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In d e x
Name of the Experiment Page Date of Date of Remarks
S. No. Experiment Submission
No.
find focal ength 3 loloul24
d the enve leng.

2.Ex-2] To detenmine
nesi stivty tu
tuo or 4-6 16]o4 24
three we.

3. [Ex-3J To find neacie Sndext8 24lo4l2

o a ligid wsing Convex
Leng and alane mirro

4 Cer-4]t dnaw the I-v ove o 9-looslo5]24

a pon junchon in forwad and
Aeverse bias

s. [Ex-s]To tind esistane ota |-13 |o6]24

a given uie wsing meler brdge

6. CEx-6JTo vei e laus o Seie 46 (ot24

Comcination o neaistors wig
mete
oridye.
t. [Er-To delen. the neistamce ot 16-1

delechorn mehod amd to

rd its tune ot meit.
 objres
4
DAGRANRAY
S.Nb.

18.4

22.6 33-6 27-3 27.0 V

ncedle

.AIM Expt.
THEORY
eneuhights twe AnAPP
engithLen oLte
No.
To lo
istame =ui
Vdeng
focal f RATUSREQUIRED otial betweenaph find joyl24
thick)
distance nelatien the
EXPERIMENT-1
kmitting
a bench focal
cimage o between holde
with length
objeet with
Lenve
en. meedle
) three
tuue(central
ubrghts
lateal
needleneedle u,v
between or
1 a
anda ohtica
and convex
cacher's
ignaturn
tomoatial moenent),

am meteneedle
hal
o lens
chtical

centre
(ene a and by
cemvex
leng ubright
fined,
cenvex
think4
cale. þlothing

Jen.
 Date

Expt.No. Page No.

0BSERVATION
Roush focal lemgth ¢ the given Convex len = lo Cm

CALCULATION

caleudatienm tocal length by gnahical method.

Selectawtable but the SamaScale toebresent
u aleng -axis and aleng y-ais Aeeor ding td
Aign Cenventieg ,in thi case u ws negaive and vis
þositte. Plot vais points Jor diffenent ets
amd v yem ebsevatien table secend quadant
The qaph ceme aut to bea netanglas hyperbk
grahh between e and v.

Draw a line OA amale¢ ys° with eithen

malking
axis Cire., bisecing cYox) and making the cuve at þoint A.
DYad AB amd Ac benpendi Mespechey
The Value or point A. Se
the points A must be (2f, 2s) because
a ConVe Lengohen

Hence OR oc= Oß=2f

and

Mean value

Teacher's SignaBura
 Date 16loyl24
Page No.4
Expt. No,

EXPERIMENT-2
twe or three wies by plothng
AIM
Ket -To Aetenmine 1esisivity
diffeence VCunent
Phesstet a grasho potemthal
APPRATUS REQUJRED
wnnoon oires nsistor$, Voltmte, Qmmere,
To
metne Scalsdand þaber
aheostat , þlug keg
Cemnecting ire.

THEORY
untnon esistence Ohm's lawtotes that electric Cusent howing through
Cirait Diagram a ine i_ directy proportienal to the botetal difference
end
L ’ Cunent
V ’ Potetial diffenence acres the end.
VI
V =RL
R’ esistamce Conducte.

Resistamce Rdebendi wheni

) material o the ie
2) length
3) Areo

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 Date

Page No.
Expt. No.
D8SErVATCN TABLC

2.2
2

"RESULT
The nesisiv1ty ¢ given wine i 3 Xlo*m
mPLCxCSR
S-. Total Rendingm)
4. 55

2. 0+o-00) ×SS= Oao55

L.C= OOolCn

cOLCULA TION

Toochor's Signoturn _
 Expt

wire-2(l= 37m)
S.No. Valtmete Ammeter lA) Resistamnce (e)
(

1.
2.
|.2
3. O-6
|.2

S. 1.3

CALCULATION

1:2 3.l4 lo.os Sx lo?)

R)-2
37

53.0X ( o m
34
 d-812

Expt

Teacher's Signature
 Dots 24ovl24
Expt. No, Page io. 7

obtical
neele
EXPERIMENT-3
AIM

Cevex Lensand alone mine

APPARATUS
A Convex Lens , A plame mineu , clean tramspanent
opbcal needle , am ien and
Convex LCns Stomd
uth bae and clanh anemge@nt ptamp lina
aphencnnete hal meterScale, c
THEORY
3 fad f be the tacal length glass Camvex lend
and Liid lendamd Ebe the acal length a hein
Cemnbictien then,

iquid leng kenmedis a alanoecencave lems usth

R,=R.Rs Lemg mase

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 Date

Expt. No. Page No.

O-TVGMEIAXE
O8SERVATION
R

)Table for distance of needle tib omm lems ond mo.

n= l + R
Distance needle

uttng Yalue n cam be calculated

without 9.6 cm
Lauid RESULT

14-9
RF= Snaqe distaonee alter iqid
14.9 cm 9.6
Louid Smaae distance bafore liquid
IPRECAUTIONS :
The iqud takem shnauld be tramhanent
Say tew d d Liguid should be taken äo that
its layen is ot thick.
CALCULATiON The paallax shauld be Memaved ti tt tib.

SoURCEs 0f ERROR :
not be quite tramspanent.
The hanalax not be uly emget

Teocher's Signature
 Dato 0slos2y

Pteial Expt. No. Page No. 9

Divder

3
AIM
EXPERIMENT -4
aeverIe biag.

P-n umchon diode -fovwond biascd APPARATUS REAUIRED

IA p-n jmcten diode , a3 Valt batery, a sov batexy a high
eistane heostat one o-3 Valt Vltmete,eme o- Volt
O-lo mA ammete, ne
uines and pieces d samd paper
THEORY

Forwad - bias chaacteishes.

P Iwhen the p- sectiorm o he diode is Connected to þosithe
teminal d a batey and n-sethen i Conneted to negaive
Aeminal 4 the batey them jumchiem i wsed te be torwasd
biased.The value c torad bias, Voltage, at which he
vwwww
toruonsd Cusnent inereases Hapdly s Called Cut im iltage
or hresnld voltage.

Reverse - bias chanactesüstics:

when the p- seion he diode ii (onnected to negative
teminal d high Voltage batery amd n- sectien the diode.

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 Dato

Expt. No. Page No. lo

O8SERVAT -TVHM1AI9X3
or fomwctd - bias Voltage ond torwasd Cuuerd.
s Conne cted to posiive
umctiom is aid to be
teminal
neverie
the ame baHey
oiased.The voltage
bxeakdown d jumchen diode occuns Csuddenyz lange Cuent
then
at which
* Table
tow). is called zenen breakdoton Voltage DY invexse Voltage.
S.No. Voltage Cv) Current (A)Ramse Voltreter o-1V
least Count o VolHmeter O02V RESULT
"2e eror o Voltneler o Tthe I-V change wene a expected om heory.
4.4 "Ranse miliommler = o somA
6 "Least Count a wiliammler 1mA PRECAUTION

6
6.2.
6-4
6 "zerd evvor wilgmeen = 0 4. All Lonnecion should be neat ,cleon and
tight.
2. key should be used im Cirait and olpemed uwhe'n the Ciruit
is not being wsed.
3. Foruaxd- biai Voltage beynd breakdou should nok be ahblied.
4. Rerense -bias Valta_e beynd breakdoon shaud not be abbied.
SoURCEOf ERROR
* Table or evense - bicd Votase aud bactwcd 1.he
junction diode upliel may be fauly
S.No. Vollage (v)
10 1-2
24 20 2.4 Range Vohncle o-loV
30 3.8 *least Cont 2V

7:6
9.6

F.B
 Date

Page No.
Expt. No.

Resistae box Untnounn Resistane

EXPERIMENT -5
AIM
o find the esistane of o giea wire
wsing m e t e
bidge
APPARATUS
1esistance wine,
G Galvanometer Heter bxidge , battey galvamamete
wiYes.
Cermecting
THEORY
The meter bridge coenates wnder wbettene bridge
loTD Cendiin Sn the balancing Cenditien, thene is
3o 6o
deectiem en the galvamomeey
(2 (Ioo-)

he mete bridaealso knoun as thelide wine

biidge, Consist of a Lm long uine of nieC-s.A
Sixed wGodem block ane tatmed en it
Melex rdge |Sing thick
a

metalas in order to make the

heatstene
The terminal
aidge. the gaas is used to Cennect the
galvamamete and

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 Dato

Expt. No. Page Na. 12

ts the tockeyslides ove the wine Ac, it haus

O8SERV PmON TABLE -
delecien at a balancing poimt null point ).
|4 the lemgth AD i I h e n lenghDe s lsD-"
Resistane of length of e length of Live Unknon now the unknoneSistance Cam
or umknown R
S.No. bo x (ohnn) Aor box (Cm) Resstan
be Cal culated by i

3 OBSERVAT\ON
Range of the bateg elimintor =
length o ire ( Ewneka) =
CALCULATION: RESULT
The esistance o he qiven ire =
PRECAUTIONS
A..All the Cemnein and blks should be tight.
Jockey should be moved gem
3.he plug should be inseted en at the tibme
tadking Seading
Null point shauld be in the middle o he wine
(4s-SS cm)
S.The uoireShald not make a Looe.
6. Set Squane should be wsed to sote null point to
avoid eor o panallax
Teacher's Signature
 SoURCES Of ERROR
4 The meer bridge may not be o¢ wigerm amea c
Cross- Section.
2. S34et o end esistance due to Copper is,
the measLLeent.
Lemecing screu may aet
3 The lenth the uire should not inelude the
Lemath oela the tenminals when þlaced in aa blw Ac.
4. The esistanee o ends meta ribs shculd
Should be

nealiaie.
inStrumert SYeuus may be LaDse.
 koridge
EXPERIMENT
-6 is
Coil
metex
Page
No ot Y Teacher's
Signaturs.
conibisratien e he
Date
K+
Lemath.af
aCistnce
balance Rs
point.
nes
otenies aockeytud
bok,
esistance hesisnce
the
Cennecting
Cnd
pte whentudesistnce
laus loo-)
R Cvnlbined
bridge. batte
ing
nnete aond
and HESistonceg
whene
the s
To
Veithe , aab
bridaepaper
FreeRd
thei
APPARATUS let
THEORY then
Metex-samd the
The
ptN AIM
 Date

Expt. No. Page No.

G-IVIMIAIYA
OBSERVA TON
OBSERVATION.
Least Count o mete Scale 1emm
TABLE =O1 Cm,

Resistance S.No. Resistamce in Hean ( RESULI

Col Resistance box CCm)
Pesistamee Nithin Linits o erpexinmnemtal eor exþeimemtal and
heor etical Values of Rs aHe 8ame.
S.olS) Hence, law of esistance
1 n Senies is Veiied.
So
6 S.o1J
PRECAUTION
1..Al the CEmneeiens and plugsshould be tight.
3992 2 ockey Shauld be moved
2 -
3.he plug Shauld be insested mly at the ime o
3. 3.99
taing poirt eading wire (45-ssa)
4.Nul Shauld be in the middle of the
S Set Squae Shoed be sed to note null point to avoid
4
3 S2.6

SOURCEs OF ERROR
4..he meter bridge may not be o nem aea

Rs (theore hcal) |Sechen.

Rs Cexpeirnentat) = 9. 2
Effect o Erd esistance due to Copper Strips Cemnechng
Screu may eect the meauenent.
CALCULATION - 3 The neisanee o end metal striks shauld be negl2gible
4,he instrument 8cYeuLs
mat be DSe.

Teacher's Signature
 Data

Expt. No.
Page No. 16

Res stsnie aahianarelk

AIM
EXPERIMENT -#
odetemine esistance of a gavanometer bt
hall deectem method amd to ind its aune o meit.
APPARA TUS.
Ghalvanemeter, ottrmeter, batte eistehse box,
2-es ehostat Cemneting wines.
ITHEORY
The meistamce a the gien galamtmettx as tound at
hal deechen method
Gh R.S
R-s
" luhene R is he nesistance Cemnected Seies uith
Hhe aalvamennte and s is the Shunt esistance

The o met ,

wheneE wthe e.m o the cell

dellectien pnoduced uith nesistanee R

he ma ximum Cnent that Can pass thaough the.

( galvanenee

Teacher's Signature
 S-No. S-Na.

Gohaeosx
staeRes
Resstace

Resistece 9alaraolc(s)
Deechon
TVIMESVI
Desteetion) Resstene
Resistnee
dellechon Sht

Hll

(R+)

GhalvanOmet

2
4.The3.The 1..he 4.Tniially3.The2.AlLthe 1. Expt.No
PRECAUTIONS
AL metex
SoURCE
ERROR Ofshauld Resistance
Fige RESULT whene
ug
The
emf the
galvamemeteemt Screuus n
be o Scale
Cemnectiens
plugs
a ot
n inhroduced high meit of
of ot Cell he
eistamce given
the h total
divisinbatey esistence en af nk
nstrumets esistamce
batexy
n shoul galvanmete
given ho.
boxes the
Teocher's
Signature
may of
may CirCuit
rm
should be
galvamem
not box neat , visienS.
not should ma the
be be
should ete.a
be be cleam
Censtant be
Cnthe Dete
o LoDSe esistance
lonttant. PageNo
t
equal tight. beamd
dipht galvamem:
size. box ight.
(R)
 Dato

Expt. No. Page No. 18

EXPERIMNT -8
AIM
TG detetnine the amgle o minimusm deviation tor a given
glas aism b plotting a qraahqraph blw the ågle
blw the
deviatien.
To detenmine the elactive index ot matenial Calasa)
the þrism,
APPARATUS
A dsauing boand ,a shet ot bojer, glas triangulax
hal -metex Scale, qrabh pahan and
prisn, þins, a halt
aotector.
THEORY

hbrking Hormula,
ngle o risn
Sin A + Dm Angle t minimum
deviatHon
2

Refnactie gndex Sin A)2

omaeiat

RESULT
The amale minimum deviatien, Dm
Relaactive index he matial og srism ,n =

Teacher's Signature
 Dato

Expt. No. Paye No. 19

PRECAUTIONS

The amale e inidene should lie blw 3s- 6o

Pins shald tix Ventitaly
Distance blw tuo pins shoud not be les than lomm.
Arrauss should be manked to nepresert the 'inident ad

Sone angle o rism shadd be used al time.

SOURCES OF ERROR

Pins pricka be tick

IMeosunememt amges mt be

Teacher's Signaiurs