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IE360 - Lecture 08 - Finite Element Analysis

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IE360 - Lecture 08 - Finite Element Analysis

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Uploaded by

ٰ MJ
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IE360: CAD/CAM

Computer Aided Design and


Computer Aided Manufacturing

Lecture 8: Finite Element Analysis


Outline
➢ Introduction
➢ FEA Method
➢ Mesh Generation
➢ Cautions
Objectives

•To identify the importance and uses of finite


element analysis.
•To recognise the steps of applying finite element
analysis.
•To distinguish different types of elements and
boundary conditions.
c n al l
OV
Introduction:
➢ Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a numerical method of
solving engineering problems.

➢ FEA have been successfully applied in (discussion will be


limited to structural problems):
▪ Structural analysis
▪ Heat transfer,
▪ Fluid flow,
▪Magnetic field analysis,
▪Etc.

a
loading

Effigy It
Videos for FEA
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geUCv
KayhHE
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmKKF
kREu8Q&list=PL4XCKfOBgSSdde5BE5T
5WzCXvLzQgTyNN
➢ Why FEA?
▪ Used in problems where analytical solution not easily
obtained.
▪ Mathematical expressions required for solution not simple
because of complex:
• geometries
• loadings
• material properties
▪ Costly experimental procedures.
➢ FEA: Basic concept
▪ Divide body into finite number of simpler units called
elements.
▪ Elements connected at nodal points.
• points common to two or more
adjacent elements.
• set of elements referred to as “mesh”.
•The process of dividing the object into
elements is called discretization.

Discretization
Schematic illustration of a finite element model, depicting the
discretization of the object into a collection of elements and
nodes, along with the associated boundary conditions.

2 427 22 Rolled
1g
x i
f Fixed
Rx o
➢ Examples of FEA Mesh is shown in the following figure
➢ FEA vs. analytical methods
▪ Analytical methods involve solving for entire system in
one operation.

▪ FEA involves defining equations for each element and


combining to obtain system solution.
• is therefore an approximation technique.

control
ad v6
qFEA Method: era

➢ The most common technique is


free
Displacement Method
▪ Loads are known.
▪ Resistance to deformation of elements known.
▪ Displacements are unknown values.

➢ Solve for displacements


▪ Stress is a secondary solution, derived from
displacements.
➢ Structural FEA
▪ Structural problems defined in terms of:
• loads (forces)
• resistance to deformation (stiffness)
• displacements

▪ Given by: [k]{d} = {F}


• k = stiffness, d = displacement, F = force

➢ FEA concept
▪ Assume that variation of displacement across element is
a simple function.

▪ Results in a set of relationships for displacement at


nodal points for each element.

▪ Combine for entire mesh.


• problem is converted to large number of simple algebraic
equations.
➢ Spring element displacement
I

➢ Computer use in FEA


▪ Because of
• the relatively simple nature of equations,
• connectivity between elements (resultants from adjacent
elements applied),
• combining of solutions for individual elements,
• large number of equations to solve.

▪ FEA is well suited to computational automation.


➢ FEA steps:
▪ Three steps:
• pre-processing
• analysis
• post-processing

➢ Pre-processing
▪ Requires definition of:
• system geometry (e.g. solid modelling)
• material properties
• restraints on the system (boundary conditions)
• loads applied
• meshing
• type and properties of elements

➢ Older systems
▪ Prior to use of GUIs (graphic user interfaces)
• analyst would define input by hand.
• each nodal location, element type, constraint, etc. will be
input one at a time to a data file.
➢ Use of solid modeling in FEA
▪ Solid modeling use simplifies and enhances FEA.

▪ Model database is used as pre-processor input e.g. a model


from CATIA.

▪ May permit definition of all preprocessing data.

➢ Modern solid modeling systems


▪ Allow direct definition of element type.

▪ Have automatic mesh generators.

▪ Permit definition of loads and boundary conditions


graphically, directly upon model geometry.

▪ Allow specification of other data through menu input.


Automated mesh generation:
➢ Mesh shape considerations
▪ Shape of mesh critical to analysis.
▪ Higher density improves solution at cost of computational time.
▪ Simple geometry requires fewer elements, more complexity
requires increased density.
▪ Mesh shape related to loads, and boundary conditions.

coarse Time

Low mesh density Higher mesh density


➢ Auto meshing exists for 2D and 3D systems.

➢ Intelligent meshing systems consider geometry and topology


of model.

➢ Some systems support bi-directional associativity.

➢ Changes in model geometry will produce changes in mesh.

➢ However, changes in topology (additional edges) would


require remeshing.

➢ Different mesh cases may be defined for the same model.

➢ Early analysis may involve coarse mesh.


▪ Low mesh density.
▪ Faster computation time.
➢ Mesh is refined for further analysis.
Refined mesh

Simulation of
Brinell hardness
test
➢ Model cases
▪ In addition to mesh cases
• Load cases,
• Material cases
• Constraint cases, may be defined.

▪ As with meshes, early analysis may involve simplified


loading and constraints, later refined.
➢ Boundary conditions and loads
▪ Much of specification is automated.
▪ Specification not limited to nodes only.
▪ Possible to specify restrains and loads for high level geometric
entities (edges, faces).

▪Pre-processing within CAD package


➢ Automated mesh generation concerns:
▪ Mesh shape should consider loads and restraints.
▪ Automated systems may NOT do so.
▪ This can be of high concern when defining meshes for
different load cases.

➢ Element Types:
▪ 1D (Dimensional elements)
▪ 2 D (area elements)

▪ 3 D (volume elements)
➢ Load cases (mechanical): Rules of thumb
▪ Moments
• apply at single node, apply at nodes on an edge

▪ Point forces:
• apply to single node, nodes along edges, nodes on
surface.

▪ Surface pressure: N um
• may be uniform or non-uniform.

• applied to edge or surface.


➢ Post-processing
▪ Output of FEA data.

▪ Desire simplicity for speed in design evaluation.

▪ Many systems support enhanced graphics display.

➢ Output Examples
▪ Extreme values reported in list form.

▪ Extreme values displayed in color on rendered solid


model.
• typically include color index.

▪ Note that max value occur at surface unless internal loads


present.
➢ Design evaluation
▪ Von Mises stress
▪ Tresca stress
▪ Principle stress

Stress analysis outputs


➢ Design evaluation
▪ Von Mises stress
▪ Tresca stress
▪ Principle stress

D
stress

Stress analysis outputs


Cautions:
▪ Results only as good as the job done in creating mesh,
applying loads, materials and boundary conditions.
• if not calculated and applied correctly, results of little use.

▪ Must understand
• mechanics principles.
• material and physical properties.

▪ Mesh generation is often a critical aspect.


▪ Proper mesh can reduce errors in primary results (such as
displacements) by half.

▪Boundary conditions are the most difficult item to define.

▪ Point loads produce inaccurate local deformation.

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