Mass =m =500 g = = 0.5 kg
1000
Velocity =v = 20 ms–1
Kinetic energy = K.E.= ?
1
As K.E. = 2mv2
1
= 2(0.5)(20)2
1
= 2(0.5)(400)
K.E. = 100 J

Example 6.3: A body of mass 50 kg is raised to a height of 3 m. What is its potential energy?
(Take g = 10 ms–2)
Sol: Here
Mass = m = 50 kg
Height =h =3m
Gravitational acceleration = g = 10 ms–2
Potential energy = P.E. = ?
As P.E. = mgh
= 50 x 10 x 3
= 1500 J

Example 6.4: A force of 200 N acts on a body of mass 20 kg. The force accelerates the body
from rest until it attains a velocity of 50 ms–1. Through what distance the force acts?
Sol: Here
Force =F = 200 N
Mass = m = 20 kg
Velocity =v = 50 ms–1
Distance =S = ?
As Work done on the body = K.E. gained by it

1
FS = 2mv2
1
(200)S= 2(20)(50)2
(20)(2500)
S =
(2)(200)
S = 125 m

Example 6.5: A cyclist does 12 joules of useful work while pedaling his bike from every 100
joules of food energy which he takes. What is his efficiency?
Sol: Here
Output = 12 J
Input = 100 J
Efficiency = E =?
output
As Efficiency =
input
12
E =
100
E = 0.12
%E = 0.12 x 100
 %E = 12 %

Example 6.6: A man M1 takes 80s in lifting a load of 200 N through a height of 10 m. While
another man M2 takes 10s in doing the same job. Find the power of each.
Sol: Here
Force =F = 200 N
Distance = S = 10 m
Time taken by man M1 = t1 = 80 s
Time taken by man M2 = t2 = 10 s
Power of man M1 = P1 = ?
Power of man M2 = P2 = ?
Firstly:
Work = W = FS
= 200 x 10
W = 2000
Secondly:
W
Power of man M1 = P1 =
t1
2000
=
80
= 25 Watt
Thirdly:
W
Power of man M2 = P2 =
t2
2000
=
10
= 200 Watt

Example 6.7: Calculate the power of a pump which can lift 70 kg of water through a vertical
height of 16 meters in 10 seconds. Also find the power in horse power.
Sol: Here
Mass = m = 70 kg
Height = h = 16 m
Time = t = 10 s

Gravitational acceleration = g = 10 ms–2

Power = P =?
W
As P =
t
mgh
= ∴W = P.E. = mgh
t
(70)(10)(16)
=
10
= 1120 watt
Power in horse power:
As 1 hp = 746 watt
1120
So =
746
= 1.5 hp

PROBLEMS

Problem 6.1: A m a n h a s p u l l e d a c a r t t h r o u g h 3 5 m a p p l y i n g a f o r c e o f 3 0 0 N .
Find the work done by the man.
Sol: Here
Distance = S = 35 m
Force =F = 300 N
Work =W =?
Now
W = FS
= 300 × 35
= 10500 J

Problem 6.2: A b l o c k w e i g h i n g 2 0 N i s l i f t e d 6 m v e r t i c a l l y u p w a r d .
Calculate the potential energy stored in it.
Sol: Here
Weight = w = mg = 20 N
Height =h =6m
Potential energy = P.E. = ?
Now
P.E. = mgh
= 20 × 6
= 120 J

Problem 6.3: A car has weighing 12 kN has speed of 20 ms–1. Find its kinetic energy.
Sol: Here
Weight = w = 12 kN = 12 x 1000 N = 12000 N
Speed =v = 20 ms–1
Gravitational acceleration = g = 10 ms–2
Kinetic Energy = K.E. = ?
Firstly:
w = mg
12000 = m x10
12000
m =
10
m = 1200 kg
1
Now K.E. = 2mv2

1
=2(1200)(20)2
= (600)(400)
= 240000 J
= 240 x 1000 J
K.E. = 240 kJ

Problem 6.4: A 500 g stone is thrown up with a velocity of 15 ms–1. Find its
i. P.E. at its maximum height.
ii. K.E. when it hits the ground.
Sol: Here
500
Mass =m = 500 g = = 0.5 kg
1000
Velocity =v = 15 ms–1
Potential energy = P.E = ?
Kinetic energy = K.E. = ?
Firstly:
To find P.E. at its maximum height, firstly we shall find the max height.
 Initial velocity = vi = 15 ms–1
Final velocity = vf = 0 ms–1
Gravitational acceleration = g = –10 ms–2
Height =h = ?
Now
By third equation of motion:
2gh = v2f – v2i
2(–10)h = (0)2 – (15)2
–20h = –225
–225
h =
–20
h = 11.25 m
i. P.E. at its maximum height.
P.E. = mgh
= 0.5 x 10 x 11.25
P.E. = 56.25 J
ii. K.E. when it hits the ground.
1
K.E. = 2mv2
1
= 2(0.5)(15)2
1
= 2(0.5)(225)
K.E. = 56.25 J

Problem 6.5: On reaching the top of a slope 6 m high from its bottom, a cyclist
has a speed of 1.5 ms – 1 . Find the kinetic energy and the potential energy of the
c yclist. The mass of the cyclist and his bicycle is 40 kg.
Sol: Here
Height =h = 6m
Velocity =v = 1.5 ms–1
Mass = m = 40 kg
Kinetic energy = K.E. = ?
Potential energy = P.E = ?
Firstly:

ِ
1
K.E. = 2mv2
1
= 2(40)(1.5)2
= (20)(2.25)
K.E. = 45 J
Secondly:
P.E. = mgh
= 40 x 10 x 6
P.E. = 2400 J

Problem 6.6: A motor boat moves at a steady speed of 4 ms – 1 . Water resistance

acting on it is 4000 N. Calculate the pow er of its engine.
Sol: Here
Speed =v = 4 ms–1
Force =F = 4000 N
Power = P =?
 W
As P =
t
FS
= ∴W = FS
t
S
= Fv ∴v =
t
= 4000 x 4
= 16000 watt
= 16 x 1000
P = 16 kW

Problem 6.7: A man pulls a block with a force of 300 N through 50 m in 60 s. Find the
power used by him to pull the block.
Sol: Here
Force = F =300 N
Height = h = S = 50 m
Time = t = 60 s
Power = P =?
W
As P =
t
FS
= ∴W = FS
t
(300)(50)
=
60
P = 250 watt

Problem 6.8: A 50 kg man moved 25 steps up in 20 s. Find the power, if each step is 16 cm
high.
Sol: Here
Mass = m = 50 kg
No. of steps = n = 25
Height of each step = ho = 16cm
400
Height of 25 step = h = 25 x 16 = 400 cm = = 4m
100
Time = t = 20 s
Gravitational acceleration = g = 10 ms–2
Power = P =?

W
As P =
t
mgh
= ∴W = P.E. = mgh
t
(50)(10)(4)
=
20
= 100 watt

Problem 6.9: Calculate the power of a pump which can lift 200 kg of water through a height of
6 m in 10 s.
Sol: Here
Mass = m = 200 kg
Height = h =6m
Time = t = 10 s
Gravitational acceleration = g = 10 ms–2
Power = P =?
 W
As P =
t
mgh
= ∴W = P.E. = mgh
t
(200)(10)(6)
=
10
= 1200 watt

Problem 6.10: An e l e c tri c m o t or o f 1 hp i s us e d to ru n w a te r p ump . T he w a te r

pum p t a k e s 1 0 m i nu te s to fi l l a n o ve rhe a d ta nk . T he ta nk ha s a c a pa c i t y o f
8 0 0 l i te rs a n d a he i g ht o f 1 5 m. Fi n d t he a c tua l w ork done b y th e e l e c tr i c
mo tor t o fi l l t he t a nk . Al s o fi n d t he e f fi c i e nc y o f t he s ys te m.
(De ns i t y of w a te r = 1 0 0 0 k gm – 3 ) (M a s s o f 1 l i te r o f w a te r = 1 k g )
Sol: Here
Power = P = 1 hp= 746 watt
Time =t = 10 min = 10 x 60 = 600 s
Volume = V = 800 lit
Mass = m = 800 kg ∴ 1 lit = 1 kg
Height =h = 15 m
Work =W = ?
Efficiency =E =?
Firstly:
W
P =
t
W = Pt
= 746 x 600
= 447600 J
Secondly:
Work done on the machine = Input = 447600 J
Work done by the machine = Output = P.E. = mgh
= 800 x 10 x 15
= 120000 J
output
As Efficiency =
input
120000
E =
447600
E = 0.268
%E = 0.268 x 100 = 26.8 %