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O Level Cambridge Physics 2 hours 17 questions

Theory Questions

2.3 Transfer of
Thermal Energy
Demonstrating Conduction / Thermal Conduction / Convection / Radiation /
Investigating Radiation / Consequences of Thermal Energy Transfer

Easy (5 questions) /39 Scan here to return to the course

or visit savemyexams.com
Medium (6 questions) /34

Hard (6 questions) /57

Total Marks /130

© 2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. Get more and ace your exams at savemyexams.com 1
Easy Questions
1 (a) A Bunsen burner heats a beaker of water, as shown in Fig. 4.1.

(i) Fig. 4.2 shows the thermometer used in Fig. 4.1.

State the temperature shown on the thermometer.

temperature = .................................................... °C [1]

(ii) The thermometer shown in Fig. 4.2 uses a physical property that changes
with temperature.

Indicate the measurable property that changes with temperature. Tick one
box.

□ expansion of glass

□ colour of liquid

□ colour of glass

[1]

(2 marks)

(b) Thermal energy (heat) transfers through the bottom of the beaker to the water.

State the name given to this process.

(1 mark)

(c) Thermal energy transfers throughout the water in the beaker.

Describe and explain how this happens.

(4 marks)

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2 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows a hot liquid in a vacuum flask. The vacuum flask keeps the temperature of
the liquid in the flask constant for a long time.

Describe how each feature helps to keep the liquid hot for longer.

(i) shiny silver surface

[2]
(ii) the vacuum between the silvered surfaces
[3]

(5 marks)

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(b) (i) Suggest a material for the stopper that will help to keep the liquid hot for
longer.
[1]
(ii) Give a reason for your answer.
[1]

(2 marks)

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3 (a) Complete the sentences with words that describe the main process of energy transfer by
heating in each case.

A man goes for a walk on a cold day. He touches a metal gate, which removes energy
from his hands by ................................. . He holds the sides of a cup containing a hot drink.
His hands gain energy by ................................. . Some farm workers have lit a fire. The man
warms his hands by the side of the fire. His hands gain energy by ................................. .

(3 marks)

(b) Describe in terms of particles the transfer of energy from the thermal store of the man's
hands through the metal of the gate.

(2 marks)

(c) Fig. 5.1 shows a car on a sunny day in a hot country.

The object labelled A is placed inside the windscreen. It is used by the owner of the car to
reduce the temperature rise of the air in the car.

Select the most suitable material for the outer surface of object A. Explain your choice.

dull black dull white shiny black shiny white

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4 (a) Fig. 6.1 is a diagram of the inside of an electric oven. The diagram shows a side view of
the oven.

The heater is switched on.

(i) On Fig. 6.1, draw two arrows to show how thermal energy moves throughout
the oven by convection.
[2]

(ii) Explain how thermal energy moves throughout the oven by convection. Use
your ideas about density and expansion.
[3]

(iii) Use a word from the box to complete the sentence.

conduction expansion insulation radiation

Thermal energy travels at the speed of light by .....................................

[1]

(b) The oven is in a kitchen that is fitted with a smoke detector.

Warm, moving air can carry smoke particles.

Suggest the best position for the smoke detector in the kitchen.

(1 mark)

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5 (a) A student is performing an experiment to investigate how much infrared radiation is
radiated by different coloured surfaces.

Four conical flasks are painted shiny grey, dull grey, black and white, see Fig. 1.1.

They fill the four conical flasks with boiling water and record the subsequent
temperature every 30 s.

State the dependent and independent variables in this experiment.

(2 marks)

(b) State two control variables in this investigation.

(2 marks)

(c) The results of the experiment are plotted in Fig. 1.2 below. Each line represents the
temperature loss of a different flask.

(i) State the letter of the curve with the lowest temperature change per second.
[1]

(ii) State the letter of the flask covered in the best conductor.
[1]

(2 marks)

(d) (i) Draw four lines between the labels from Fig. 1.2 and the different flask
colours.

(ii) Suggest why the temperature of flask D does not drop below 23 °C.
[1]

(5 marks)

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Medium Questions
1 (a) Some materials are poor conductors of thermal energy (heat energy).

State the term that describes materials that are poor conductors of thermal energy.

(1 mark)

(b) Some materials are good conductors of thermal energy.

Draw a ring around each material that is a good conductor of thermal energy.

air aluminium copper glass plastic water

(1 mark)

Describe an experiment to identify which material is the better conductor of thermal

energy.

You may draw a diagram in the space below.

(3 marks)

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2 (a) Extended
Fig. 4.1 shows a cold plastic spoon that has just been placed in hot liquid in a cup.

Describe, in terms of molecules, why the temperature of the whole of the spoon
increases.

(3 marks)

(b) The plastic spoon is replaced by a metal spoon.

Describe an additional process by which the temperature of the whole of this spoon
increases.

(2 marks)

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(c) The cup contains 150 g of liquid of specific heat capacity 4.2 J / (g°C). When the cold
spoon is placed into the hot liquid, the temperature of the liquid decreases from 80 °C to
56 °C.

Calculate the loss of thermal energy from the liquid.

energy loss = .........................................................

(3 marks)

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3 (a) A student constructs a device for absorbing thermal energy from the Sun. Fig. 6.1 shows
the device.

The student places the white plastic pipe in sunlight. The cold water flows slowly from
Tank A to Tank B. Energy from the Sun heats the water in the pipe.

Fig. 6.2 shows the temperatures in Tank A and Tank B.

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Determine the rise in temperature of the water.

temperature rise = .................................................... °C

(1 mark)

(b) The student wants to increase the thermal energy absorbed by the water in the pipe.
Suggest three improvements he can make to increase the thermal energy absorbed.

(3 marks)

(2 marks)

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4 (a) A student investigates the thermal energy lost from two metal cans, X and Y. The cans
are identical apart from their outside colour.

The student pours the same volume of hot water into each can and seals each can. The
student records the temperature of the water in each can at regular time intervals for a
period of 35 minutes.

The equipment is shown in Fig. 6.1.

Fig. 6.2 is a graph of the results from the investigation.

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For can X, use Fig. 6.2 to determine the drop in temperature of the water

(i) in the first five minutes

[1]
(ii) in the last five minutes
[1]

(2 marks)

(b) Explain why the water cools at a greater rate during the first five minutes of the
experiment, compared with the last five minutes.

(2 marks)

State the colour of can Y.

Explain your answer.

(2 marks)

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5 (a) A student heats some water in a metal can, as shown in Fig. 6.2.

Complete the sentence. Choose a word from the box.

Thermal (heat) energy moves through the metal can by ............................................

(1 mark)

(b) Describe how thermal energy is transferred throughout the water. Include your ideas
about density changes.

(3 marks)

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6 (a) Fig. 2.1 shows a hollow metal cube filled with boiling water. The temperature of the four
vertical surfaces are equal but each surface has a different colour or texture.

Fig. 2.1

A thermal radiation sensor is placed the same distance from each surface and the meter
reading measures the thermal radiation emitted from each surface.

The results are shown in Fig. 2.2.

Draw a line linking each type of surface with the appropriate meter reading. One line has
been drawn for you.

Fig. 2.2

(b) The hot surfaces produce a convection current in the air outside the metal cube.

Describe how the convection current is produced.

(3 marks)

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Hard Questions
1 A student is testing how different surfaces absorb radiant heat.

The student puts two metal plates in holders and places them on either side of a radiant
heater as shown in Fig. 6.2. One plate has a shiny metal side facing towards the heater
and the other plate has a dull black side facing towards the heater.

A metal disc is attached to each plate using wax.

(i) The student turns on the radiant heater and starts a stop-clock. The wax on
the plate with a dull black side melts and the metal disc falls off the plate 53
seconds after the stop-clock is started.

The metal disc on the plate with a shiny metal side remains attached for
another 32 seconds after the metal disc on the first plate falls.

Explain why the metal disc on the plate with a dull black side falls before the
metal disc on the plate with a shiny metal side.

[2]

(ii) Another student observes the experiment shown in Fig. 6.2 and says that the
comparison of the two plates is not fair.

[2]

(4 marks)

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2 (a) A thermometer is used to measure the temperature inside a room in a house.

State a physical property that varies with temperature and can be used in a
thermometer.

(1 mark)

(b) Fig. 6.1 shows how the temperature of the room changes between 6:00 pm and 11:00
pm.

A heater in the room is switched on at 6 pm. The room has a large window. A large
amount of thermal energy is transferred through the window. The window in the room
has thick curtains.

Closing the curtains reduces the loss of thermal energy from the room.

(i) Suggest the time at which the heater is switched off.

[1]

(ii) Suggest the time at which the curtains were closed and explain your answer. Use
information from the graph.
[2]

(c) In cool climates, people use mineral wool to reduce heat loss from houses. Mineral wool
is made of fibres and trapped air, as shown in Fig.6.2.

Use words from the box to complete the sentences. Each word may be used once, more
than once, or not at all.

Air is a good ............................................ .

When air is trapped between fibres, it reduces heat loss by ..................................... and by
........................................ .

(3 marks)

3 A student wants to investigate good and bad absorbers of thermal radiation. She has the
apparatus shown in Fig. 5.1, a supply of cold water and a metre rule.

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Explain how the student could use the apparatus she has available to carry out her
investigation.

Describe the results she would expect to obtain. Draw a diagram of the set-up.

(4 marks)

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4 (a) A solar panel is mounted on the roof of a house. Fig. 1.1 shows a section through part of
the solar panel.

A pump makes water flow through the copper pipes. The water is heated by passing
through the solar panel.

Select and explain three features of the solar panel that maximise the final temperature
of the water.

(3 marks)

(b) During one day, 250 kg of water is pumped through the solar panel. The temperature of
this water rises from 16 °C to 38 °C.

The water absorbs 25% of the energy incident on the solar panel. The specific heat
capacity of water is 4200 J/(kg °C)

Calculate the energy incident on the solar panel during that day.

(c) The heated water is stored in a sealed copper hot-water tank. During the day, the water
cools as thermal energy (heat) passes from the water to the air surrounding the tank.

State and describe the process by which the thermal energy is transferred from the hot
water to the air.

(4 marks)

(d) The manufacturer of the hot-water tank says that when the outside surface is polished
regularly and kept bright and shiny, the hot water will cool more slowly.

Describe an experiment that shows whether a container with a bright and shiny surface
is better at keeping its contents warm than one with a dull and dark surface.

(5 marks)

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5 (a) The apparatus shown in Fig. 1.1 is known as Leslie’s Differential Air Thermometer.

Fig. 1.1
The heater is switched off. Tap T is opened so that the air on the two sides of T has the
same pressure. Tap T is then closed.

(i) The heater is switched on. On Fig. 1.1, mark clearly where the two liquid
levels might be a short time later.
[1]

(ii) Explain your answer to (a)(i).

[2]

(3 marks)

(b) A gym has a low initial temperature. A larger radiant heater is placed on the floor in the
centre of a gym to heat the room. The room has no open windows or ventilation.

Describe and explain the subsequent motion of air in the gym, naming any processes.

(i) Explain why this could be dangerous.

[3]

(ii) Some athletes choose to wear a shiny foil blanket immediately after a race.
Explain why.
[3]

(6 marks)

(d) For the end of the marathon, the athlete's coach has a double-walled vacuum flask (Fig.
1.2), which is designed to maintain the temperature of its contents. It is partially filled
with a hot liquid.

The lid is made of black plastic and sealed tight. The walls are silvered metal.

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Eventually the liquid cools. Explain how thermal energy is transferred from the hot liquid
through the lid over time.

(4 marks)

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6 (a) An object in the space between Earth and the Sun has an average temperature of 3 K.

(i) State how the intensity of radiation the object receives from the Sun at this
point differs from the intensity at the Earth's surface.
[1]

(ii) Explain why the temperature of the object in space here is lower than if it
was on Earth.
[2]

(3 marks)

(b) The Earth's magnetic field arises from its iron-rich molten core, shown in Fig. 1.2.

Molten iron must be in motion to generate a magnetic field.

The inner core is very hot and solid. The outer core is also iron-rich and liquid.

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Explain the origin of the Earth's magnetic field, referring to density in your answer.

(4 marks)

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O Level Cambridge Physics 2 hours 16 questions

Theory Questions

3.1 General Properties

of Waves
Features of Waves / The Wave Equation / Transverse & Longitudinal Waves / Wave
Behaviour / Ripple Tank

Easy (5 questions) /39 Scan here to return to the course

or visit savemyexams.com
Medium (6 questions) /38

Hard (5 questions) /33

Total Marks /110

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Easy Questions
1 Light and sound both travel as waves.

Draw a line from each statement to the correct term that describes it. One has been
done for you.

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2 (a) A ray of light refracts as it travels from air into glass, as shown in Fig.7.1.

(i) State which angle w, x, y or z, is the angle of refraction.

[1]

(ii) Light is a transverse wave.

State another example of a transverse wave.
[1]

(2 marks)

(b) Fig.7.2 represents some wavefronts approaching a barrier with a narrow gap.

(i) On Fig.7.2, draw three wavefronts that have passed through the gap.
[2]

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(ii) State the name of the effect in (b)(i).
[1]

(3 marks)

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3 (a) Fig. 8.1 represents the pressure at one instant along part of a sound wave.

(i) Determine the wavelength of the sound wave.

wavelength of the sound wave = .................................................. cm [1]

(ii) On Fig. 8.1, draw a wave representing a louder sound of the same
wavelength.
[1]

(2 marks)

(b) State the range of audible frequencies for a healthy human ear. Include the unit.

(2 marks)

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4 (a) Complete the sentence which describes all waves.

Waves transfer without transferring

(2 marks)

(b) Select suitable labels for Fig. 1 by selecting from the list below.

Fig. 1
amplitude
crest
direction of oscillation
direction of travel of wave
frequency
time period
trough
wavelength

(i) Amplitude.
[1]
(ii) Wavelength.
[1]

(2 marks)

(d) A wave on a rope has a speed of 0.25 m/s and a time period of 2 seconds.

Calculate

(i) The frequency of the wave.

[2]
(ii) The wavelength of the wave.
[3]

(5 marks)

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5 (a) For each label draw a straight line connecting it to the correct diagram.

(3 marks)

(b) A wave of light is passing from air into a clear plastic prism. The wave is refracted.

State two changes which would make the angle of refraction increase.

(2 marks)

(c) A water wave is passing through a gap and being diffracted.

State two changes which would make the amount of diffraction decrease.

(d) Fig. 1.1 shows a water wave meeting a barrier.

Fig 1.1

Complete the diagram to show the waves after they have passed the barrier.

(4 marks)

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Medium Questions
1 (a) Fig. 8.1 represents a travelling wave at an instant in time.

(i) Determine the amplitude of the wave.

amplitude = .................................................. cm [1]

(ii) Determine the wavelength of the wave.

wavelength = .................................................. cm [2]

(ii) It takes 2.0 s for a source to emit the wave shown in Fig. 8.1.

Calculate the frequency of the wave.

frequency = .................................................. Hz [2]

(b) Fig. 8.2 shows the main regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

(i) Two of the regions are not labelled.

Add the correct label to each of the unlabelled regions by writing in each box.
[2]

(ii) Describe one use of γ-rays.

[1]

(3 marks)

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2 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows crests of a water wave moving from left to right in a harbour.

(i) On Fig. 6.1, draw three more crests to the right of point A.
[2]

(ii) State the name of the wave process that occurs as the wave passes point A.
[1]

(3 marks)

(b) Fig. 6.2 shows the crests of another wave moving from left to right in a different part of
the harbour. This wave moves from deep water to shallow water.

(i) On Fig. 6.2, draw an arrow to show the direction of movement of the wave
after it has passed into the shallow water.

(ii) State the name of the process that occurs as the wave passes into the
shallow water.
[1]

(iii) Complete Table 6.1 to state whether each of the properties of the wave
increases, decreases or stays the same as the wave passes into the shallow
water.

[3]

(5 marks)

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3 (a) Fig. 6.1 represents a transverse wave drawn full size. Point X represents a point on the
wave.

(i) On Fig. 6.1, mark clearly the directions in which point X moves.
[1]

(ii) Use Fig. 6.1 to measure the wavelength of the wave.

wavelength = ................................................... cm [1]

(iii) The frequency of the wave is increased. Describe how the wave pattern in
Fig. 6.1 would be different.
[1]

(3 marks)

(b) (i) Place a tick in a box next to any transverse wave.

□ light

□ sound

□ radio
[1]

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(ii) State a type of wave that cannot travel in a vacuum.
[1]

(2 marks)

Sketch a representation of a longitudinal wave. On your sketch

• indicate and label a distance to show the wavelength,

• mark and label the centre of one compression,
• mark and label the centre of one rarefaction.

(3 marks)

(b) A longitudinal wave passes from one medium into another medium. The speed of the
wave is slower in the second medium.

State what happens to

(i) the frequency of the wave,

[1]
(ii) the wavelength of the wave.
[1]

(2 marks)

(c) State a typical value for the speed of sound in air.

(1 mark)

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5 (a) A ray of light travelling in air strikes a glass block at an angle of 30° to the normal. The
light slows down as it enters the glass block.

State and explain, in terms of wavefronts, what happens to the light.

(3 marks)

(b) Extended
The speed of light in this block of glass is 1.9 × 108 m/s.

Calculate the refractive index of the glass.

refractive index = ...........................................................

(2 marks)

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6 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows a wave on a rope and Fig. 4.2 shows a wave on a spring. Both waves are
moving in the direction shown by the arrows.

Fig. 4.2

(i) State the name of each of the two types of wave shown.
Fig. 4.1 ..............................................................................................
Fig. 4.2 ..............................................................................................
[1]

(ii) On Fig. 4.1, draw a wave which has a smaller frequency than the wave shown.
[1]

(iii) Describe the movement of point X on the spring in Fig. 4.2 as the wave passes. .
[1]

(3 marks)

(b) Table 4.1 shows some sentences that a student writes about waves.

His teacher places a ring around each mistake.

Write a suitable correction for each mistake in Table 4.1. One has been done for you.

(3 marks)

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Hard Questions
1 Describe a method of using water waves to demonstrate refraction.

(4 marks)

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2 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows crests of a wave approaching a barrier where the wave is reflected.

On Fig. 5.1, draw three crests of the reflected wave.

(3 marks)

(b) The wave has a wavelength of 36 cm and a speed of 1.2 m/s.

Calculate the frequency of the wave.

frequency = .........................................................

(c) Complete the following sentences.

An echo is the name for a reflected .................................................................. wave.

The waves that form an echo are a type of longitudinal wave. Longitudinal waves are
made up of .................................................................. and rarefactions.

(2 marks)

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3 (a) Extended
Fig. 6.1 shows wavefronts approaching a gap in a barrier.

(i) On Fig. 6.1, draw three wavefronts to the right of the barrier.
[2]

(ii) Fig. 6.2 shows the gap in the barrier increased to five times the gap in Fig.
6.1.

On Fig. 6.2, draw three wavefronts to the right of the barrier.

[2]

(b) Describe, with a labelled diagram, an experiment using water waves that shows the
reflection of wavefronts that occur at a straight barrier.

(4 marks)

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4 (a) Green light of frequency 5.7 × 1014 Hz is travelling in air at a speed of 3.0 × 108 m/s. The
light is incident on the surface of a transparent solid.

Fig. 6.1 shows the wavefronts and the direction of travel of the light in the air.

The light travels more slowly in the transparent solid.

Explain, in terms of the wavefronts, why the light changes direction as it enters the solid.
You may draw on Fig. 6.1 as part of your answer.

(3 marks)

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(b) The refractive index of the transparent solid is 1.3.

(i) The light is incident on the surface of the solid at an angle of incidence of 67°.

Calculate the angle of refraction of the light in the solid.

angle of refraction = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) Determine the wavelength of the green light in the transparent solid.

wavelength = ......................................................... [4]

(6 marks)

5 A group of students want to determine the speed of sound in air.

Describe a method they can use. State the measurements they need to make.

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O Level Cambridge Physics 2 hours 21 questions

Theory Questions

3.2 Light
Reflection of Light / Investigating Reflection / Refraction of Light / Snell's Law / Total
Internal Reflection / Thin Lenses / Real & Virtual Images / Linear Magnification /
Uses of Lenses / Dispersion of Light

Easy (5 questions) /33 Scan here to return to the course

or visit savemyexams.com
Medium (8 questions) /49

Hard (8 questions) /61

Total Marks /143

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Easy Questions
1 (a) The spectrum of white light is made up of seven colours.

Fig. 7.1 shows a partially-completed spectrum. Two labels are missing.

(i) On Fig. 7.1, write the name of the missing colour in each blank space.
[2]

(ii) On Fig. 7.1, indicate the direction of increasing wavelength for the spectrum.
Draw an arrow in the box below the spectrum of colours.
[1]

(3 marks)

(b) A ray of red light strikes one face of a triangular glass prism as shown in Fig. 7.2.

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(i) On Fig. 7.2, draw the path of the ray as it travels through the glass prism and
enters the air.
[2]

(ii) State the term used to describe what happens to the ray of red light as it
enters and leaves the prism.

[1]

(3 marks)

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2 (a) Fig. 5.1 represents an object positioned on the principal axis of a thin lens.

Each small square of the grid represents 0.5 cm. Each principal focus of the lens is
labelled F.

Use the grid to determine the focal length of the lens.

focal length = ..................................................... cm

(1 mark)

(b) (i) On Fig. 5.1, draw a ray from the top of the object that passes through a
principal focus, then through the lens and beyond it.
[1]

(ii) On Fig. 5.1, draw a second ray from the top of the object that passes through
the centre of the lens. Continue the path of this ray to the edge of the grid.
[1]

(iii) On Fig. 5.1, draw an arrow to show the position and nature of the image
produced by the lens.
[1]

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3 (a) An object, OX, is placed in front of a converging lens.

Fig. 7.1 shows a ray of light from the object passing through the lens.

(i) The lens forms an image of object OX.

On Fig. 7.1, draw another ray from X to locate the position of the image.

[1]

(ii) On Fig. 7.1, draw an arrow to represent the image of OX and label it I.

[1]

(iii) On Fig. 7.1, mark a principal focus for the lens and label it F.

[1]

(iv) On Fig. 7.1, measure and record the focal length of the lens.

focal length = ...................................................... cm [1]

(b) Describe the image I.

Choose words from the list. Tick (✓) two boxes.

□ enlarged

□ diminished

□ same size

□ inverted

□ upright

(2 marks)

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4 (a) An endoscope is a piece of medical equipment used to see inside a person's body.
Endoscopes use optical fibres within a long tube which reflects light from inside the
patient to an eye piece lens or camera.

Fig. 1.1

Fig. 1.1 shows a section of optical fibre. Light travels from X to Y.

On Fig. 1.1, complete the path of the light ray until it leaves the section of optical fibre.

(2 marks)

(b) State the type of reflection that occurs within an optical fibre.

(1 mark)

Glass has a refractive index of 1.52.

critical angle = ...................................

(3 marks)

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5 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows a light ray passing though a block of ice.

(not to scale)

Determine the refractive index of ice.

refractive index = ....................................

(3 marks)

(b) Explain why the angle of refraction is smaller than the incident angle for the boundary
from air to ice.

(c) State the correct value of angle θ on Fig. 1.1.

angle θ = ....................................

(1 mark)

(d) Complete Table 1.2 by drawing a tick to show which properties of light change during
refraction.

Property Does change Does not change

speed
wavelength
frequency

Table 1.2

(3 marks)

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Medium Questions
1 (a) Fig. 9.1 shows two rays of light X and Y leaving an object O. The rays strike a plane mirror.

Ray X is reflected as shown.

(i) On Fig. 9.1, draw the normal at the point where ray X strikes the mirror.
[1]

(ii) On Fig. 9.1, draw the path of ray Y after it strikes the mirror.
[1]

(2 marks)

(b) An object O is placed on the left of a thin converging lens. F is the principal focus.

This arrangement is shown in Fig. 9.2.

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Two rays from the top of the object are incident on the lens, as shown in Fig. 9.2.

On Fig. 9.2, draw the path of each ray to locate the position of the image of O formed by
the lens.

On Fig. 9.2, draw an arrow to represent the image and label it I.

(3 marks)

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2 (a) Fig. 7.1 shows a converging lens and the image I formed when an object is placed to the
left of the lens. The principal focuses are labelled A and B and the centre of the lens is
labelled C.

(i) On Fig. 7.1, draw two rays to locate the position of the object.
Draw the object and label it O.

[3]

(ii) Ring all of the following distances that are equal to the focal length of the lens.

AB AC CB 2AB

[2]

(5 marks)

(b) Fig. 7.2 shows green light passing through a triangular glass block.

Red light enters the triangular glass block shown in Fig. 7.2 along the same path as the
green light.

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(i) On Fig. 7.2, draw the path of the red light within the triangular glass block.
[1]
(ii) Fig. 7.3 shows green light passing through a rectangular glass block.
Red light enters the rectangular glass block shown in Fig. 7.3 along the same path
as the green light.

On Fig 7.3 draw the path of the red light within the rectangular glass block.

[1]
(iii) On Fig 7.3 draw the path of the red light after leaving the rectangular glass block.
[1]

(3 marks)

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3 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows a mirror periscope. The periscope is used to view a golfer over the heads
of other people. The periscope has two plane mirrors each at an angle of 45° to the
vertical.

(i) On Fig. 6.1:

1. Continue the ray of light from the golfer towards the upper mirror of the
periscope.
2. Draw and label the normal at the point where the ray strikes the mirror.

[1]

(ii) On Fig. 6.1, continue the ray of light after reflection at the upper mirror until it
leaves the periscope.
[1]

(iii) State the law of reflection used to deduce the position of the ray of light after
striking the mirrors.
[1]

(b) Fig. 6.2 shows three rays of red light each entering a semi-circular glass block.

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Using the information in Table 6.1, draw on Fig. 6.2 to complete the path of each ray of
red light.

(3 marks)

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4 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows an arrangement of glass prisms inside a box. The angles of the prisms are
45°, 45° and 90°.

This is a device used to view objects that are behind a wall.

The incident ray of light undergoes total internal reflection in the prisms.

On Fig. 6.1, complete the path of the ray through the device and show the ray as it
emerges from the box.

(3 marks)

(b) Show that the refractive index of glass with a critical angle of 45° is 1.41.

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5 (a) Fig. 8.1 is a partially completed ray diagram.

The object is at O and its image is at I.

Which distance is the focal length of the lens? Tick one box.

□ C to F1

□ O to C

□ F2 to I

□ O to I

(1 mark)

(b) On Fig. 8.1, extend the two rays from the arrowhead on the object until both reach the
position of the image.

(3 marks)

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(c) The object is moved a small distance away from the lens. State the effect, if any, this has
on the position and size of the image.

(2 marks)

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6 (a) Fig. 8.1 shows a ray of light travelling through a glass block and then reflecting from a
mirror.

State the term used for the dashed lines drawn in Fig. 8.1.

(1 mark)

(b) Use Fig. 8.1 to identify the three angles in the list. Place the correct letter in the box to
indicate each angle.

□ angle of incidence

□ angle of reflection

□ angle of refraction

(3 marks)

(c) The ray of light in Fig. 8.1 changes direction as it enters the glass block. State the name of
this effect and explain why it happens.

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7 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows part of the ray diagram of a lens being used as a magnifying glass.

Three rays are shown coming from the top of an object O.

The points labelled F are one focal length from the lens.

Fig. 5.1

State the name of the type of lens shown in Fig. 5.1.

(1 mark)

(b) Describe what happens to the ray of light R:

• as it enters the lens ...........................................................................

• as it leaves the lens. ..........................................................................

(2 marks)

(d) Underline all of the words in the list that describe the image formed in (c).

inverted upright real virtual

(1 mark)

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8 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows light in air, incident on the side of a rectangular glass block at an angle of
60°.

Fig. 5.1

The refractive index of the glass is 1.6. The light travels in the glass and is incident on
side XY at P.

Underline all the terms that describe a wave of light.

electromagnetic longitudinal radioactive transverse

(1 mark)

(b) At the point where the light enters the glass, the angle of refraction is r.

Calculate angle r.

r = ........................................................ °

(2 marks)

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(c) (i) Calculate the critical angle c for light travelling in the block.
c = ........................................................ ° [2]

(ii) At P, the angle θ between the ray and the normal is given by θ = 90° – r.

State and explain what happens to the light when it is incident on side XY.
[2]

(4 marks)

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Hard Questions
1 (a) A laser produces a beam of monochromatic light. State what is meant by the term
monochromatic.

(1 mark)

(b) A wave, in air, is incident on a glass block. Fig. 7.1 shows the wavefronts at the air-glass
boundary. The arrow shows the direction of travel of the wavefronts.

The wave undergoes reflection and refraction at the air-glass boundary.

On Fig. 7.1 draw:

(i) the wavefronts of the reflected wave

[3]

(ii) the wavefronts of the refracted wave.

[3]

In the space below, sketch a diagram to show the appearance of the rope as the wave
passes along it. Label two important features of the wave.

(2 marks)

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2 (a) Fig. 6.1 represents the electromagnetic spectrum.

State the radiation in each of the regions represented by A, B, C and D in Fig. 6.1.

(2 marks)

(b) A source emits visible light.

Fig. 6.2 shows a ray of red light from the source incident on the face XY of a glass prism
at point S.

The angle of incidence i of the ray is 35 °. The refractive index of the glass for red light is
1.5.

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(i) Calculate the angle of refraction in the glass at S.

angle of refraction = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) On Fig. 6.2, draw the refracted ray at face XY and the ray emerging from face XZ of
the
prism. Label this ray R.
[2]

(iii) A ray of blue light follows the same path as the ray of red light incident on the face
XY.

On Fig. 6.2, draw the path of this ray in the prism and emerging from the prism.

Label this ray B.

[2]

(6 marks)

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3 (a) Fig. 7.1 shows red light travelling from air into a prism made of diamond. The path of the
red light is incomplete.

The refractive index of diamond is 2.42.

Calculate angle x.

angle x = .........................................................

(2 marks)

(b) Explain the term total internal reflection.

(3 marks)

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(c) The angle y is greater than the critical angle of diamond.

On Fig. 7.1, draw the path of the red light through and out of the prism after point A.

(2 marks)

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4 (a) Fig. 7.1 shows a ray of light in water that is incident on a submerged, transparent plastic
block.

State what happens to the speed of light as it enters the plastic block. Explain your
answer.

(2 marks)

(b) Fig. 7.2 shows the two principal focuses F1 and F2 of a thin converging lens.

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Fig. 7.2 also shows an object O of height 1.2cm placed close to the lens. Two rays from
the tip of the object O are incident on the lens.

(i) On Fig. 7.2, continue the paths of these two rays for a further distance of at
least 5 cm.
[2]

(ii) Using your answer to (b)(i), find and mark on Fig. 7.2 the image I of object O
and label this image.
[2]

(iii) Determine the height of image I.

height = ...........................................................[1]

(iv) State and explain whether I is a real image or a virtual image.

[1]

(6 marks)

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5 (a) Fig. 7.1 shows a ray of light striking a plane mirror at point P.

(i) Determine the value of the angle of incidence for the ray of light at point P.

angle of incidence = ...................................................... ° [1]

(ii) On Fig. 7.1,

draw a normal at point P

draw the ray reflected at point P
determine the angle of reflection at point P.

angle of reflection = ...................................................... ° [3]

(4 marks)

(b) Fig. 7.2 shows an object OB positioned 20cm from a thin converging lens. Both principal
focuses of the lens are labelled F.

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Two rays from the tip B of the object are incident on the lens, as shown in Fig. 7.2.

On Fig. 7.2, continue the paths of these two rays to show the position of the image of OB
formed by the lens. Draw an arrow to show the size, position and orientation of the
image of OB.

(4 marks)

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6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows a ray of red light incident on part of a lens.

(i) On Fig. 6.1, continue the path of the ray as it passes through the lens and
emerges from it.
[2]

(ii) State the term used to describe the process as the ray enters and leaves the
lens.
[1]

(3 marks)

(b) Fig. 6.2 shows two parallel rays of light travelling towards another lens.

The two rays of light pass through the lens to form an image.

On Fig. 6.2, continue the path of the rays. Extend the rays for at least 5 cm beyond the

(2 marks)

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7 (a) A ray of light in air is incident on a glass block. The light changes direction.

State

(i) the name of this effect.

[1]

(ii) the cause of this effect.

[1]

(2 marks)

(b) Fig. 5.1 shows a thin converging lens of focal length 3.5cm.

(i) On Fig. 5.1, mark each of the two principal focuses and label each with the
letter F.
[1]

(ii) An object O of height 4.4cm is placed a distance of 7.5cm from the lens.

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On Fig. 5.1, draw rays from the tip of the object O to locate the image. Draw
and label the image.
[3]

(i) Determine the height of the image.

height of the image = ...........................................................[1]

(iv) State and explain whether the image is real or virtual.

[1]

(6 marks)

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8 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows a visible spectrum focused on a screen by passing light from a source of
white light through a lens and a prism.

(i) State the name of the process that separates the colours in white light.
[1]

(ii) State the colour of the light on the screen at points A and B.
[1]

(iii) State the property of the glass of the prism that causes white light to be split
into the different colours of the spectrum.

[1]

(3 marks)

(b) Extended
Fig. 5.2 shows a section of an optical fibre in air. A ray of light is incident on the fibre wall
at X.

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(i) On Fig. 5.2, continue the path of the ray of light up to the end of the fibre.
[1]

(ii) The refractive index of the material of the fibre is 1.46. Calculate the critical
angle of the material of the fibre.

critical angle = ...........................................................[2]

(iii) State two uses of optical fibres.

[2]

(5 marks)

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O Level Cambridge Physics 2 hours 15 questions

Theory Questions

3.4 Sound
Sound Waves / Properties of Sound Waves / Reflection of Sound Waves /
Measuring the Speed of Sound / Ultrasound

Easy (5 questions) /49 Scan here to return to the course

or visit savemyexams.com
Medium (5 questions) /34

Hard (5 questions) /43

Total Marks /126

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Easy Questions
1 (a) A healthy human ear can hear a range of frequencies.

Three frequency ranges are shown.

Draw a ring around the range for a healthy human ear.

0 Hz − 20 Hz 10 Hz − 10 000 Hz 20 Hz − 20 000 Hz

(1 mark)

(b) Explain the meaning of the term ultrasound.

(2 marks)

(c) A student listens to two different sounds, P and Q.

The two different sounds are represented on a computer screen on the same scale.

Fig. 8.1 shows the screens.

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State and explain how sound P is different from sound Q.

(3 marks)

Complete each sentence. Choose a term from each box.

(i)

Sound travels as .............................................. wave.

[1]

(ii)

A loud sound has a large .............................................. .

[1]

(iii)

A student listens to two sounds. The sound with the higher frequency has a
higher .............................................. .
[1]

(3 marks)

(b) Explain what is meant by the term ultrasound.

Complete each sentence.

Sound is produced when an object .............................. .

An echo is produced when sound is .............................. from a hard surface.

Compared with a quiet sound, a loud sound always has a greater ........................... .

Compared with a high pitched sound, a low pitched sound always has a smaller
....................... .

Waves transfer energy without transferring ................................ .

(5 marks)

(b) State the meaning of the term ultrasound.

(1 mark)

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4 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows crests of a sound wave after reflection from a solid surface.

Fig 6.1

In Fig. 6.1, draw three crests of the incident wave.

(3 marks)

(b) Tick four statements in the list below that are false for a sound wave that is audible to a
healthy human ear.

The wave is longitudinal. □

The wave is transverse. □

The frequency of the wave is 1 Hz. □

The frequency of the wave is 1 kHz. □

The frequency of the wave is 1 MHz. □

The wave travels in a vacuum. □

The wave could travel in aluminium. □

(1 mark)

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5 (a) The speed of sound waves can be measured in different ways.

State a reasonable value for the speed of sound in air which the calculations resulting
from any experimental method should find.

(2 marks)

(b) One method to find the speed of sound in air involves two people who stand a distance
apart and then measure the time a sound takes to travel between them, as shown in Fig.
1.

(i) For this investigation, complete the sentences describing the method.

1. Two people stand a distance of at least _____ apart.

2. The distance between them is measured using a _______

3. One person has two wooden blocks, which they bang together above
their head.

4. The second person has a _______ which they start when they see the first
person banging the blocks together and stops when they hear the
sound.

5. This is then ________ several times and an ______ is taken for the time.

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[5]
(ii) State the equation used to calculate the speed of sound following this
investigation.
[1]

(6 marks)

(i) For this investigation, complete the sentences describing the method.

1. A person stands at least _____ away from a wall

2. The distance is measured using a ______

3. The person claps two wooden blocks together and listens for the echo.

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4. A second person has a stopwatch and starts timing when they hear the
_____ and stops timing when they hear the ______

5. This is then ________ several times and an ______ is taken for the time.

[6]
(ii) State the equation used to calculate the speed of sound following this
investigation.
[1]

(7 marks)

(d) A third method to find the speed of sound in air uses as oscilloscope, as shown in Fig. 3.

(i) For this investigation, complete the sentences describing the method.

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1. Two ______ are connected to an oscilloscope and placed about _______
apart

2. A ______ is used to measure the distance

3. The oscilloscope is set up so that it triggers when the _______

microphone detects a sound

4. The time base is adjusted so that the sound arriving at both

microphones can be seen on the screen

5. Two wooden blocks are used to make a large clap next to the ______
microphone

6. The oscilloscope is then used to determine the ________ between the

sound arriving at each microphone

7. This is __ several times and an _ time difference calculated

[8]
(ii) Complete the equation used to calculate the speed of sound following this
investigation.
...................
speed of sound =
...................
[2]

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Medium Questions
1 (a) Fig. 8.1 shows a tuning fork and a wooden block.

(i) The tuning fork is hit against the wooden block and then makes a sound.

Describe how the tuning fork produces the sound.

[1]

(ii) The tuning fork produces a sound with a frequency of 659Hz.

State whether a healthy human ear can hear this frequency of sound.

Explain your answer.

[2]

(3 marks)

(b) Fig. 8.2 represents the sound wave produced by a tuning fork.

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A second tuning fork produces a different sound.

Compared with the sound represented in Fig. 8.2, this sound is quieter and has half the
frequency.

On Fig. 8.2, draw the wave to show the sound produced by the second tuning fork.

(2 marks)

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2 (a) A vibrating source on a ship produces a sound wave that travels through the ocean. The
wave produced is a longitudinal wave.

Explain what is meant by the term longitudinal wave.

(3 marks)

(b) The frequency of the sound wave is 800Hz.

(i) The speed of sound in air is 330m/s.

State a typical value for the speed of sound in a liquid.

[1]

(ii) Using your value from (b)(i), calculate the wavelength of the sound wave in
the ocean.

wavelength = ...........................................................[2]

(3 marks)

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3 (a) A boat race starts on the sea, but close to land. Fig. 9.1 shows the boats at the start of
the race.

On the land, a cannon produces a loud bang to start the race. There is a flash of light at
the same time as the bang.

(i) At the start of the race, the sailors watch for the flash of light from the
cannon.

Suggest why the sailors watch for the flash of light rather than listen for the
bang.

[1]

(ii) One of the sailors is 500 m from the cannon. She measures a time difference
of 1.6 seconds between seeing the flash of light and hearing the bang.

Calculate the speed of sound.

speed of sound = ................................................ m/s [3]

(iii) The value of the speed of sound obtained in (a)(ii) is lower than expected.

Suggest a reason for this difference.

[1]

(b) The race is held close to a part of the coast with high cliffs. A sailor hears a second bang
shortly after the first bang.

State the term for the second bang and explain how it is produced.

(2 marks)

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4 (a) Complete the sentences about sound. Use words from the box above each sentence.

(i) glows reflects refracts vibrates

Sound is produced when a source ..............................................

[1]

(ii) electromagnetic longitudinal transverse

Sound waves are .............................................. waves.

[1]

(iii) metal vacuum liquid

Sound waves cannot travel through a ..............................................

[1]

(3 marks)

(b) Humans, elephants, mice and dolphins have different hearing ranges. Fig. 8.1 shows the
hearing range for each type of animal.

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(i) State the lowest frequency of sound that can be heard by mice.
.......................Hz [1]

(ii) State the highest frequency of sound that can be heard by elephants.
.......................Hz [1]

(iii) Explain how the chart shows that elephants can hear some sounds that
humans cannot hear.
[2]

(iv) State the term given to the high frequencies that dolphins can hear but
humans cannot hear.
[1]

(5 marks)

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5 (a) Fig. 6.1 represents a sound wave of wavelength 0.45m travelling from left to right.

Extended
On Fig. 6.1:

(i) at the centre of a compression, mark a cross and label it C.

[1]

(ii) at the centre of a rarefaction, mark a cross and label it R.

[1]

(iii) draw a double-headed arrow to represent a distance of 0.90 m.

[1]

(3 marks)

(b) The frequency of the wave is 750 Hz.

Calculate the speed of the wave.

speed = ...........................................................

(1 mark)

(d) Another type of wave that consists of compressions and rarefactions is ultrasound.

(i) State one other similarity between sound of frequency 750 Hz and
ultrasound.
[1]

(ii) State one way in which sound of frequency 750 Hz is different from
ultrasound.
[1]

(2 marks)

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Hard Questions
1 (a) Fig. 8.1 shows a student listening to the sound produced by a tuning fork.

(i) State how the tuning fork produces the sound.

[1]

(ii) Complete the following sentence. Choose a word from the box.

A sound wave is .............................................................

[1]

(iii) A loudspeaker produces a sound with a frequency of 25 kHz.

A student with healthy ears cannot hear this sound. Explain why.
[2]

(b) Fig. 8.2 represents a sound wave travelling in air.

(i) The air particles are moving. On Fig. 8.2, draw two arrows in opposite
directions to show the movement of the air particles.
[1]

(ii) Use Fig. 8.2 to determine the wavelength of the sound wave.

wavelength = ...................................................... cm [1]

(2 marks)

(c) Describe a method of using water waves to demonstrate refraction.

(4 marks)

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2 (a) This question is about measuring the speed of sound in air.

A student stands in front of a large wall. She hits a drum and hears an echo. Fig. 8.1
shows the position of the student and the wall.

(i) State the name of a piece of equipment for measuring the distance from the
student to the wall.
[1]

(ii) Explain how sound forms an echo.

[1]

(2 marks)

(b) The student hits her drum repeatedly once per second. She walks away from the wall
and listens for the echo. When the student is 170m from the wall she hears the echo
from one beat of the drum at the same time as the next beat of the drum.

Use this information to determine the speed of sound. State the unit.

speed = ..........................................................

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3 (a) A source of sound has frequency f. Sound of wavelength λ is produced by the source.

(i) State what is meant by the frequency of the source.

[1]
(ii) State the distance moved, in terms of the wavelength, λ by a wavefront
during n oscillations of the source.
[1]

(2 marks)

(b) Use your answers from part (a) to derive the wave equation.

(3 marks)

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Each 1 cm division on the horizontal axis of the c.r.o. screen represents 2.0 ms.

Determine the frequency of the sound wave.

(2 marks)

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4 (a) An ultrasound medical scanning device generates ultrasound waves at a frequency of 2.5
MHz.

The speed of ultrasound in air = 350 m/s

The speed of ultrasound in the soft tissues of the body = 1550 m/s.

Explain why the speed of ultrasound in soft tissue is faster than in air.

(3 marks)

(b) Calculate the wavelength of the ultrasound waves emitted as they pass through

(i) Air
[3]
(ii) Soft tissue
[1]

(4 marks)

(c) Shorter wavelengths allow for higher resolution, meaning that more and smaller details
can been imaged using ultrasound.

Use your knowledge of sound and other waves to explain why radiologists may not use
the shortest wavelengths possible when scanning patients.

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5 (a) The text describes the process by which scientists worked towards the current accepted
value for the speed of sound.

Read the text then answer the questions relating to it.

Measuring the speed of sound in air

After the wave nature of sound had been identified, many attempts were made to
1
measure its speed in air.
The earliest known attempt was made by the French scientist Gassendi in the 17th
century.
Gassendi timed the interval between seeing the flash of a gun and hearing the bang
from some distance away.
He assumed that, compared with the speed of sound, the speed of light is infinite.
5 Gassendi concluded that the speed of sound was 480 m/s.
A much better value of 350 m/s was obtained by the Italian physicists Borelli and
Viviani using the same procedure.
In 1738 a value of 332 m/s was obtained by scientists in Paris.
This is remarkably close to the currently accepted value considering the measuring
equipment available to the scientists at that time.
In 1740 another Italian, Bianconi, showed that sound travels faster when the
temperature of the air is greater.
10 Since 1986 the accepted value for the speed of sound has been 331.29 m/s at 0 °C.

Explain why Gassendi needed to assume that ‘compared with the speed of sound, the
speed of light is infinite’ (line 4).

(2 marks)

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(b) Use Gassendi’s value for the speed of sound (line 5) to calculate the time between seeing
the flash of a gun and hearing the sound if the observer was standing 2.5 km from the
gun.

time = ____________________ s

(3 marks)

(c) The value obtained by Borelli and Viviani is described as being ‘much better’ than that
obtained by Gassendi (line 6).

Explain why modern writers would judge this result as 'much better'.

(1 mark)

(d) The passage refers to Bianconi's discovery that the speed of sound in air depends on
temperature (line 9).

The equation to find the speed of sound in dry air can be written

c = k (θ + 273 . 15)

Where θ is the temperature in °C, and k is a constant.

Calculate a value for k using data from the passage. You do not need to give units for k.

(4 marks)

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O Level Cambridge Physics 2 hours 17 questions

Theory Questions

2.2 Thermal
Properties &
Temperature
Thermal Expansion / Specific Heat Capacity / Investigating Specific Heat Capacity /
Melting, Boiling & Evaporation / Evaporation

Easy (5 questions) /37 Scan here to return to the course

or visit savemyexams.com
Medium (7 questions) /42

Hard (5 questions) /45

Total Marks /124

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Easy Questions
1 (a) Equal volumes of steel, oil and hydrogen are heated from 20 °C to 60 °C.

Their volumes increase by thermal expansion.

State which of these substances has the greatest increase in volume.

(1 mark)

(b) Fig. 7.1 shows a liquid-in-glass thermometer.

(i) State the temperature reading on the thermometer.

[1]
(ii) State the temperature range of the thermometer.
[1]
(iii) State the values of the fixed points of the Celsius scale of temperature.
[1]

(3 marks)

(c) The liquid-in-glass thermometer uses the thermal expansion of mercury.

State and explain one other application or consequence of thermal expansion.

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2 (a) Describe, in terms of molecules, what happens when a liquid evaporates.

(4 marks)

(b) Fig. 4.1 shows wet clothes drying on a washing line in an outside area.

State two changes in the weather that help the wet clothes to dry more quickly.

(2 marks)

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3 (a) Liquids and gases are two states of matter.

In both boiling and evaporation, a liquid changes into a gas.

(i) State two ways in which boiling differs from evaporation.

[2]
(ii) Before injecting a patient, a doctor wipes a small amount of a volatile liquid
on to the patient’s skin.

Explain, in terms of molecules, how this procedure cools the patient’s skin.
[4]

(6 marks)

(b) Gases can be compressed but liquids are incompressible.

Explain, in terms of molecules, why liquids are incompressible.

(2 marks)

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4 (a) Explain, in terms of molecules, how thermal expansion takes place in a liquid.

(2 marks)

(b) Table 1.1 shows the relative expansion of solids and gases for equal volumes at equal
pressures for equal temperature rises, when compared to a liquid.

state of matter expansion compared to liquids

solid
gases

Table 1.1

Complete the table by choosing words from the following list:

much less slightly less slightly more much more

(2 marks)

(c) State one use of thermal expansion.

(1 mark)

(d) Metal railway tracks, road surfaces and bridges can all suffer thermal expansion in high
temperatures.

State one way that engineers minimise this issue in their design of such structures.

(1 mark)

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5 (a) State what is meant by specific heat capacity.

(2 marks)

(b) A student uses the equipment shown in Fig. 1.1 to determine the specific heat capacity of
aluminium.

The student took the following readings:

mass of aluminium block = 0.796 kg

energy supplied = 18 792 J

State the other readings that the student needs to take.

(1 mark)

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(c) Fig. 1.2 shows the reading before the heater was switched on. Fig. 1.3 shows the reading
at the end of the investigation.

Calculate the change in temperature.

(3 marks)

(d) Use the information from (b) and (c) to calculate the specific heat capacity of aluminium.

Give the correct units in your answer.

(4 marks)

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Medium Questions
1 (a) State three factors that determine the rate of evaporation of water.

(3 marks)

(b) A person climbs out of a swimming pool and stands in the open air.

Explain why the evaporation of water from the surface of the person’s body causes the
person to feel cold.

(2 marks)

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2 (a) The arrows on Fig. 5.1 represent changes of state.

One of the arrows is labelled. Label each of the other arrows with the correct change of
state. Write the change of state on the dotted lines next to each arrow.

(3 marks)

(b) A beaker contains some liquid with a low boiling point. The beaker is placed onto a small
amount of water, as shown in Fig. 5.2.

The liquid in the beaker evaporates quickly. The water on the bench cools and turns to
ice.

Explain why the water cools.

3 In a laboratory at normal room temperature, 200 g of water is poured into a beaker. A

thermometer placed in the water has a reading of 22 °C.

Small pieces of ice at 0 °C are added to the water one by one. The mixture is stirred after
each addition until the ice has melted. This process is continued until the temperature
recorded by the thermometer is 0 °C.

The total mass of ice added to the water is found to be 60 g.

The specific heat capacity of water is 4.2J/(g °C).

Calculate the energy transferred from the water's thermal energy store originally in the
beaker.

thermal energy = ...........................................................

(2 marks)

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4 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows a plastic cup. The cup contains sand, an electric heater and a
thermometer.

The power of the heater is 50 W. The mass of the sand in the cup is 550 g. The initial
temperature of the sand is 20 °C. The heater is switched on for 2.0 minutes.

The temperature is recorded until the temperature stops increasing. The highest
temperature recorded by the thermometer is 33 °C.

(i) Calculate the energy supplied by the heater.

energy = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) Calculate a value for the specific heat capacity of the sand, using your answer
to (a)(i) and the data in the question.

specific heat capacity = ......................................................... [3]

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(iii) Explain why the specific heat capacity of sand may be different from the
value calculated in (a)(ii).

[2]

(7 marks)

(b) On a sunny day, the temperature of the sand on a beach is much higher than the
temperature of the sea.

Explain why.

(2 marks)

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5 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows apparatus used by a student to measure the specific heat capacity of iron.

The student improves the accuracy of the experiment by placing material around the
block, as shown in Fig. 4.2.

(i) Suggest the name of a possible material the student could use and explain
how it improves the accuracy of the experiment.

[3]

(ii) State how the student could further improve the accuracy of the experiment
by using more of the material used in Fig. 4.2.

[1]

(b) The current in the heater is 3.8 A and the potential difference (p.d.) across it is 12 V. The
iron block has a mass of 2.0 kg. When the heater is switched on for 10 minutes, the
temperature of the block rises from 25 °C to 55 °C.

Calculate the specific heat capacity of iron.

specific heat capacity = ...........................................................

(4 marks)

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6 (a) A hot steel rod is cooled by plunging it into cold water, as shown in Fig. 3.1.

Fig 3.1

The steel rod has a mass of 2.0 kg and is initially at a temperature of 500°C. It cools to
50°C when placed in the water.

The specific heat capacity of steel is 460 J /(kg°C).

Calculate the thermal energy (heat) lost by the steel rod as it cools to 50°C.

thermal energy = .........................................................

(3 marks)

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(b) A small mass of water boils when the rod is placed in the water. The remaining water
then
cools to room temperature and some of it evaporates.

In both boiling and evaporation, water molecules escape into the air.

(i) State one way in which boiling is different from evaporation.

[1]

(ii) The rate of evaporation decreases as the water cools.

Explain why this happens, using ideas about molecules.

[2]

(3 marks)

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7 (a) One type of renewable energy source is shown in Fig. 4.1.

Fig. 4.1

State the name of the renewable energy source shown in Fig. 4.1

(1 mark)

(b) 1000 kg of cold water at a temperature of 20 °C is pumped down to the hot rocks.
The water returns partly as steam and partly as hot water.
The steam and the hot water are both at a temperature of 100 °C.

The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J / (kg °C).

(i) Calculate the energy needed to heat 1000 kg of water from 20 °C to 100 °C.

energy = ....................................................... J [2]

(ii) Explain why more energy is transferred when 1 kg of the steam cools to 20 °C than
when 1 kg of the hot water cools to 20 °C.
You should include a reference to the arrangement of particles in liquids and in
gases in your answer
[3]

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Hard Questions
1 (a) State and explain any effect on the sensitivity of a liquid-in-glass thermometer of
reducing the diameter of the capillary tube.

(2 marks)

(b) State and explain any effect on the sensitivity of a liquid-in-glass thermometer of
increasing the volume of the liquid-filled bulb.

(2 marks)

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2 (a) Gas of mass 0.23 g is trapped in a cylinder by a piston. The gas is at atmospheric
pressure which is 1.0 × 105 Pa. Fig. 4.1 shows the piston held in position by a catch.

The volume of the trapped gas is 1.9 × 10–4 m3.

An electrical heater is used to increase the temperature of the trapped gas by 550 °C.

The specific heat capacity of the gas is 0.72 J / (g °C).

(i) Calculate the energy required to increase the temperature of the trapped gas
by 550 °C.

energy = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) The power of the heater is 2.4 W.

1. Calculate how long it takes for the heater to supply the energy
calculated in (a)(i).

time = ......................................................... [2]

2. In practice, it takes much longer to increase the temperature of the gas

by 550 °C using the heater.

Suggest one reason for this.

[1]

(b) When the temperature of the gas has increased by 550 °C, its pressure is 2.9 × 105 Pa.
The catch is then released allowing the piston to move. As the piston moves, the
temperature of the gas remains constant.

(i) State and explain what happens to the piston.

[2]

(ii) Determine the volume of the gas when the piston stops moving.

volume = ......................................................... [3]

(5 marks)

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3 (a) A beaker contains some water at room temperature. A student places a mercury-in-glass
thermometer in the water with the bulb of the thermometer just beneath the surface of
the water.

Fig. 4.1 shows the arrangement.

The student uses an electric fan to blow air across the open top of the beaker. She
notices that the reading on the thermometer begins to decrease.

Explain, in terms of water molecules, why the temperature of the water at the surface
begins to decrease.

(3 marks)

(b) The student places the thermometer near the bottom of the beaker. The electric fan
continues to blow air across the top of the beaker.

After some time, the student observes that the temperature of the water at the bottom
of the beaker is decreasing.

State the name of the thermal transfer method causing this and explain what is
happening in the water.

(i) State what is meant by:

1. range
[1]
2. sensitivity
[1]

(ii) State and explain the effect on the range of the thermometer of using a
smaller bulb that contains less mercury.

[1]

(3 marks)

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4 (a) A group of students were given the equipment shown in Fig. 1.1 and were asked to
identify an unknown clear liquid by its specific heat capacity.

The students were provided with the unknown substance, an electric water bath, and
were allowed to use water from the tap.

Suggest why the students were given an electric water bath rather than a Bunsen burner.

(1 mark)

(b) List the quantities that the students must measure to determine the specific heat
capacity of the unknown liquid.

(3 marks)

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Substance Specific heat capacity (J/kg °C)
water 4190
ethanol 2460
salt water 3930
acetic acid 2180
glycerine 2430

Table 1.2

Suggest a method for measuring the energy transferred from the water bath to the
unknown substance.

(2 marks)

(d) The student recorded the following measurements.

Initial temperature of unknown substance = 22°C

Final temperature of unknown substance = 34°C
Mass of unknown substance = 0.41 kg
Energy transferred = 11 070 J

(i) Identify the unknown substance.

[4]

(ii) Suggest a reason why the value calculated is different to the value given in
the table.
[1]

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5 (a) The fizz in a soda bottle is caused by carbonation. When the soda is bottled, carbon
dioxide is added to the liquid to give it a fizzy taste. The carbon dioxide gas is kept in the
liquid by the pressure inside the bottle.

When the bottle of soda is opened, state what happens to the pressure inside the bottle
and why.

(2 marks)

A student is struggling with their revision and has sketched the following graph in Fig 1.1
to represent the change in temperature with volume for a gas at constant pressure.
(b)

Fig 1.1

(i) State the mistake made in the student's graph.

[2]

(ii) Sketch a new graph to show the correct relationship between temperature
and volume.
[2]

Fig 1.2

State from which mug the tea evaporates quicker. Explain why, in terms of the behaviour
of molecules and the process of evaporation.

(5 marks)

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O Level Cambridge Physics 1 hour 11 questions

Theory Questions

2.1 Kinetic Particle

Model of Matter
States of Matter / Particle Model / Temperature & Pressure / Gases & Absolute
Temperature

Easy (3 questions) /23 Scan here to return to the course

or visit savemyexams.com
Medium (6 questions) /38

Hard (2 questions) /19

Total Marks /80

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Easy Questions
1 (a) A student draws diagrams that represent three states of matter, as shown in Fig. 4.1.

Box B shows the arrangement of particles in a liquid.

(i) In box A, draw the arrangement of particles in a solid.

[1]

(ii) In box C, draw the arrangement of particles in a gas.

[1]

(2 marks)

(b) Write the correct term for each change of state below each arrow in Fig. 4.2.

Fig. 4.2

(2 marks)

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(c) A wet beaker is in a warm room. After several hours the beaker is dry.

State and explain what happens to the water. Use your ideas about molecules in your
answer.

(3 marks)

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2 (a) When a material is cooled or heated there may be a change of state.

Complete each statement by using words from the box. Each word can be used once,
more than once or not at all.

condensation evaporation freezing melting

The change from solid to liquid is called .....................................

The change from liquid to gas is called .....................................

The change from liquid to solid is called .....................................

The change from gas to liquid is called ..................................... .

(4 marks)

(b) A student heats a gas and keeps its volume constant.

State and explain the effect on the pressure of the gas. In your answer, use your ideas
about molecules.

(2 marks)

(b) Convert the following temperatures

(i) –93 °C into K

[2]

(ii) 428 K into °C

[2]

(4 marks)

solid liquid gas

(1 mark)

(d) In terms of its molecules, explain why the state of matter ringed in part (c) is the easiest
to expand.

(2 marks)

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Medium Questions
1 (a) Some gas molecules are in a box at room temperature.

Fig. 3.1 shows the position of some of the molecules and the direction of movement of
each molecule.

(i) Describe the movement of the gas molecules.

[2]

(ii) Describe how the molecules exert a pressure on the walls of the box.
[2]

(4 marks)

(b) The gas in Fig. 3.1 is cooled. The gas turns into a liquid then into a solid.

State how the average separation of molecules in the gas is different from the average
separation of molecules in the solid.

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2 (a) Describe the movement of the molecules in

(i) a solid.
[1]
(i) a gas.
[2]

(3 marks)

(b) Extended
A closed box contains gas molecules.

Explain, in terms of momentum, how the molecules exert a pressure on the walls of the
box.

(4 marks)

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3 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows a metal can containing air. The can is sealed with a lid.

The air in the can exerts a pressure of 20 000 N/m2 on the lid. The area of the can lid is
0.09 m2.

Calculate the force on the lid due to the air in the can.

force = ...................................................... N

(3 marks)

(b) The air in the can becomes warmer.

State and explain what happens to the pressure of the air in the can. Use your ideas
about gas molecules.

4 (a) Representing atoms by circles approximately the same size as in Fig. 4.1, sketch

(i) on Fig. 4.2, the arrangement of atoms in a crystalline solid,

[1]

(ii) on Fig. 4.3, the arrangement of atoms in a gas.

[1]

(2 marks)

(b) (i) Describe the motion of the atoms in a solid.

[1]
(ii) A sculptor makes a statue from a block of crystalline rock using a cutting tool.
Explain why he must apply a large force to the tool to remove a small piece of rock.
[2]

(3 marks)

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(c) A helium-filled balloon in the room of a house suddenly bursts.

State and explain, in terms of atoms, what happens to the helium from the balloon after
the balloon has burst.

(2 marks)

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5 (a) Match each description with the correct state of matter in Table 4.1.

Write the correct letter in Table 4.1.

A – Molecules move around freely and are far apart from each other.

B – Molecules vibrate about fixed positions.

C – Molecules move around randomly and are close to each other.

(3 marks)

(b) Some students heat water in a beaker. They measure the temperature every minute.
They heat the water for 8 minutes until it boils, and then continue to heat it for a further
5 minutes.

Describe and explain how the temperature of the water changes during the 13 minutes.

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6 (a) A passenger in an aircraft seals some air inside a plastic bag.

Fig. 3.1

Explain how the particles of air in the bag exert a pressure on the inside of the bag.

(2 marks)

(b) When the bag is closed, the pressure of the air inside the aircraft is 80 kPa and the bag
contains 500 cm3 of air.

(i) When the aircraft is on the ground, the pressure of the air inside the aircraft is 100
kPa.

Calculate the volume of air inside the bag when the aircraft is on the ground.

volume = ................................................... cm3 [2]

(ii) State one assumption that you made in your calculation in (i).

[1]

Sketch a line on Fig. 3.2 to show how the volume of the air changes as the pressure
increases.

Fig. 3.2

(2 marks)

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Hard Questions
1 (a) Describe qualitatively, in terms of particles, the effect on the pressure of a fixed mass of
gas in a container when there is:

(i) an increase in temperature at a constant volume

[2]
(ii) an increase in volume at a constant temperature
[2]

(4 marks)

(b) Table 1.1 gives a series of pressures and their corresponding volumes, obtained in an
experiment with a fixed amount of gas. The gas obeys the law for a fixed amount of gas
at a constant temperature.

pressure /
120 240 480 580 1160
kPa
volume / cm3 60 30 15 12.4 6.2

Table 1.1

(i) State the equation linking the pressure and volume at a constant
temperature
[1]
(ii) Determine whether these figures indicate that the temperature was constant
throughout the experiment.
[2]

(c) Air is trapped by a piston in a cylinder. The pressure of the air is 7.1 × 105 Pa. The
distance from the closed end of the cylinder to the piston is 48 mm.

The piston is pushed in until the pressure of the air has risen to 9.0 × 105 Pa.

Calculate how far the piston has moved.

(4 marks)

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2 (a) Fig 1.1 shows the graph showing how the volume changes with pressure for a gas at a
constant temperature

Fig 1.1

Sketch the graph for the same gas at a higher temperature.

(1 mark)

(b) Sketch the graph of

(i) 1
Pressure p against where V is the volume of a gas. Label this X.
V
[2]
(ii) The graph in part (i) but with the gas at a higher temperature. Label this Y.
[1]

(3 marks)

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(c) The piston in Fig 1.2 is pulled out of the cylinder from position A to position B, without
changing the temperature of the air enclosed. Position B is double the length of the
distance between position A and the end of the cylinder. The pressure when the piston is
at position A is 2.5 × 105 Pa.

Calculate the pressure when the piston is moved to position B.

(4 marks)

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O Level Cambridge Physics 2 hours 17 questions

Easy (5 questions) /39 Scan here to return to the course

Hard (6 questions) /57

Total Marks /130

(i) Fig. 4.2 shows the thermometer used in Fig. 4.1.

State the temperature shown on the thermometer.

temperature = .................................................... °C [1]

State the name given to this process.

(c) Thermal energy transfers throughout the water in the beaker.

Describe and explain how this happens.

(i) shiny silver surface

(c) Fig. 5.1 shows a car on a sunny day in a hot country.

dull black dull white shiny black shiny white

The heater is switched on.

(iii) Use a word from the box to complete the sentence.

conduction expansion insulation radiation

Thermal energy travels at the speed of light by .....................................

(b) The oven is in a kitchen that is fitted with a smoke detector.

Warm, moving air can carry smoke particles.

State the dependent and independent variables in this experiment.

(b) State two control variables in this investigation.

(b) Some materials are good conductors of thermal energy.

air aluminium copper glass plastic water

Describe an experiment to identify which material is the better conductor of thermal

You may draw a diagram in the space below.

(b) The plastic spoon is replaced by a metal spoon.

Calculate the loss of thermal energy from the liquid.

energy loss = .........................................................

Fig. 6.2 shows the temperatures in Tank A and Tank B.

temperature rise = .................................................... °C

The equipment is shown in Fig. 6.1.

Fig. 6.2 is a graph of the results from the investigation.

(i) in the first five minutes

State the colour of can Y.

Explain your answer.

Complete the sentence. Choose a word from the box.

Thermal (heat) energy moves through the metal can by ............................................

The results are shown in Fig. 2.2.

Describe how the convection current is produced.

A metal disc is attached to each plate using wax.

(i) Suggest the time at which the heater is switched off.

Air is a good ............................................ .

(ii) Explain your answer to (a)(i).

(i) Explain why this could be dangerous.

Molten iron must be in motion to generate a magnetic field.

3.1 General Properties

Easy (5 questions) /39 Scan here to return to the course

Hard (5 questions) /33

Total Marks /110

(i) State which angle w, x, y or z, is the angle of refraction.

(ii) Light is a transverse wave.

(i) Determine the wavelength of the sound wave.

wavelength of the sound wave = .................................................. cm [1]

Waves transfer ______ without transferring ______

(i) The frequency of the wave.

(c) A water wave is passing through a gap and being diffracted.

(d) Fig. 1.1 shows a water wave meeting a barrier.

(i) Determine the amplitude of the wave.

amplitude = .................................................. cm [1]

(ii) Determine the wavelength of the wave.

wavelength = .................................................. cm [2]

Calculate the frequency of the wave.

frequency = .................................................. Hz [2]

(i) Two of the regions are not labelled.

(ii) Describe one use of γ-rays.

(ii) Use Fig. 6.1 to measure the wavelength of the wave.

wavelength = ................................................... cm [1]

(b) (i) Place a tick in a box next to any transverse wave.

Sketch a representation of a longitudinal wave. On your sketch

• indicate and label a distance to show the wavelength,

State what happens to

(i) the frequency of the wave,

(c) State a typical value for the speed of sound in air.

State and explain, in terms of wavefronts, what happens to the light.

Calculate the refractive index of the glass.

refractive index = ...........................................................

Waves transfer without transferring