PAINTING-The process of applying pigments on STENCIL PROCESS- Done by cutting designs

a smooth surface – paper, cloth, canvas, wood or out of special paper, cardboard, or metal sheet in
plaster – to secure an interesting arrangement of such a way that when ink is rubbed over it, the
forms, lines and colors. design is reproduced on the surface beneath.
MEDIUMS IN PAINTING PHOTOGRAPHY- literally mean drawing or
ENCAUSTIC- one of the earliest mediums is the writing with light.
application of a mixture of hot beeswax resin and
ground pigment to any porous surface, followed ARCHITECTURE- is the art and science of
by application of heat to set the colors and bind designing and constructing buildings that fulfill
them to the ground. specific functions.”
TEMPERA-Paints that are made of earth or Combines Creativity and Practicality:
material pigments mixed with egg yolk and egg Architecture blends beauty with purpose.
white. Scope of Architecture: Encompasses homes,
FRESCO-Application of earth pigments mixed schools, workplaces, recreational spaces, and
water on plaster wall while the plaster is still damp more.
so the color sinks into the surface and becomes PURPOSE OF ACHITECTURE
an integral part of the wall. Providing Shelter and Safety: The primary role
WATERCOLOR-tempered paint made of pure is to give us safe and secure spaces.
ground pigment bound with gum Arabic Painters Serving Functional Needs: Architecture tailors
apply damp so that the color in thin, almost spaces to meet the needs of individuals and
transparent films. communities.
OIL- pigments ground on linseed oil is applied Expressing Aesthetic and Cultural Values:
primed canvas. Buildings often reflect cultural identity and add
ACRYLIC- Synthetic paints using acrylic polymer beauty to surroundings.
emulsions as binder are the newest mediums and IMPORTANCE OF ARCHITECTURE IN
the ones that are widely used by the painter SOCIETY
today. It is a combination of transparency and Community Impact: Buildings shape how people
quick- drying characteristics of watercolor the interact, gather, and live in communities.
flexibility of oil. Economic Benefits: Architecture creates jobs in
RELATED TO PAINTING construction and design and can boost tourism.
MOSAIC- are wall or floor decoration made of CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLES OF
small cubes or regular cut pieces of colored ARCHITECTURE
stones or glass called tesserae.  A wide variety of construction materials
STAINED GLASS- The use of translucent glass are readily available to the architect these
colored by mixing metallic oxides into molten days, and from among them, we invariably
glass or by fixing them onto the surface of the choose those are durable and strong and
clear glass. which have a potential for beauty besides
TAPESTRY- fabrics into which colored have been purpose.
woven.  The usefulness and beauty of a building
DRAWINGS- most fundamental of all skills are directly related to the choice and
needed in the arts. handling of the materials employed in the
PAINTMAKING-The process duplicating a graphic construction principle to be employed.
image to make many faithful copies of it. MATERIALS AND ITS PROPERTIES
RELIEF PAINTING-This involves cutting away WOOD
from a block of wood or linoleum the portions of  Strength
the design that the artist does not want to show,  Elasticity
leaving the design to stand out on the block.  Toughness
INTAGLIO PRINTING- are exactly the opposite of  Durability
those of the relief printing. The design is STONES
scratched, engraved or etched on a metal plate.  Strength and durability
PLANOGRAPHIC PROCESS- also called the  Density
surface printing is done from an almost smooth  Hardness
surface which has been treated chemically or  Fire resistance
mechanically so that some areas will print and the STEEL
others will not.  Strength
 Versability
  Durability landscape; Allows for greater flexibility in design
 Ductility and the creation of open, spacious interiors;
CONCRETE Employs reinforced steel and concrete.
 Tensile strength CANTILEVER-– makes use of beam or slab
 Durability extending horizontally into space beyond its
 Compressive strength supporting post, yet strong enough to support
 Fire resistance walls and floors.
ARCHITECTURAL STYLES Equilibrium: For a cantilevered structure to be
THE POST-AND-LINTEL STYLE is one of the stable, the sum of the forces and moments acting
oldest construction techniques, consisting of two on it must equal zero.
vertical posts supporting a horizontal lintel. Bending Moments: Cantilever beams experience
It’s a straightforward approach using vertical bending moments that are calculated based on
posts to bear the weight of a horizontal beam or the distance from the support and the magnitude
lintel. Traditionally, materials like stone, wood, and of the load applied.
later iron were common due to their strength and Material Properties: The choice of material
availability. Modern versions may use steel or significantly affects the design of cantilever
reinforced concrete. structures.
The used of Post-and-Lintel. It Creates
doorways, windows, and hallways by supporting
openings.
Main Function: Distributes weight evenly across ROLE IN SUPPORTING WALLS AND FLOORS
posts, ensuring structural stability. Furthermore, it Floor systems- Cantilevered slabs are often
adds durability to buildings, enabling them to last used in floor systems, allowing for the creation of
centuries. open spaces without columns.
ARCH is an opening in a structure that is curved Bridges- utilized to extend segments that cannot
on top and designed to distribute weight. Arches be supported from below
are used in structural engineering because they Balconies and overhangs- Cantilevered portions
can support a very large mass placed on top of are commonly found in balconies, which can
them. You may see arches over doors and extend out from the main structure without
windows. They are frequently used to construct requiring external supports.
bridges. Cantilevered walls- applications where lateral
TYPES OF ARCHS earth pressure must be counteracted.
-circular archs RELATED ARTS
-pointed archs Interior design is a multifaceted discipline that
-parabolic archs focuses on enhancing the interior of a building to
TRUSS is a system of triangular forms assembles achieve a healthier and more aesthetically
into a rigid framework and functioning like a beam pleasing environment for the occupants. It
or intel. encompasses a wide range of elements, including
A truss is essentially a triangulated system of space planning, color schemes, furniture
straight interconnected structural elements; it is selection, and decorative accessories, all aimed
sometimes also referred to as an open web at transforming a space into a functional and
girder. The individual elements are connected at livable area.
nodes; the connections are often assumed to be KEY ASPECTS
nominally pinned. Space planning- Effective interior design begins
Use of trusses in buildings. Trusses are used in with space planning, which involves analyzing
broad range of buildings, mainly where there is a how a space will be used and organizing it to
requirement for very long spans, such as in maximize functionality.
airport terminals, aircraft hangers, sports stadia Aesthetic appeal- Interior design significantly
roofs, auditoriums, and other leisure buildings. enhances the visual appeal of a building.
Trusses are also used to carry heavy loads and Functionality- Beyond aesthetics, interior design
are sometime used as transfer structures. emphasizes functionality.
Main functions- to carry the roof load; to provide Personalization-Interior design allows individuals
horizontal stability. to express their personality and lifestyle through
SKELETON CONSTRUCTION- Strong internal their living spaces
framework that supports the entire structure; Sustainability- Modern interior design
Building method that changed the architectural increasingly incorporates sustainable practices
Landscaping is the artificial arrangement of the SCULPTURE is defined as a three-dimensional
outdoor areas to achieve a purely aesthetic effect. art form that involves shaping materials such as
Purpose: Complements building architecture and clay, stone, metal, or wood to represent forms,
enhances aesthetic appeal. figures, or abstract ideas.
ELEMENTS MEDIUMS OF SCULPTURE
Softscape: Trees, shrubs, flowers – adds color, Stone- the media most commonly used for
texture, and natural beauty. sculpture because of its durability, resistance to
Hardscape: Pathways, fountains, benches, walls the elements of fire, water and the other hazards.
– provides structure and defines spaces.
Wood- it is lighter and softer to work with than
KEY DESIGN PRINCIPLES
stone.
Unity-Aligns with building style.
Balance- Creates visual stability. Ivory- come from tusks of elephants and wild
Focal points- Draws attention with unique boars but intrinsically beautiful and easy to carve
features. into intricate designs.
Simplicity- Keeps designs uncluttered.
Sustainability- Eco-friendly practices like native Metals- possesses 3 unique qualities: tensile
plants. strength, ductility and malleability.
FUNCTIONAL BENEFITS Plaster- finely ground gypsum or burned
1. Environmental benefits- limestone that when mixed with water forms a
Improves air quality, provides solid material with new qualities of workability.
cooling.
2. Privacy and security- Natural Clay- moistened to a putty-like plasticity, it is
barriers for privacy. kneaded and coaxed into form by the sculptor’s
3. Recreational spaces- Extends bare hands.
usability outdoors.
Glass- it can also be used to make beautiful but
COMMON LANSCAPING STYLES
very fragile sculptures with the use of
Formal gardens
glassblowing.
 Symmetrical
 Structured. Plastic- one of the human’s most successful
Naturalistic landscapes inventions in the search for new materials to meet
 Organic the construction and designing needs in plastics.
 Relaxed
Japanese gardens Luminal sculpture- the newest materials for
 Simplicity sculpture are electronic devices that make the
 Balance beams of light travel in patterns or just remain in
Mediterranean landscaping place to subtly light up a sculptural form.
 Drought-resistant MEDIUMS OF MUSIC
 Suitable for warm climates
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION  THE STRINGED/BOWED INSTRUMENT-
 Architecture shapes the spaces we live These instruments have hollow sound box
in, blending function and beauty. across which nylon, wire, or gut strings are
 From ancient post-and-lintel structures to stretched. These strings are made to
modern steel skeletons, each vibrate by means of horsehair bow which
construction style—like arches, trusses, is rubbed over them.
and cantilevers—shows how materials Ex. Violin, viola, violincello, double
like wood, stone, concrete, and steel are bass
used to create resilient and inspiring  THE WIND/BLOWN INSTRUMENT- They
structures. are found behind the string choir in an
 Interior design and landscaping further orchestra. They are sounded by blowing
transform buildings into livable, into them, thus setting a column of
aesthetically pleasing spaces. vibrating. The instruments of the
 Together, these elements showcase woodwind family consist of tubes, usually
architecture as an art that combines made of wood, which have holes on the
engineering and creativity, impacting our side. Examples of these are the flute,
environment and culture. piccolo, clarinet, English horn, bassoon
and contrabassoon and saxophone.
 Ex. The woodwinds-They are found Rondalla- Best known Philippine instrumental
behind the string choir in an orchestra. grouping today; a band made up of mostly
They are sounded by blowing into them, stringed instruments.
thus setting a column of vibrating. The
CONDUCTOR- The person entrusted with the
instruments of the woodwind family
tremendous task of controlling some one hundred
consist of tubes, usually made of wood,
players at a time and keeping the members
which have holes on the side. Examples of
playing together harmoniously.
these are the flute, piccolo, clarinet,
English horn, bassoon and contrabassoon THE HUMAN VOICE
and saxophone.
 Soprano
The brass instrument- All of brass  Alto
instrument consist of cylindrical brass tube  Tenor
of varying length. This tube is either  Bass
doubled on itself or coiled (for easy  Mezzo-soprano
handling) and expands into a bell-shaped  Baritone
end. The trumpet, horn, trombone, tube,
and bugle belong to this group of
instruments.

 THE PERCUSSION/STRUCK
INSTRUMENT- The complete set of
percussion includes any instrument that is
sound by striking, shaking, or scratching
with the hands or with another object.
These instruments are used to emphasize
the rhythm, generate excitement and
enliven the orchestral sound.
Percussions- The kettledrum or tympani,
chimes, glockenspiel, xylophones and
vibraphone are percussion instruments
which are able to produce different tones
with definite pitches.
The bass drum, the snare or side drum,
the tambourine, the castanets, the
cymbals, the woodblock, the maracas, and
the Chinese gong on the other hand, are
those which have indefinite pitch.

 THE KEYBOARDS-Instruments equipped

with keyboard occasionally play with the
symphony orchestra. Instruments that are
belong to this group are the piano, the
harpsichord, the celesta and the organ.
THE INSTRUMENT GROUPS
Orchestra- A big gathering of instrumentalist
having the string section is its nucleus. It is
usually composed of four choirs: strings,
woodwinds, brasses and percussion.
Band- Smaller in a size; composed mostly of
wind and percussion instruments with only a few
strings or none at all.