DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTS THOROUGH

APPROACHING YELLOW PAN TAPPING SYSTEM IN PHAGORA

BATTAGRAM

BY
Aameer

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
HAZARA UNIVERSITY MANSEHRA
2022
 DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTS THOROUGH

APPROACHING YELLOW PAN TAPPING SYSTEM IN PHAGORA

BATTAGRAM

This thesis is submitted as the requirement for practical

for
Degree of Master of Science
(BS) in Zoology
BY
Aameer

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
HAZARA UNIVERSITY MANSEHRA
2022
AC
 KNOWLEDGEMENT
I have no words to express my deepest sense of gratitude to
ALMIGHTY ALLAH, the most beneficent and the most merciful;
ALLAH gave me the sense and vision to enable me to complete
this research project

It is an honor for me to express my deep sensation and

sincerest gratitude to my kind and sympathetic supervisor Dr
Sardar Azhar Mahmood Lecturer Department of Zoology Hazara
Unity Mansehra under his excellent guidance, keen interest
encouragement and patience; I have been able to complete the
research work

I express my deep appreciation to Dr Azhar mahmood able

guidance and providing me the lab for identification of
specimens throughout the research work to enable me is
complete this project

I am very sincerely expressing my gratitude to respectable

teachers Dr Shumaila Noreen department of Zoology Dr Shabir
Ahmed Assistant Professor Department of Zoology Hazara
University Mansehra.
 DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTS THOROUGH

APPROACHING YELLOW PAN TAPPING SYSTEM IN PHAGORA

BATTAGRAM
 Certificate
This thesis entitled “diversity and distribution of insects thorough
approaching yellow pan tapping system in phagora Battagram
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan”. Submitted by Mr, Aameer S/O
Tasleem Khan in hereby accepted as partial fulfillment for the Award of
degree of Master of Science in Zoology

_______________
Supervisor
Dr Sardar Azhar Mahmood
Associate professor
Department of Zoology
_________________
Co-Supervisor
Dr Shabir Ahmad
Assistant professor
Department of Zoology
_________________
External Examiner
Dr, Muhammad Fiaz khan

________________
Head of Department
Dr, Shumaila Noreen

Date___ /___ /______

 DEDICATED

TO
My loving Parents who are my inexhaustible source of
comfort, love and optimism. And who taught me
resilience & patience and from whom I have learnt
negotiate the challenges of life with dignity and
courage.
 ABSTRACT

The current study was conduct to evaluate the diversity and distribution of insect fauna
approaching light trap and yellow pan trapping system. During the study light trap and
yellow pan ky trap were installed in phagora Battagram. Various insect were trapping during
the installed trapping system. The light trapping was found more effective and 12 species
capture. Whereas the yellow trapping system was found less effective of species were
captured. The diversity of insect was yield in 28 with 10 genera spredind into 8 families
under 7 orders. Yellow pan trapping system is more effective for diversity study. at high
study is recommended more trapping system should be installed at more localities
Chapter 1

Introduction

One of the most obvious and intriguing biological questions is how many

species live in a determined area (May 1988). This knowledge is crucial

because species are the fundamental units of biodiversity and identifying

variation in their ecological attributes, like abundance, richness, and

geographic range, can help to overcome problems with environmental

alterations and aid in efforts toward biodiversity conservation (Noss 1990).

The question sounds simple, but it is complex to answer, especially

regarding which sampling protocol is the wisest (and most cost-effective)

in providing reliable representative of the target taxa or assemblage

(Nemésio and Vasconcelos 2014). In general, using a wide variety of

sampling methods is ideal for a satisfactory evaluation of a community

(Souza, Baccaro et al. 2016). Naturally, the survey goals and budget

should be considered, whether the purpose is an inventory to ascertain

diversity patterns or an environmental monitoring for rapid assessment

programs (Missa, Basset et al. 2009). In any case, for an adequate and

unbiased estimate, it is critical to investigate how species diversity

assessments are affected by methodology and sampling effort

(Vasconcelos, Frizzo et al. 2014).

Yellow Pan traps represent another frequently employed method to

sample Hymenopterathat seems to be complementary to other

techniques by increasing the number of species sampled (Grundel,

Frohnapple et al. 2011). A pan trap consists of a commercial styro foam

bowl (cereal dish), usually painted with yellow or blue tint, filled with

soapy water and placed at ground level (Noyes 1989) where insects will

land and drown (Roulston, Smith et al. 2007). Pan traps are known as an

alternative, less expensive, and cost-effective sampling method (McCravy,

Geroff et al. 2016). ; catches, however, appear to be dependent on trap

color and height, species specialization, and other specific traits like sex

and size (Moreira, Santos et al. 2016). For instance, because pan traps are

often placed at the ground level, they might capture smaller species due

to their flight capacity and to the vertical stratification among arthropod

assemblages (Basset, Kitching et al. 2003).

A pan trap is a type of insect trap used to sample the abundance and

diversity of insects, primarily used to capture small Hymenoptera (Nancy

D. Epsky, Wendell L. Morrill, Richard W. Mankin; 2008).

Chapter 2

Review Of Literature

ground-level yellow pan traps (YPT) to sample male velvet ants

(Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) in a Neotropical savanna biodiversity hotspot.
We compared richness, number of captures, evenness, composition, and
body size of male velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) sampled with
both methods in four sites at Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros,
central Brazil, during 19 d. We expected reduced diversity and smaller
body size of velvet ants sampled with YPT, because they target visually
oriented insects that are active closer to the ground, whereas MT
represent a passive method that intercepts insects flying at different
heights. Richness, total number of captures, and evenness of species and
genera were significantly higher in MT. The body size of velvet ants
captured with MT was significantly larger than those found in YPT. YPT
were effective at capturing few species that were rare in MT but, overall,
were much more effective than YPT. We found similar patterns when using
either species or genus for assessing samples obtained with YPT,
suggesting that ecological studies on Neotropical velvet ants may not
require taxonomic resolution to the species level .(Vieira, Waichert et al.
2017). Based on 10 years of trapping with yellow pan traps it was
determined that on the average inflights of green peach aphids,Myzus
persicae (Sulzer), start July 26 and cumulative catches of more than five
aphids August 8. The lack of significant differences in the timing of first
and cumulative catches of aphids between the northern and the southern
section of the potato production area is additional evidence thatM.
persicae does not usually overwinter in New Brunswick. Important yearly
variations in the timing of the first cumulative catch of more than 5 aphids
can be simulated by the thermal summation of 1188 DD and forecasted
by regression on the timing of first inflights. The use of these results to
improve the extension program is discussed.(Gollan, Ashcroft et al. 2011).
When assessing changes in populations of species, it is essential that the
methods used to collect data have some level of precision and preferably
also good accu-racy. One commonly used method to collect pollinators is
colour pan traps, but this method has been suggested to be biased by the
abundance of surrounding flow-ers. The present study evaluated the
relationship between pan trap catches and the frequency of flowers on
small (25 m2) and large (2–6 ha) spatial scales. If pan traps work well, one
should assume a positive relationship, that is, more insects caught when
they have more food. However, in contrast, we found that catches in pan
traps were often negatively affected by flower frequency, red flowers
seemed to contribute most to the negative bias. There was also a
tendency that the negative bias differed within the flight season and that
it was higher when considering the large spatial scale compared to the
small one. To conclude, pan trap catches may suffer from a negative bias
due to surrounding flower frequency and color.(Westerberg, Berglund et
al. 2021). Pan trapping proves to be aneffective method for field surveying
insects, especially Diptera. This manuscript examines the effectiveness of
the
method for the rapid bioinventory of freshwater shoreline insects. Pan
traps at
ground level, above ground, and elevated and of different colors were
evaluated
for their ability to attract and capture insects. Abundance (n), taxonomic
richness
(T), and hierarchical diversity indices (Hƍ) allowed for the determination of
efficacy
among methods. Yellow pan (n = 141, T = 10, Hƍ = 1.15) and elevated
yellow pan
traps (n = 113, T = 5, Hƍ = 1.18) were most effective at capturing the
highest
diversity of insects. Blue (n = 12, Hƍ = 1.18) and green (n = 51, Hƍ =
0.74) traps
had similar richness (T = 4); however differed in the total insects captured
and
diversity. The results provide entomologists in South Texas and other
subtropical
environments with information to assist them with planning surveys in the
field and
with further study potentially developing pollution tolerance values for
different
insect taxa.(Dirrigl Jr 2012). Insect biodiversity reveals much about
ecosystem health and function; however, field studies of insect
community composition and diversity are often unintentionally biased by
the sampling methods deployed in the study area. Pan traps, particularly
yellow pan traps, are a common method for passive community
assessment across a variety of taxonomic levels.Additionally, we find that
individual species display significant preferences for not only yellow pan
traps but also for white, fluorescent yellow, blue, and fluorescent blue
pans. Our data support recent studies that suggest yellow traps alone
may be insufficient for sampling the true diversity of certain
hymenopteran groups in a region.(Buffington, Garretson et al. 2021).

Bees are the most important group of flower visitors providing an

essential ecosystemservice, namely pollination. Due to the worldwide
decline of bees, there should bestandardized sampling methods in place
to ensure consistent and comparable resultsbetween studies. We
compared the twocommonly usedsamplingmethods ofyellowpan traps and
transect walk to determine (i) whichhabitat variables affect the
speciescomposition, abundance and species richness of sampled bee
communities, (ii) whichmethod potentially contains sampling bias towards
some individuals or groups of beesand (iii) the efficiency of sampling in
various habitats. We conducted fieldwork in differentagricultural habitats
distributed along landscape heterogeneity and topography gradients.Our
results showed that the height of vegetation, the average number of
flowers and theamount of woody vegetation had the greatest influence on
the sampling efficiency. Oursurvey also demonstrated that sampling by
transect walk captured less bees ingeneral,especially in stubble, maize,
and cereal fields. We found that Apis mellifera and Bombusspp. were well
represented in samples collected by the transect walk method, while
theabundance of other genera, especially Dasypoda, Hylaeus and
Panurgus was higher inpantraps. Based on the results, we suggest (i) the
transect walk method to compare samplesof flower-visiting wild bee
communities from various habitats of different vegetation andflower
characteristics, (ii) application of the transect walk or pan traps to
compare similarhabitats and (iii) adoption of a comprehensive
methodwhich would incorporate bothsampling techniques to gain a more
complex insight into wild bee species composition.(Templ, Mózes et al.
2019). The abundance flower visiting insects from floricultural plants
wereinvestigated at two different sites within Erbil Province- Kurdistan
region-Iraqusing four different colored pan traps (yellow, white, blue and
red). Five insectorders were reported with sixteen insect families. The
order Hymenoptera was themost abundant insect order recovered
followed by the orders Coleoptera, Diptera,Homoptera and Orthoptera
respectively. The color of pant trap affected theabundance of flower
visiting insects at both study sites mainly the family Apidae.The highest
number of flower visiting insects was observed in yellow trapsfollowed by
white, blue and red traps respectively suggesting that the majority
offlower visiting insects are attracted to yellow pan traps which could be
an effectivemethod for sampling and monitoring flower visiting insects
mainly Apidaeinthis type of habitat(Khalil, Amin et al. 2019).

Chapter 3

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Study area

The research was carried out in two separate areas of the union council

rajdhari village phagora Tehcil and district Battagram in Pakistan.

Phagora

Is a village of union council Rajdhari in Battagram District, Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa along the main silk route or SHAHRA-E-RESHAM. Phagora

Village is one of the biggest village in Battagram and is located in

mountainous area of Hazara Division.

Battagram

Battagram obtained the status of district in July 1993 when it was

upgraded Battagram is located at 34.41 degrees latitude and 73.1

degrees longitude. It is bordered on the north by Kohistan District, on

the east by Mansehra District, on the south by the Kala Dhaka (now

Torghar District) tribal territory, and on the west by Shangla District.

Total land area

it has a total land area of 1301 square kilometres.

Population

According to the 2017 census, the population of Battagram district is

476,612. In the census of 1998, the population was.

The district's primary language is Pashto, however English and Urdu are

also spoken as official languages. Hindko is spoken as well, particularly in

Shumlai. The people of the mountains are mostly Gujars, who speak Gujri,

their own language.

Weather

The average temperature of Battagram is 18.5 degrees Celsius, with an

average annual precipitation of 1218 millimeters. There is a lot of

precipitation, even in the driest months. November is the driest month,

with only 28 mm of precipitation, while July is the wettest, with 229 mm.
 Map of district battagram where trapping methods were

installed

Study Design

Yellow Pan Trap

The pan trap bowls, which have eight distinctly perceived "colours" by

humans the proportion of reflected radiation for each pan trap "colour"

type displayed against wavelength.

The 90 percent threshold for classifying pan traps in the sample field

settings as fluorescent or non-fluorescent stimuli is shown by the red

dotted line.In order to allow free flying bees to view subsequent traps

utilising colour processing, traps were spaced apart by around 25 cm.

We used pan trap colours, which to a human eye appear as white, blue,

yellow, and green.

Given that insect colour vision differs from human colour vision, which is

well known, we provide information about each colour stimulus, including

its spectral reflectance.

Method

Yellow dishes, cups, and containers were utilised as insect traps. To

protect the insects from predators, ethanol, water, and a small bit of
detergent are employed in a mixture of 70% and 30%.

Trap construction

A pan trap consists of a shallow bowl, typically made .of colored plastic,

filled with soapy water, salt, propylene glycol, antifreeze, or combinations

of other preservatives and killing agents. Salt and propylene glycol are

sometimes included as preservatives or to reduce evaporative water loss.

Insects fly into the soapy water and are unable to escape and are

preserved in the water for research usage. Some traps have been

mounted on trees to sample the communities of parasitoid wasps of the

invasive beetle, Emerald ash borer.

Yellow pan trap

Many day-active insects are attracted to the color yellow. This trapping
method uses small yellow dishes filled with water mixed with a little
detergent. The dishes are placed on the ground in open areas in the
morning. When flying insects land on the surface of the water they rapidly
sink and drown

Preservation of collection
collected specimens ware then placed in bottle by using

preservatives like solution (30% Ethanol, 70% water and small

amount of detergent).

Labelling Of Collection

Every sample of bottle labeled with extra details like collection area, date

and time.

For the identification the collected spacemen is preserved in plastic

bottles to prevent any type of bacterial spoilage; and lids were closed

tightly to prevent chemical leakage.

Cairing of Collection

For a batter care of collected sample are transferred to laboratory of Hazara

University Mansehra.
 Chapter 4

Results

During the present research work I was studied only one insect trapping

method of insect to study characteristic diversity of yellow pan trap in

Phagora Battagram.

Under the trapping system of Yellow trap 31 Specimens were trapped and

these Specimen was identified Into 12 Species, spreading into 5 Genera

with families under 5 Order.

These information regarding trapped insect and their

geographic data
S/ 0rder family genus species authorities latit altit Longi

N ude ude tude

1 Hymo Crabro Megala M.garud Kimssey& 34.4 0m 73.25

ptera nidae ara a Ohl,2012 187 357

Vespid Vespa V.cabra Linnaeus,1 34.4 0m 73.25

ae 758 187 357

Chrysid Wasp w.spp Latreille,1 34.4 0m 73.25

idae 802 187 357

Formici Campo C.japoni Mayr,1866 34.4 0m 73.25

dae notus cus 187 357

Apidae Apis A.andren F.Smith,18 34.4 0m 73.25

iforms 58 187 357

2 Hemip Membr Centro C.Cornut Linnaeus,1 34.4 0m 73.25

tera acidae tus us 758 187 357

Miridae Lygus L.praten Linnaeus,1 34.4 0m 73.25

sis 758 187 357

3 Lepido Noctuid Copitar Copitarsi Hampson, 34.4 0m 73.25

 ptera ea sia a 1906 187 357

decolora 3

4 Orthop Gryllida Gryllus G.bimac Linnaeus,1 34.4 0m 73.25

tera e ulatus 758 187 357

5 Dipter Muscid Musca M.domes Linnaeus,1 34.4 0m 73.25

a ae tica 758 187 357

Syrphid Toxom T.margin Say,1823 34.4 0m 73.25

ae erus atus 187 357

4.1.1. Order Diptera

An order of insects comprising the true flies, characterized by a single pair

of membranous wings and a pair of club-shaped balancing organs, and

including many important disease vectors such as the mosquito, tsetse

fly, and sandfly.

dipteran, (order Diptera), any member of an order of insects containing

the two-winged or so-called true flies. Although many winged insects are

commonly called flies, the name is strictly applicable only to members of

Diptera. One of the largest insect orders, it numbers more than 125,000

species that are relatively small, with soft bodies.

 S/N Family Genus Specie

1 Muscida Musca M.domistica

2 Syrphidae Toxomerus T.marginatus

4.1.2. Muscidae

Muscidae are a family of flies found in the superfamily Muscoidea.

Muscidae, some of which are commonly known as house flies or stable

flies due to their synanthropy, are worldwide in distribution and contain

almost 4,000 described species in over 100 genera. Most species are not

synanthropic.

4.1.3. Musca

Muscidae are a family of flies found in the superfamily Muscoidea.

Muscidae, some of which are commonly known as house flies or stable

flies due to their synanthropy, are worldwide in distribution and contain

almost 4,000 described species in over 100 genera. Most species are not

synanthropic

4.1.4. M,domistica

The house fly, Musca domestica Linnaeus, is a well-known cosmopolitan pest of

both farm and home. This species is always found in association with humans or

the activities of humans. It is the most common species found on hog and

poultry farms, horse stables and ranches.

4.1.5. Family Syrphidae

Hover flies, also called flower flies or syrphid flies, make up the insect family

Syrphidae. As their common name suggests, they are often seen hovering or

nectaring at flowers; the adults of many species feed mainly on nectar and

pollen, while the larvae eat a wide range of foods.

4.1.6. Toxomerus

Toxomerus is a very large genus of hoverflies. They are found in many parts of

North and South America. Most larvae are predators on soft bodied insects,

though a few species have been shown to feed on pollen. Adults feed on the

pollen of a wide range of flowers

4.1.7. T.marginatus

Toxomerus marginatus, also known as the calligrapher fly, is a common species

of hoverfly. It is found in many parts of North America. The larvae are predators

of thrips, aphids, and small caterpillars. Adults feed on a wide range of flowers.

4.2. Hemiptera
Hemiptera (/hɛˈmɪptərə/; from Ancient Greek hemipterus 'half-winged') is

an order of insects, commonly called true bugs, comprising over 80,000

species within groups such as the cicadas, aphids, planthoppers,

leafhoppers, bed bugs, and shield bugs.

S/N Family Genus Specie

1 Miridae Lygus L.pretensis

2 Membracidae Centrotus C.cornutus

4.2.1. Miridae

The Miridae are a large and diverse insect family at one time known by

the taxonomic synonym Capsidae.

4.2.2. Lygus

The genus Lygus includes over 40 species of plant-feeding insects in the

family Miridae. The term lygus bug is used for any member of genus

Lygus.

4.2.3. Lygus pratensis

Lygus pratensis is a species of plant bugs belonging to the family Miridae.

4.3. Order Hymoptera

Hymenoptera is a large order of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees,

and ants. Over 150,000 living species of Hymenoptera have been described, in

addition to over 2,000 extinct ones. Many of the species are parasitic

S/N Family Genus Specie

1 Crabronidae Megalara M.garuda

2 Vespidae Vespa V.cabra

3 Chrysidi Wasp W.spp

4.3.1. Crabronidae
The Crabronidae are a large paraphyletic group of wasps, including nearly

all of the species formerly comprising the now-defunct superfamily

Sphecoidea. It collectively includes well over 200 genera, containing well

over 9000 species.

4.3.2. Megalara

Megalara garuda, colloquially referred to as the "King of Wasps", is a large

wasp and the only species in the genus Megalara, family Crabronidae,

tribe Larrini. It is only known from the Mekongga Mountains in the

southeastern part of the Indonesia island of Sulawesi.

4.3.3. M.garuda

Megalara garuda, colloquially referred to as the "King of Wasps", is a large

wasp and the only species in the genus Megalara, family Crabronidae,

tribe Larrini. It is only known from the Mekongga Mountains in the

southeastern part of the Indonesia island of Sulawesi .

4.3.4. Chrysididae

Commonly known as cuckoo wasps or emerald wasps, the hymenopteran family

Chrysididae is a very large cosmopolitan group of parasitoid or kleptoparasitic

wasps, often highly sculptured, with brilliant metallic colors created by structural

coloration.

4.3.5. Wasp

A wasp is any insect of the narrow-waisted suborder Apocrita of the order

Hymenoptera which is neither a bee nor an ant; this excludes the broad-waisted

sawflies, which look somewhat like wasps, but are in a separate suborder.
5.3.6. Wasp Species

paper wasps are the most common. Northern paper wasps range from reddish-

brown to black and grow to about ¾ of an inch while European paper wasps are

yellow and black and can be mistaken for yellow jackets. Northern paper wasps

are native to North America and are common in the midwestern United States

4.4. Order Lepidoptera

Lepidoptera is an order of insects that includes butterflies and moths. About

180,000 species of the Lepidoptera are described, in 126 families and 46

superfamilies, 10 percent of the total described species of living organisms. It is

one of the most widespread and widely recognizable insect orders in the world.

S/N Family Genus Specie

1 Noctuidea Copitarsia Copitarsia Decolora

4.4.1 Noctuidea
The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a

family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the

superfamily Noctuoidea because many of the clades are constantly changing,

along with the other families of the Noctuoidea

4.4.2. Copitarsia

Members of Copitarsia are agricultural pests of at least 39 crops from 19

plant families, and they are found throughout Mexico, and Central and

South America (Venette and Gould 2006). Including the species described

here, there are 22 recognized species of Copitarsia (Angulo and Olivares

2003). Copitarsia eggs and larvae are often detected at U.S. ports-of-entry

on cut flowers and vegetable commodities. Thus, there is concern that

undetected populations of Copitarsia could become established near

these ports and beyond

4.4.3. Copitarsia Decolora

Copitarsia decolora is a widely distributed polyphagous species with a large

number of nominal changes due to phenotypic plasticity. We reviewed 14 males

from Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru and Chile and the literature produced

between 2003 and 2008. An analysis of the clasper complex of C. decolora male

genitalia was performed by standard dissection. Scanning electron microscope

(SEM) photographs of eggs structures were used as taxonomic characters. The

genus Copitarsia comprises 23 species. C. corruda is considered a synonym of C.

decolora.
4.5. Order Orthoptera
Orthoptera is an order of insects that comprises the grasshoppers, locusts, and
crickets, including closely related insects, such as the bush crickets or katydids
and wētā. The order is subdivided into two suborders: Caelifera – grasshoppers,
locusts, and close relatives; and Ensifera – crickets and close relatives

S/N Family genus Specie

1 Gryllidae Gryllus G.bimaculatus

4.5.1. Gryllidae
The family Gryllidae contains the subfamilies and genera which
entomologists now term true crickets.

4.5.2. Gryllus
Gryllus is a genus of field cricket. Members of the genus are typically 15–
31 mm long and darkly coloured. The type species is Gryllus campestris
L.: the European field cricket. Until the mid-1950s, native field crickets in
eastern North America were all assigned to a single species, Acheta
assimilis Fabricius

4.5.3. G.bimaculatus
Gryllus bimaculatus is a species of cricket in the subfamily Gryllinae. Most
commonly known as the two-spotted cricket, it has also been called the
"African" or "Mediterranean field cricket", although its recorded
distribution also includes much of Asia, including Korea, China and
Indochina through to Borneo.
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