ENGINE COMBUSTION AND POLLUTION CONTROL

LAB MANUAL

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
THAPATHALI CAMPUS

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 Contents
1. Performance, Combustion and Emission terms
2. Sound Characteristics
3. Performance Calculation
4. Thermal Balance Sheet
5. Performance Analysis
6. Combustion Analysis
7. Opacity measurement
8. Emission Analysis
9. Engine cycle analysis

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 PERFORMANCE, COMBUSTION AND EMISSION
TERMS

1. Introduction
a. VCR engine
Explain along with CAD diagram

Where, F1 = Fuel consumption (kg/hr)

F2 = Air consumption (kg/hr)

F3 = Jacket cooling water (kg/hr)

F4 = Calorimeter water flow (kg/hr)

T1 = Jacket water inlet temp (°C)

T2 = Jacket water outlet temp (°C)

T3 = Calorimeter water inlet temp (°C)

T4 = Calorimeter water outlet temp (°C)

T5 = Exhaust gas to calorimeter inlet temp (°C)

T6 = Exhaust gas from calorimeter outlet temp (°C)

b. Eddy Current dynamometer

c. Injection Pressure
d. Compression ratio
e. Nozzle types

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A. Performance Parameter
a. Indicated Power
b. Brake Power
c. Frictional Power
d. Indicated Thermal Efficiency
e. Brake Thermal Efficiency
f. Indicated mean effective pressure
g. Brake mean effective pressure
h. Mechanical Efficiency
i. Volumetric Efficiency
B. Combustion Parameters
a. Peak Cylinder Pressure
b. Cumulative Heat Release
c. Net Heat Release
d. Mean Gas Temperature
e. Exhaust Gas Temperature
f. Ignition Delay
g. Mass Fraction Burn
C. Thermal Balance Sheet
From the first law of thermodynamics, for a control volume, the steady flow
equation will be
Qs =Qbp + Qjw + Qex + Qmisc
Where,
Qs : Energy supplied by the fuel
Qbp : Output work delivered in the form of brake power
Qjw : Output work delivered in the form of heat to jacket cooling water
Qex : Output work delivered in the form of heat to exhaust
Qmisc : Output work delivered in the form of heat to miscellaneous loss
D. Emission Characteristics
a. 4 Gas Analyzer
b. 5 Gas Analyzer
c. 6 gas Analyzer
d. Opacity meter
e. Emission of CI and SI engine
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 SOUND CHARACTERISTICS

1. Introduction
2. Objectives
a. To measure the level of noise at the selected study locations.
b. To analyze data and interpret the results of the experiment.
3. Problem Statement
Write in Short about Sources, effects and control methods for vehicular
emission
4. Methodology
Write in short about working principle of Noise Level Meter
Application to use:
Sound Meter, version : 2.12.24
Duration of test: 1minute
NOTE: do attach the screenshot of every test with this report

Figure 1 Mobile Application for Sound measurement

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 5. Result

Table 1 Noise Event Threshold Setting

Site Day Date Time Minimum Maximum Average

Name dBA dBA dBA

A 1

Average

B 1

Average

C 1

Average

D 1

Average

E 1

5
 2

Average

Graphs

a. Average of maximum Sound Level Vs test places

b. Average of minimum Sound level Vs test places
c. Average of average sound level Vs average

Conclusion

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 PERFORMANCE CALCULATION

John's automobile has a three-liter SI V6 engine that operates on a four-stroke cycle at

3600 RPM. The compression ratio is 9.5, the length of connecting rods is 16.5 cm,
and the engine is square (B= S). At this speed, combustion ends at 20° aTDC. The
engine is connected to a dynamometer which gives a brake output torque reading of
205N.m at 3600 RPM. At this speed air enters the cylinder at 85kPa and 60°C with an
air-fuel ratio AF = 15, with a heating value of 44,000kj/kg and the mechanical
efficiency and combustion efficiency of engine is 85% and 97% respectively

Calculate
1. cylinder bore and stroke length
2. average piston speed
3. clearance volume of one cylinder
4. piston speed at the end of combustion
5. distance the piston has traveled from TDC at the end of combustion
6. volume in the combustion chamber at the end of combustion
7. brake power
8. indicated power
9. brake mean effective pressure
10. indicated mean effective pressure
11. friction mean effective pressure
12. power lost to friction
13. brake work per unit mass of gas in the cylinder
14. brake specific power
15. brake output per displacement
16. engine specific volume
17. rate of fuel flow into engine
18. brake thermal efficiency
19. indicated thermal efficiency
20. volumetric efficiency
21. Brake specific fuel consumption.

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Table 3. 1 Variables for calculation

Roll No RPM CR AF Calorific value kj/kg

1 2000 10 12 41000
2 2500 10 12 41000
3 3000 10 12 41000
4 3500 10 12 41000
5 4000 10 12 41000
6 2000 11 12 41500
7 2500 11 12 41500
8 3000 11 12 41500
9 3500 11 12 41500
10 4000 11 12 41500
11 2000 12 12 42000
12 2500 12 12 42000
13 3000 12 12 42000
14 3500 12 12 42000
15 4000 12 12 42000
16 2000 13 12 42500
17 2500 13 12 42500
18 3000 13 12 42500
19 3500 13 12 42500
20 4000 13 12 42500
21 2000 14 12 43000
22 2500 14 12 43000
23 3000 14 12 43000
24 3500 14 12 43000
25 4000 14 12 43000
26 2000 10 13 43500
27 2500 10 13 43500
28 3000 10 13 43500
29 3500 10 13 43500
30 4000 10 13 43500
31 2000 11 13 44000
32 2500 11 13 44000
33 3000 11 13 44000
34 3500 11 13 44000
35 4000 11 13 44000
36 2000 12 13 44500
37 2500 12 13 44500
38 3000 12 13 44500
39 3500 12 13 44500
40 4000 12 13 44500
41 2000 13 13 45000
42 2500 13 13 45000
43 3000 13 13 45000

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44 3500 13 13 45000
45 4000 13 13 45000
46 2000 14 13 45500
47 2500 14 13 45500
48 3000 14 13 45500

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 THERMAL BALANCE SHEET

1. Objective
a. To perform thermal balance sheet on percentage load basis
b. To find deviation of calculated values and practical values
2. Introduction

From the first law of thermodynamics, for a control volume, the steady flow equation
will

Qs =Qbp+ Q jw + Qex +Qmisc 1

Where

Qs = Energy supplied by the fuel

Qbp = Output work delivered in the form of brake power

Qjw = Output work delivered in the form of heat to jacket cooling water

Qex = Output work delivered in the form of heat to exhaust

Qmisce = Output work delivered in the form of heat to miscellaneous loss

Qs =M f ∗C f 2

Where

Mf = Fuel flow rate

Cf = Calorific Value of the fuel

2 πNT 3
Brake Power(BP)= (kW )
( 60∗1000 )

Where

N= revolution (rev/s)

T= Torque offered by the engine (N.m)

HBP=BP∗36 0 4

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 (Heat equivalent¿useful work∗100) 5
Qbp=
(Heat supplied by fuel)

HJW =F 3∗C pw∗( T 2−T 1 ) 6

( Heat ∈ jacket cooling water∗100) 7

Q jw (% )=
(Heat supplied by fuel)

(F 4∗CpW ∗( T 4−T 3 ) ) 8
C pex =
((F 1 + F 2)∗(T 5−T 6))

Where,

Cpex = Specific heat of exhaust gas (kJ/kg°K)

Cpw = Specific heat of water (kJ/kg°K)

Tamb = Ambient Temperature (⁰C)

HGas ( KJh )=( F + F )∗C

1 2 pex ∗( T 5−T amb )
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(Heat ∈ Exhaust∗100) 10
HGas ( % )=
( Heat Supplied by fuel)

HRad (%) = HFuel (100%) – {HBP (%) + HJW (%) + HGas (%)} 11

Where,

HFuel = Heat Supplied by fuel

HBP = Heat Equivalent to Brake Work

HJW = heat in jacket cooling water

HGas = Heat in Exhaust

HRad = Heat to radiation and unaccounted

Where,

F1 = Fuel consumption (kg/hr)

F2 = Air consumption (kg/hr)

F3 = Jacket cooling water (kg/hr)

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F4 = Calorimeter water flow (kg/hr)

T1 = Jacket water inlet temp (°C)

T2 = Jacket water outlet temp (°C)

T3 = Calorimeter water inlet temp (°C)

T4 = Calorimeter water outlet temp (°C)

T5 = Exhaust gas to calorimeter inlet temp (°C)

T6 = Exhaust gas from calorimeter outlet temp (°C)

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 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS

A. Objective
At variable Compression Ratio
1. To find relation of Brake Power with Indicated power
2. To find relation of Brake Power with Frictional power
3. To find relation of Brake Power with Specific fuel consumption
4. To find relation of Brake Power with Brake thermal efficiency
5. To find relation of Brake Power with Exhaust gas temperature
6. To find the relation of Brake power with mechanical efficiency
7. To find relation of Brake Power with volumetric efficiency
B. Methodology

Table 2 Test Engine Specification

Type Single cylinder, four-stroke

Maximum Power 3.50 kW

Cooling Water

Injection Direct Injection

Speed Constant (1500rpm)

Injection pressure 220bar

Cylinder Bore 87.50(mm)

Stroke Length 110.00(mm)

Connecting Rod length 234.00(mm)` 234.00(mm)`

Swept volume 661.45 (cc)`

Compression Ratio 17.00

Dynamometer Eddy Current

Adiabatic Index 1.41

Number Of Cycles 10

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 COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS

1. Objectives
 To find the relation of Cylinder pressure with crank angle for various load
 To find the relation of Net Heat release with crank angle for various load
 To find the relation of Cumulative heat release with crank angle for various
load
 To find the relation of Rate of rise of pressure with crank angle for various
load
 To find the relation of ignition delay with load/ BP
 To find the relation of Cylinder pressure with crank angle for various CR
 To find the relation of Net Heat release with crank angle for various CR
 To find the relation of Cumulative heat release with crank angle for various
CR
 To find the relation of Rate of rise of pressure with crank angle for various CR
 To find the relation of ignition delay with compression ratio
2. Methodology

Table 1 Test Engine Specification

Type Single cylinder, four-stroke

Maximum Power 3.50 kW

Cooling Water

Injection Direct Injection

Speed Constant (1500rpm)

Injection pressure 220bar

Cylinder Bore 87.50(mm)

Stroke Length 110.00(mm)

Connecting Rod length 234.00(mm)` 234.00(mm)`

Swept volume 661.45 (cc)`

Compression Ratio 17.00

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Dynamometer Eddy Current

Adiabatic Index 1.41

Number Of Cycles 10

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 OPACITY MEASUREMENT

1. Objectives
 To perform opacity test
 To determine the type of smoke from vehicle
2. Methodology
 Opacity meter specification
 Test vehicle specification

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 EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS

1. Objectives

At various compression ratio

 To find the relation of NOx emission with Brake Power

 To find the relation of CO2 with brake power
 To find the relation of HC emission with Brake power
 To find the relation of CO emission with Brake power
2. Methodology
 Test engine specification
 Gas analyzer specification

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 CYCLE ANALYSIS

1. For Otto Cycle

Figure 2 P-V and T-s diagrams of Otto cycle

A four-cylinder, 2.5-liter, SI automobile engine operates at WOT on a four-stroke air-
standard Otto cycle at 3000 RPM. The engine has a compression ratio of 8.61, a
mechanical efficiency of 86%, and a stroke-to-bore ratio S/B = 1.025. Fuel is
isooctane with AF= 15, a heating value of 44,300 kJ/kg, and combustion efficiency =
100%. At the start of the compression stroke, conditions in the cylinder combustion
chamber are 100 kPa and 60°C and has a exhaust pressure of 100kPa.. It can be
assumed that there is a 4% exhaust residual left over from the previous cycle.

Do a complete thermodynamic analysis of this engine.

Variables

Roll No RPM CR AF Calorific value kj/kg

1 2000 10 12 41000
2 2500 10 12 41000
3 3000 10 12 41000
4 3500 10 12 41000
5 4000 10 12 41000
6 2000 11 12 41500
7 2500 11 12 41500
8 3000 11 12 41500
9 3500 11 12 41500
10 4000 11 12 41500
11 2000 12 12 42000

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12 2500 12 12 42000
13 3000 12 12 42000
14 3500 12 12 42000
15 4000 12 12 42000
16 2000 13 12 42500
17 2500 13 12 42500
18 3000 13 12 42500
19 3500 13 12 42500
20 4000 13 12 42500
21 2000 14 12 43000
22 2500 14 12 43000
23 3000 14 12 43000
24 3500 14 12 43000
25 4000 14 12 43000
26 2000 10 13 43500
27 2500 10 13 43500
28 3000 10 13 43500
29 3500 10 13 43500
30 4000 10 13 43500
31 2000 11 13 44000
32 2500 11 13 44000
33 3000 11 13 44000
34 3500 11 13 44000
35 4000 11 13 44000
36 2000 12 13 44500
37 2500 12 13 44500
38 3000 12 13 44500
39 3500 12 13 44500
40 4000 12 13 44500
41 2000 13 13 45000
42 2500 13 13 45000
43 3000 13 13 45000
44 3500 13 13 45000
45 4000 13 13 45000
46 2000 14 13 45500
47 2500 14 13 45500
48 3000 14 13 45500

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