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Grade 12 Physics Formulas

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4 views

Grade 12 Physics Formulas

Uploaded by

sharvesh5654
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Grade 12 Physics Formulas

Electric Charges and Fields

Formulas:
Coulomb's Law: F = (1 / 4πε₀) * (q₁ * q₂) / r²

Electric Field: E = F / q = k * q / r²

Electric Potential: V = k * q / r

Gauss's Law: εE . dA = Q / ₀

Important Points:
Coulomb's law explains the force between two charges.

Electric field is a vector quantity.

Gauss's Law is useful for calculating electric fields of symmetrical charge distributions.

Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

Formulas:
Potential Energy of a System of Charges: U = (1 / 2) * q * V

Capacitance: C = Q / V

Energy Stored in a Capacitor: U = (1 / 2) * C * V²

Important Points:
Capacitance depends on the size and geometry of the capacitor.

The energy stored in a capacitor increases with the square of the voltage.

Current Electricity

Formulas:
Ohm's Law: V = IR

Power in an Electric Circuit: P = VI = I²R = V² / R

Joule's Law of Heating: H = I²Rt


Important Points:
Ohm's law defines the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance.

Power dissipated in a resistor is given by Joule's Law.

Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

Formulas:
Biot-Savart Law: dB = (μ₀ / 4π) * (I * dl × r̂) / r²

Magnetic Field due to a Current in a Straight Wire: B = (μ₀ / 4π) * (2I / r)

Ampere's Law: ∮ B . dl = μ₀ * I

Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge: F = qvBsinθ

Important Points:
The Biot-Savart law describes the magnetic field generated by a current.

Ampere's law relates the magnetic field to the current passing through a conductor.

Electromagnetic Induction

Formulas:
Faraday's Law of Induction: ε = -dΦ/dt

Lenz's Law: The direction of induced current opposes the change in flux.

Induced EMF: ε = -L * dI/dt

Important Points:
Faraday's Law describes how changing magnetic flux induces an emf.

Lenz's Law ensures conservation of energy.

Alternating Current

Formulas:
Average Power in an AC Circuit: P = VIcosθ

RMS Value of Current: Iₓrms = I₀ / √2

Reactance of an Inductor: XL = ωL
Reactance of a Capacitor: XC = 1 / ωC

Important Points:
AC power depends on the phase difference between voltage and current.

RMS values are used to calculate equivalent steady current.

Electromagnetic Waves

Formulas:
Speed of Light: c = λν

Maxwell's Equations for Electromagnetic Waves

Important Points:
Electromagnetic waves propagate at the speed of light.

Maxwell’s equations describe how electric and magnetic fields propagate.

Optics

Formulas:
Lens Formula: 1/f = 1/v - 1/u

Magnification: M = h' / h = v / u

Rayleigh's Criterion: θ = 1.22 λ / D

Important Points:
The lens formula relates object distance, image distance, and focal length.

Rayleigh's criterion is used to find the resolving power of optical instruments.

Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

Formulas:
de Broglie Wavelength: λ = h / p

Energy of a Photon: E = hν

Important Points:
de Broglie wavelength relates a particle’s momentum to its wave-like nature.

Photons are the quantum particles of light.


Atoms and Nuclei

Formulas:
Bohr's Energy Level: E = -13.6 eV (Z² / n²)

Rutherford Scattering Formula: dσ/dΩ = (1 / 4πε₀) * (Z₁ * Z₂ * e² / 4E)²

Radioactive Decay: N = N₀ e^(-λt)

Important Points:
Bohr’s model explains quantized energy levels in atoms.

Radioactive decay is governed by the decay constant λ.

Electronic Devices

Formulas:
Diode Current Equation: I = I₀ (e^(qV/kT) - 1)

Transistor Current Gain: β = Iₑ / Iₗ

Important Points:
The diode current equation describes the current through a diode as a function of voltage.

Transistor current gain (β) defines the amplification factor of the device.

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