PHY-C-6
PHY-C-6
WORK:
“Work is done when force acting on the body displaces it in the direction of a force”.
Explanation:
In physics, work is to be done when a force acts on a body and moves it in the direction of the
force. Naturally greater is the force acting on a body and longer is the distance moved by it, larger
would be the work done.
Mathematically:
Work is a product of force F and displacement S in the direction of force i.e.
Work done = Force x displacement
W = FxS
Here the force F is making an angle θwith the surface on which the body is moved. Resolving
F in to its perpendicular components Fx and Fy as:
Fx= Fcosθ
Fy= Fsinθ
In case when force and displacement are not parallel then only the x-component Fx parallel to
the surface causes the body to move on the surface and not the y-component.
Hence W = Fxx S
= (Fcosθ)S
W = FScosθ
Dependence of Work:
Work depends on the force acting on a body, displacement of the body and the angle between
them.
Quantity:Work is a scalar quantity.
Joule:
It defined as:
“The amount of work is one joule when a force of one newton displaces a body through
one meter in the direction of force”.
Thus 1 J = 1 N x 1m
Q-2: What is meant energy? Explain with examples. What are the types of energy?
ENERGY:
“A body possessesenergy if it is capable to do work”.
Explanation:
The energy is an important and fundamental concept in science. It links almost all the natural
phenomenon. When we say that a body has energy we mean that it has the ability to do work.
For Example:
Water running down the stream has the ability to do work, so it possesses energy. The energy
of running water can be used to run water mills or water turbines.
Types of Energy:
Energy exists in various forms such as
i. Mechanical Energy
ii. Heat Energy
iii. Light Energy
iv. Sound Energy
v. Electrical Energy
vi. Chemical Energy
vii. Nuclear Energy
Note:
Energy can be transformed from one form to another form.
Q-3: What is kinetic energy? Explain with examples. Also derive its equation.
KINETIC ENERGY:
“The energy possessed by a body due to its motion is called its kinetic energy”.
Examples:
i. Moving air is called wind. We can use wind energy for doing various things. It drives windmills
and pushes sailing boats.
ii. Similarly, moving water in a river can carry wooden logs through large distances and can also
to derive turbines for generating electricity.
Thus a moving body has kinetic energy, because it can do work due its motion. The body
stops moving as soon as all of kinetic energy is used up.
Q-4: What is potential energy? Explain with examples. Also derive its equation.
POTENTIAL ENERGY:
“The energy possessed by a body due to its position is known as its potential energy”.
For Example:
Often a body has the ability to do work although it is at rest.
i. An apple on a tree is capable to do work as it falls. Thus it possesses energy due to its
position.
ii. Stored water possesses potential energy due to its height.
For Example:
A stretched bow has potential energy due its stretched position. When released, the stored
energy of bow pushes the arrow out of it. The energy present in the stretched bow is called elastic
potential energy.
FORMSOF ENERGY:
Energy exists in various forms. Some of the main forms of energy are
a. Mechanical energy
b. Heat energy
c. Electrical energy
d. Sound energy
e. Light energy
f. Chemical energy
g. Nuclear energy
a. Mechanical Energy:
“The energy possessed by a body both due to its motion or position is called
mechanical energy”.
For Example:
Water running down a stream, wind, a moving car, a lifted hammer, a stretched bow, a catapult
or a compressed spring etc. possesses mechanical energy.
b. Heat Energy:
“Heat is a form of energy given out by hot bodies”.
c. Electrical Energy:
“Electricity is the one of the widely used form of energy. Electrical energy can be
supplied easily to any desired place through wires”.
d. Sound Energy:
“Sound is a form of energy. It is produced when a body vibrates”.
For Example:
i. A vibrating diaphragm of a drum.
ii. Vibrating string of a sitar.
iii. Vibrating air column of wind instrument such as flute pipe etc.
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e. Light energy:
“Light is an important form of energy”.
Importance:
Plants produce food in the presence of light. We also need light to see things.
f. Chemical Energy:
“Chemical energy is present in food, fuels and in other substances. We get other forms
of energy from these substances during chemical reactions”.
For Examples:
i. The burning of wood, coal or natural gas in air is a chemical reaction which releases energy as
heat and light.
ii. Electric energy is obtained from electric cells and batteries as a result of chemical reaction
between various substances present in them.
iii. Animals get heat and muscular energy from the food they eat.
g. Nuclear Energy:
“Nuclear energy is the energy released in the form of nuclear radiations in addition to
the heat and light during nuclear reactions such as fission and fusion reactions”.
Energy of Sun:
The energy coming from the Sun for the last billions of years is the result of nuclear reactions
taking place on the Sun.
INTERCONVERSION OF ENERGY:
“Energy cannot be destroyed however it can be converted into some other forms.
During the inter-conversion of energy from one form to other forms, the total energy at any
time remains constant”.
For Example:
Rub your hands together quickly. You will feel them warm. You have used your muscular
energy in rubbing hands as a result heat is produced. In the process of rubbing hands, mechanical
energy is converted in to heat energy.
For Example:
Some of the heat energy from the Sun is taken up
by water in the oceans. This increases the thermal
energy. Thermal energy causes water to evaporate from
the surface to form water vapours. These vapours rise up
and form clouds. As they cool down, they form water
drops and fall down as rain.
Potential energy changes to kinetic energy as the rain falls. This rain water may reach a lack or
a dam. As the rain water flows down, its kinetic energy changes into thermal energy while parts of
kinetic energy of flowing water is used to wash away soil particles of rock known as soil erosion.
Q-7: What are the major sources of energy? Explain them briefly.
Non-Renewable Resources:
“The fossil fuels took millions of years for their formation. They are known as non-
renewable resources. They will run out because we are using fossil fuels at very fast rate”.
a. Fossil Fuels:
“They are usually hydrocarbons (compounds of carbon and hydrogen)”.
Explanation:
When they are burnt, they combine with oxygen from the air. The carbon becomes carbon
dioxide, hydrogen becomes hydrogen oxide called water while energy is released as heat.
In Case of Coal:
Carbon + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Heat Energy
Waste Products Release from Fossil Fouls and their Side Effects:
Fossil fuels release harmful waste products. These wastes include carbon mono-oxide and
other harmful gases, which pollute the environment. This causes serious health problems such as
headache, tension, nausea, allergic reactions, irritation of eyes, nose and throat. Long exposure of
these harmful gases may cause asthma, lungs cancer, heart diseases and even damage to brain,
nerves and other organ of our body.
Remember That:
We are using fossil fouls at a very fast rate. Their use is increasing day by day to meet our
energy needs. If we continue to use them at present rate, they will soon be exhausted. Once their
supply is exhausted, the world would face serious energy crises. Thus, fossil fuels would not be able
to meet our future energy needs. This would cause serious social and economical problems for
countries like us. Therefor we must use them wisely and at the same time develop new energy
sources for our future survival.
b. Nuclear Fuels:
“In nuclear power plants, we get energy as a result of fission reaction”.
Fission Reaction:
“In fission reaction heavy atoms, such as Uranium atoms, split up into smaller parts
releasing a large amount of energy”.
Explanation:
Nuclear power plants give out a lot of nuclear radiations and vast amount of heat. A part of this
heat is used to run power plants while a lot of heat goes waste into the environment.
Explanation:
Sunlight does not pollute the environment in any way. The sunrays are the ultimate source of
life on the earth. We are dependent on the Sun for all our food and fuel. If we find a suitable method
to use a fraction of solar energy reaching the earth, then it would be enough to fulfill our energy
requirement.
Solar Cells:
“Solar energy can also be converted directly into electricity by solar cells. A solar cell
also called photo cell is made from silicon wafer. When sunlight falls on solar cells, it converts
the light directly into electrical energy”.
Usesof Solar Cell:
Solar cells are used in calculators, watches and toys.
Solar panel:
“Large numbers of solar cells are wired together to form solar panels”.
Future Plan:
Several other methods to trap sunrays are under way. If scientists could find an efficient and
inexpensive method to use solar energy, then the people would get clean, limitless energy as long as
the Sun continues to shine.
Advantages of Dams:
Dams serve many purposes.
i. They help to control floods by storing water.
ii. The water stored in dams is used for irrigation and also to generate electrical energy without
creating much environmental problems.
c. Wind Energy:
“Wind energy has been used as a source of energy for centuries”.
Interesting Information:
i. In the United States, some wind farms generate more than 1300 MW of electricity a day.
ii. In Europe, many wind farms routinely generate hundred megawatts or more electricity a day.
d. Geothermal Energy:
“Water reaching close to the magma changes to steam due to high temperature of
magma. This energy is called geothermal energy”.
Magma:
“There is hot molten part, deep in the earth called magma”.
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MASS ENERGY EQUATION:
“The relation between mass m and energy E is given by Einstein’s mass-energy
equation.
E = mc2
Here c is the speed of light (3 x 108 ms–1)”.
Explanation:
Einstein predicts the interconversion of matter and energy. According to him, a loss in mass of
a body provides a lot of energy.
The above equation shows that tremendous amount of energy can be obtained from small
quantity of matter. It appears that matter is highly concentrated form of energy.
This happens in nuclear reactors. The process of getting energy from our nuclear power plants
is based on the above equation.
The process is taking place on the Sun and stars for the last millions of years.
Only a very small fraction of the Sun’s energy reaches the earth. This very small fraction of the
Sun’s energy is responsible for life on the Earth.
Q-9: How electricity can be obtained from fossil fuels? Briefly explain with the help of flow
sheet diagram.
ENERGY CONVERTOR:
In the energy convertor, a part of the energy taken by the system is converted into useful work.
Remaining part of energy is dissipated as heat energy, sound energy (noise) into the environment.
Pollution:
“Pollution is the change in the quality of the environment that can be harmful and
unpleasant for living things”.
Thermal Pollution:
“A temperature rise in the environment that disturbs life is called thermal pollution”.
Thermal pollution upsets the balance of life and endangers the survival of many species.
Air pollutants:
Air pollutantsare unwanted and harmful. Natural processes such volcanic eruptions, forest fires
and dust storms add pollutant to air. These air pollutant, rarely build up to harmful levels. On the other
hand, the burning of fuel and solid wastes in homes, automobiles and factories releases harmful
amount of air pollutants.
EFFICIENCY:
“The ratio of useful output to input energy is very important to judge the working of a
machine. It is called the efficiency of a machine”.
OR
“Efficiency of a system is the ratio of required form of energy obtained from system as
output to the total energy given to it as input”.
Mathematically:
required form of output
Efficiency =
total input energy
required form of output
% Efficiency = x 100
total input energy
Explanation:
We provide some form of energy to a machine. This is necessary for the machine to work. We
give some of energy to the machine as input, to get useful work done by them as output. Human
machine also need energy to do variety of work. We take food to fulfill the energy needs of our body.
For Example:
Electric motor may be used to pump water, to blow air, to wash clothes, to drill holes etc. For
that they use electric energy.
Remember That:
How good a machine is, depends how much output we obtain from it by giving certain input.
Ideal System:
“An ideal system is that which gives an output equal to the total energy used by it. In
other words, its efficiency is 100 %”.
Explanation:
People have tried to design a working system that would be 100 % efficient. But practically
such a system does not exist. Every system meets energy losses due to friction that causes heat,
noise etc. These are not useful forms of energy and go wastes. This means we cannot utilize all
energy given to a working system. The energy in the required form obtained from a working system is
always less than the energy given to it as input.
POWER:
Power is defined as:
“The rate of doing work is called power”.
Explanation:
Two persons have done equal work, one took one hour to complete it and other completed it in
five hours. No doubt, both of them have done equal work but they differ in the rate at which work is
done. One has done it faster than the other. The quantity that tells us the rate of doing work is called
power.
Mathematically:
work
Power =
time
W
P =
t
Quantity:
Since work is a scalar quantity, therefore, power is also a scalar quantity.
Unit:
SI unit of power is watt (W)
Watt:
It is defined as:
“The power of a body is one watt if it does a work at the rate of 1 joule per second”.
DO YOU KNOW
i. The work done will be zero when the angle between the force and the distance is ………
a) 45o b) 60o
c) 90o d) 180o
iii. If the velocity of a body becomes double, then its kinetic energy will …………………..
a) remains the same b) become double
c) become four times d) become half
iv. The work done in lifting a brick of mass 2 kg through a height of 5 m above
ground will be …………………
a) 2.5 J b) 10 J
c) 50 J d) 100 J
vi. Which one of the following converts light energy into electrical energy?
a) electric bulb b) electric generator
c) photocell d) electric cell
vii. When a body is lifted through a height h, the work done on it appears in the form of its ..
a) kinetic energy b) potential energy
c) elastic potential energy d) geothermal energy
REMAINING EXERCISE
1. W = FS
2. W = FScosθ
1
3. K.E. = 2mv2
4. P.E. = mgh
5. E = mc2
W
6. P =
t
output
7. % Efficiency = x 100
input
MINI EXERCISE
Q: A crate is moved by pulling the rope attached to it. It moves 10 m on a straight
horizontal road by a force of 100 N. How much work will be done if
i. The rope is parallel to the road.
ii. The rope is making an angle of 30o with the road.
Sol: Firstly:
Force = F = 100 N
Distance = S = 10 m
Angle =θ = 0o
Work =W =?
Now
W = FScosθ
= (100)(10)cos0o
= (100)(10)(1)
= 1000 J
Secondly:
Force =F = 100 N
Distance = S = 10 m
Angle =θ = 30o
Work =W =?
Now
W = FScosθ
= (100)(10)cos30o
= (100)(10)(0.866)
= 866 J
EXAMPLES
Example 6.1: A girl carries 10 kg bag to a height of 18 steps, each 20 cm high. Calculate the
amount of work she has done to carry the bag. (Take g = 10 ms–2)
Sol: Here
Mass =m = 10 kg
No. of steps =n = 18
20
Height of each step =h = 20cm = = 0.2 m
100
Gravitational acceleration = g = 10 ms–2
Work =W =?
Firstly:
Force = F =w = mg
= 10 x 10
= 100 N
Secondly:
Distance =S = nh
= 18 x 0.2
= 3.6 m
Lastly:
Work =W = FS
= 100 x 3.6
= 360 J
Example 6.2: A stone of mass 500 g strikes the ground with a velocity of 20 ms–1. How much is
the kinetic energy of the stone at the time it strikes the ground?
Sol: Here
500
Mass =m =500 g = = 0.5 kg
1000
Velocity =v = 20 ms–1
Kinetic energy = K.E.= ?
1
As K.E. = 2mv2
1
= 2(0.5)(20)2
1
= 2(0.5)(400)
K.E. = 100 J
Example 6.3: A body of mass 50 kg is raised to a height of 3 m. What is its potential energy?
(Take g = 10 ms–2)
Sol: Here
Mass = m = 50 kg
Height =h =3m
Gravitational acceleration = g = 10 ms–2
Potential energy = P.E. = ?
As P.E. = mgh
= 50 x 10 x 3
= 1500 J
Example 6.4: A force of 200 N acts on a body of mass 20 kg. The force accelerates the body
from rest until it attains a velocity of 50 ms–1. Through what distance the force acts?
Sol: Here
Force =F = 200 N
Mass = m = 20 kg
Velocity =v = 50 ms–1
Distance =S = ?
As Work done on the body = K.E. gained by it
1
FS = 2mv2
1
(200)S= 2(20)(50)2
(20)(2500)
S =
(2)(200)
S = 125 m
Example 6.5: A cyclist does 12 joules of useful work while pedaling his bike from every 100
joules of food energy which he takes. What is his efficiency?
Sol: Here
Output = 12 J
Input = 100 J
Efficiency = E =?
output
As Efficiency =
input
12
E =
100
E = 0.12
%E = 0.12 x 100
%E = 12 %
Example 6.6: A man M1 takes 80s in lifting a load of 200 N through a height of 10 m. While
another man M2 takes 10s in doing the same job. Find the power of each.
Sol: Here
Force =F = 200 N
Distance = S = 10 m
Time taken by man M1 = t1 = 80 s
Time taken by man M2 = t2 = 10 s
Power of man M1 = P1 = ?
Power of man M2 = P2 = ?
Firstly:
Work = W = FS
= 200 x 10
W = 2000
Secondly:
W
Power of man M1 = P1 =
t1
2000
=
80
= 25 Watt
Thirdly:
W
Power of man M2 = P2 =
t2
2000
=
10
= 200 Watt
Example 6.7: Calculate the power of a pump which can lift 70 kg of water through a vertical
height of 16 meters in 10 seconds. Also find the power in horse power.
Sol: Here
Mass = m = 70 kg
Height = h = 16 m
Time = t = 10 s
PROBLEMS
Problem 6.1: A m a n h a s p u l l e d a c a r t t h r o u g h 3 5 m a p p l y i n g a f o r c e o f 3 0 0 N .
Find the work done by the man.
Sol: Here
Distance = S = 35 m
Force =F = 300 N
Work =W =?
Now
W = FS
= 300 × 35
= 10500 J
Problem 6.2: A b l o c k w e i g h i n g 2 0 N i s l i f t e d 6 m v e r t i c a l l y u p w a r d .
Calculate the potential energy stored in it.
Sol: Here
Weight = w = mg = 20 N
Height =h =6m
Potential energy = P.E. = ?
Now
P.E. = mgh
= 20 × 6
= 120 J
Problem 6.3: A car has weighing 12 kN has speed of 20 ms–1. Find its kinetic energy.
Sol: Here
Weight = w = 12 kN = 12 x 1000 N = 12000 N
Speed =v = 20 ms–1
Gravitational acceleration = g = 10 ms–2
Kinetic Energy = K.E. = ?
Firstly:
w = mg
12000 = m x10
12000
m =
10
m = 1200 kg
1
Now K.E. = 2mv2
1
=2(1200)(20)2
= (600)(400)
= 240000 J
= 240 x 1000 J
K.E. = 240 kJ
Problem 6.4: A 500 g stone is thrown up with a velocity of 15 ms–1. Find its
i. P.E. at its maximum height.
ii. K.E. when it hits the ground.
Sol: Here
500
Mass =m = 500 g = = 0.5 kg
1000
Velocity =v = 15 ms–1
Potential energy = P.E = ?
Kinetic energy = K.E. = ?
Firstly:
To find P.E. at its maximum height, firstly we shall find the max height.
Initial velocity = vi = 15 ms–1
Final velocity = vf = 0 ms–1
Gravitational acceleration = g = –10 ms–2
Height =h = ?
Now
By third equation of motion:
2gh = v2f – v2i
2(–10)h = (0)2 – (15)2
–20h = –225
–225
h =
–20
h = 11.25 m
i. P.E. at its maximum height.
P.E. = mgh
= 0.5 x 10 x 11.25
P.E. = 56.25 J
ii. K.E. when it hits the ground.
1
K.E. = 2mv2
1
= 2(0.5)(15)2
1
= 2(0.5)(225)
K.E. = 56.25 J
Problem 6.5: On reaching the top of a slope 6 m high from its bottom, a cyclist
has a speed of 1.5 ms – 1 . Find the kinetic energy and the potential energy of the
c yclist. The mass of the cyclist and his bicycle is 40 kg.
Sol: Here
Height =h = 6m
Velocity =v = 1.5 ms–1
Mass = m = 40 kg
Kinetic energy = K.E. = ?
Potential energy = P.E = ?
Firstly:
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1
K.E. = 2mv2
1
= 2(40)(1.5)2
= (20)(2.25)
K.E. = 45 J
Secondly:
P.E. = mgh
= 40 x 10 x 6
P.E. = 2400 J
Problem 6.7: A man pulls a block with a force of 300 N through 50 m in 60 s. Find the
power used by him to pull the block.
Sol: Here
Force = F =300 N
Height = h = S = 50 m
Time = t = 60 s
Power = P =?
W
As P =
t
FS
= ∴W = FS
t
(300)(50)
=
60
P = 250 watt
Problem 6.8: A 50 kg man moved 25 steps up in 20 s. Find the power, if each step is 16 cm
high.
Sol: Here
Mass = m = 50 kg
No. of steps = n = 25
Height of each step = ho = 16cm
400
Height of 25 step = h = 25 x 16 = 400 cm = = 4m
100
Time = t = 20 s
Gravitational acceleration = g = 10 ms–2
Power = P =?
W
As P =
t
mgh
= ∴W = P.E. = mgh
t
(50)(10)(4)
=
20
= 100 watt
Problem 6.9: Calculate the power of a pump which can lift 200 kg of water through a height of
6 m in 10 s.
Sol: Here
Mass = m = 200 kg
Height = h =6m
Time = t = 10 s
Gravitational acceleration = g = 10 ms–2
Power = P =?
W
As P =
t
mgh
= ∴W = P.E. = mgh
t
(200)(10)(6)
=
10
= 1200 watt