Important Questions Unitwise – DAA

Unit – 1
3-Mark Questions
1. Define an algorithm. What are its key properties?
2. What is meant by algorithmic problem-solving? List its fundamental steps.
3. Write a short note on the importance of asymptotic notations in algorithm analysis.
4. Differentiate between empirical and mathematical analysis of algorithms.
5. State and explain the Big-O notation with an example.
6. List and explain the properties of asymptotic notations.
7. What are the main differences between recursive and non-recursive algorithms?
8. What are the key characteristics of a well-defined problem type in algorithm design?
9. Briefly discuss the impact of input size on the efficiency of an algorithm.
10. What is the difference between worst-case, best-case, and average-case analysis of algorithms?

5-Mark Questions
1. Explain the notion of an algorithm and describe the fundamental steps in algorithmic problem-solving.
2. Differentiate between the types of algorithmic problems with suitable examples (e.g., Sorting, Searching,
Graph problems).
3. Derive and explain the asymptotic notation for the time complexity of a given algorithm (e.g., a sorting
algorithm like Bubble Sort or Merge Sort).
4. Compare and contrast the mathematical and empirical methods for analyzing the efficiency of
algorithms.
5. Describe in detail the asymptotic notations (Big-O, Big-Ω, and Big-Θ) and their significance in analyzing
algorithms.
6. Analyze a recursive algorithm (e.g., Binary Search or Fibonacci series generation) mathematically and
derive its time complexity.
7. Explain the role of the analysis framework in determining the efficiency of an algorithm with an
example.
8. Design a simple recursive algorithm and explain the steps of its mathematical analysis.
9. Discuss the importance of understanding problem types in algorithm design, using examples of
optimization and decision problems.
10. Provide a detailed comparison between divide-and-conquer and iterative approaches to algorithm
design with examples.
Unit – 2
3-Mark Questions
1. What is the brute force approach in algorithm design? Provide an example.
2. Briefly explain the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) and its solution using exhaustive search.
3. What is string matching, and how is it implemented using the brute force approach?
4. Define the divide-and-conquer methodology with a simple example.
5. Explain the importance of the Closest Pair Problem in computational geometry.
6. What is the role of recursion in divide-and-conquer algorithms?
7. Differentiate between brute force and divide-and-conquer approaches.
8. Write a short note on the Knapsack Problem and its brute force solution.
9. What are the key differences between Merge Sort and Quick Sort?
10. State the time complexity of Binary Search and explain why it is efficient.

5-Mark Questions
1. Describe the brute force approach to solving the String Matching problem with an example.
2. Explain the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) and the challenges of solving it using exhaustive search.
 3. Discuss the convex hull problem and explain how brute force can be used to solve it.
4. Explain the divide-and-conquer approach and analyze Binary Search in terms of its time complexity.
5. Describe the process of Merge Sort using the divide-and-conquer approach. Provide a step-by-step
example.
6. Discuss the Quick Sort algorithm in detail, including its partitioning process and time complexity.
7. Explain how the divide-and-conquer method is used for solving the Closest Pair Problem.
8. Analyze the Knapsack Problem using the brute force method and state its time complexity.
9. Compare and contrast Heap Sort and Quick Sort in terms of their methodology and efficiency.
10. Describe the multiplication of large integers using the divide-and-conquer technique and discuss its
efficiency.

Unit – 3
3-Mark Questions
1. Define dynamic programming and explain the principle of optimality.
2. Differentiate between dynamic programming and greedy technique.
3. Briefly explain the coin-changing problem and its relevance to dynamic programming.
 4. Write the recurrence relation for computing binomial coefficients using dynamic programming.
5. What is Floyd's algorithm, and what problem does it solve?
6. Define an optimal binary search tree. How does it improve search efficiency?
7. State the main differences between Prim’s and Kruskal’s algorithms for Minimum Spanning Tree
(MST).
8. What is the role of memory functions in dynamic programming?
9. Write a short note on the container loading problem in the greedy technique.
10. Compare the space complexities of Floyd's algorithm and other shortest path algorithms.

5-Mark Questions
1. Explain the principle of optimality and illustrate its application with the coin-changing problem.
2. Derive and solve a problem using dynamic programming to compute a binomial coefficient.
3. Discuss Floyd's algorithm in detail and analyze its time and space complexity.
4. Solve a multi-stage graph problem using dynamic programming and explain the steps.
5. Construct and explain the process of building an Optimal Binary Search Tree using dynamic
programming.
6. Analyze the 0/1 Knapsack Problem using dynamic programming and state its time complexity.
 7. Explain how memory functions are used to improve the efficiency of recursive dynamic programming
algorithms.
8. Discuss Prim's algorithm in detail and provide a step-by-step example.
9. Describe Kruskal’s algorithm and compare its approach to that of Prim’s algorithm with an example.
10. Solve the container loading problem using the greedy approach and explain the steps involved.

Unit – 4
3-Mark Questions
1. What is iterative improvement in the context of optimization problems?
2. Briefly explain the Simplex Method and its purpose.
3. Define the Maximum-Flow Problem and state one real-world application.
4. What is a bipartite graph? Explain its importance in maximum matching.
5. Write a short note on the Stable Marriage Problem.
6. What are the key differences between the Maximum-Flow Problem and Maximum Matching in Bipartite
Graphs?
7. Explain the concept of augmenting paths in the Maximum-Flow Problem.
 8. State the key properties of the Stable Marriage Problem.
9. What is the role of the residual graph in solving the Maximum-Flow Problem?
10. Define the term "feasible solution" in the Simplex Method.

5-Mark Questions
1. Explain the Simplex Method in detail and its application in solving linear programming problems.
2. Solve a Maximum-Flow Problem using the Ford-Fulkerson method and explain the steps.
3. Describe the algorithm for finding maximum matching in a bipartite graph.
4. Analyze the Stable Marriage Problem and discuss its solution using the Gale-Shapley algorithm.
5. Compare and contrast iterative improvement methods for solving Maximum-Flow and Maximum
Matching problems.
6. Explain the concept of residual capacity and augmenting paths in solving Maximum-Flow Problems.
7. Discuss the time complexity of the Gale-Shapley algorithm and why it guarantees a stable matching.
8. Derive the solution for a bipartite graph maximum matching problem using an example.
9. Describe the termination criteria for the Simplex Method and discuss its efficiency.
10. Solve a simple instance of the Stable Marriage Problem and explain how the Gale-Shapley algorithm
works.
Unit – 5
3-Mark Questions
1. Define the classes P, NP, and NP-Complete with examples.
2. Differentiate between NP-Complete and NP-Hard problems.
3. What are lower-bound arguments in algorithm analysis? Provide an example.
4. Briefly explain the n-Queens problem and its significance in backtracking.
5. What is the Subset Sum Problem, and why is it significant?
6. Write a short note on the Hamiltonian Circuit Problem.
7. Define the concept of backtracking and give an example of its application.
8. What is the basic principle of branch and bound?
9. State the difference between backtracking and branch-and-bound approaches.
10. What is the role of approximation algorithms in solving NP-Hard problems?

5-Mark Questions
1. Explain the relationship between P, NP, NP-Complete, and NP-Hard problems with examples.
 2. Analyze the n-Queens problem using the backtracking approach with a detailed explanation of the
algorithm.
3. Discuss the Hamiltonian Circuit Problem and describe how backtracking is used to solve it.
4. Solve the Subset Sum Problem using backtracking for a given example and explain the process.
5. Explain the branch-and-bound approach with a solution to the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP).
6. Discuss the branch-and-bound solution to the Assignment Problem and derive its complexity.
7. Explain the Knapsack Problem using branch-and-bound with a suitable example.
8. Describe approximation algorithms for the Travelling Salesman Problem and analyze their efficiency.
9. Explain the importance of approximation algorithms in solving NP-Hard problems and provide an
example of the Knapsack Problem.
10. Discuss the limitations of algorithm power and how techniques like backtracking, branch-and-bound,
and approximation help overcome these limitations.

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 Important Questions Unitwise – IOT
Unit – 1
3-Mark Questions
1. Define the Internet of Things (IoT) and list its key characteristics.
2. What are the functional blocks of IoT? Briefly describe their purpose.
3. Differentiate between the physical and logical design of IoT.
4. What are "Things" in IoT? Provide two examples.
5. Write a short note on IoT Communication APIs.
6. Name two IoT enabling technologies and explain their roles.
7. What is the role of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) in IoT?
8. Define Big Data Analysis in the context of IoT. Why is it important?
9. What are embedded systems, and how do they relate to IoT?
10. List two commonly used communication protocols in IoT and briefly describe them.

5-Mark Questions
1. Explain the characteristics of IoT with suitable examples.
 2. Discuss the physical design of IoT in detail, including "Things" and their connections.
3. Describe the logical design of IoT and its importance in IoT systems.
4. Explain the IoT Functional Blocks and their interactions.
5. How do WSN and Cloud Computing enable IoT applications? Discuss their integration.
6. Analyze the importance of Big Data Analysis in IoT, and discuss how it helps in decision-making.
7. Compare various IoT communication protocols and their applications.
8. Explain the role of embedded systems in IoT with suitable examples.
9. Discuss the significance of IoT Communication APIs with an example of how they are used.
10. Describe the role of enabling technologies (e.g., Cloud Computing, Communication Protocols) in
making IoT scalable and efficient.

Unit – 2
3-Mark Questions
1. What are IoT hardware devices? Provide two examples.
2. Define the role of sensors and actuators in IoT.
3. Write a short note on the Arduino IDE and its purpose.
 4. Name two key features of Arduino hardware.
5. What is Raspberry Pi? Mention its key applications in IoT.
6. Briefly explain the role of the WINGZ gateway in IoT applications.
7. Differentiate between Wi-Fi mote and BLEMote in IoT systems.
8. List two key features of the Ubimote device developed by CDAC.
9. What is the importance of IoT platforms in building IoT systems?
10. Define actuators and explain their function with an example.

5-Mark Questions
1. Describe the components and basics of Arduino hardware with its IoT applications.
2. Explain the steps involved in programming an Arduino board using the Arduino IDE.
3. Discuss the architecture and features of Raspberry Pi with a focus on its use in IoT.
4. Compare the functionalities of Ubimote, Wi-Fi mote, and BLEMote devices developed by CDAC.
5. Write a detailed note on the WINGZ gateway and its significance in IoT networks.
6. Explain the role of IoT platforms in the development and deployment of IoT systems.
7. Discuss the working of sensors and actuators in IoT with suitable examples.
 8. How does Raspberry Pi differ from Arduino in terms of hardware and applications?
9. Explain the integration of sensors, actuators, and IoT devices to create a complete IoT system.
10. Describe an IoT project using Arduino or Raspberry Pi, including the hardware and programming steps
involved.

Unit – 3
3-Mark Questions
1. What are IoT protocols? Why are they important?
2. Name two data link layer protocols used in IoT and briefly explain their roles.
3. What is the significance of routing protocols at the network layer in IoT? Provide an example.
4. Define encapsulation protocols and give one example used in IoT.
5. Write a short note on MQTT as a session layer protocol.
6. What are IoT security protocols? Name two widely used protocols.
7. Briefly describe the role of service discovery protocols in IoT.
8. Differentiate between infrastructure protocols and encapsulation protocols.
9. What is CoAP? In which layer of IoT does it operate?
 10. Mention one security challenge in IoT and the protocol used to address it.

5-Mark Questions
1. Discuss IoT data link protocols and their role in device communication with examples.
2. Explain the working of network layer routing protocols and their importance in IoT applications.
3. Describe the MQTT protocol and explain its application in IoT with an example.
4. What are network layer encapsulation protocols? Explain with an example such as 6LoWPAN.
5. Compare CoAP and MQTT protocols in terms of their usage and functionality in IoT systems.
6. Explain the significance of IoT security protocols and discuss SSL/TLS in ensuring secure
communication.
7. Describe the role and functioning of service discovery protocols in IoT systems with examples.
8. Write a detailed note on infrastructure protocols in IoT and discuss their application in smart systems.
9. How do session layer protocols enable efficient communication in IoT? Illustrate with an example.
10. Discuss the challenges in IoT protocol standardization and the strategies to overcome them.
Unit – 4
3-Mark Questions
1. What is the role of Serial Communication in Arduino programming?
2. How can sensors be used as input devices in an IoT system using Arduino?
3. Explain how visual outputs can be generated in an IoT system using Arduino.
4. Briefly describe how physical outputs (e.g., motors, LEDs) can be controlled using Arduino.
5. What is the significance of wireless communication in IoT systems? Provide one example of a wireless
communication method used in IoT.
6. How does Raspberry Pi differ from Arduino in terms of programming and applications?
7. Name any two Python packages that are useful in IoT programming and explain their role.
8. How can IoT devices be remotely controlled using Arduino? Provide an example.
9. Discuss the role of Python in programming IoT devices like Raspberry Pi.
10. What are the basic functions of CADC IoT devices in programming IoT applications?

5-Mark Questions
1. Explain the concept of Serial Communication in Arduino. How do you use it to send and receive data
between an Arduino and a computer?
2. Discuss how Arduino can be programmed to read input from various sensors (e.g., temperature,
humidity). Provide an example of sensor integration.
3. Describe how Arduino can control different types of outputs (visual, physical, and audio). Provide
examples for each.
4. Explain the concept and benefits of wireless communication in IoT. How can an Arduino be used to
communicate wirelessly with other devices?
5. How does Raspberry Pi differ from Arduino in terms of hardware and programming? Provide examples
of IoT applications for each.
6. Provide a detailed explanation of Python programming for IoT applications. What makes Python a
suitable language for IoT programming?
7. List and explain the use of Python packages commonly used in IoT applications (e.g., RPi.GPIO, Flask,
requests).
8. Describe how IoT devices can be remotely controlled via the internet or a local network. Discuss an
example using Arduino and an IoT platform (e.g., Blynk).
9. Explain the process of IoT programming with CADC IoT devices. How are these devices programmed
and integrated into IoT systems?
10. Discuss how Raspberry Pi and Arduino can be used together in an IoT project. Explain a scenario where
both devices complement each other.
Unit – 5
3-Mark Questions
1. Define Domain-Specific IoT and provide two examples.
2. Briefly explain the concept of Home Automation in IoT.
3. What is a Smart City in the context of IoT? Provide one example of an IoT application in smart cities.
4. How does IoT contribute to the Smart Environment?
5. Name two key IoT applications in Agriculture and explain their benefits.
6. What role does IoT play in Energy Management?
7. What are the primary functions of Logistics IoT applications?
8. How do Health & Lifestyle Sensors enhance daily living and health monitoring?
9. Explain the role of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) in IoT applications.
10. What is the significance of the August Smart Lock in terms of IoT security?

5-Mark Questions
1. Discuss the application of IoT in Home Automation and explain how it makes homes smarter.
2. How are IoT technologies transforming Smart Cities? Discuss two key applications in this domain.
 3. Explain how IoT contributes to creating a Smart Environment, with examples from waste management
or pollution monitoring.
4. Discuss the role of IoT in Energy Management and provide examples of energy-saving IoT applications.
5. Explain how IoT in Agriculture can improve crop management and farm efficiency. Provide examples
of IoT applications in this domain.
6. Discuss the use of IoT in Logistics and explain how it optimizes supply chain management.
7. Provide an in-depth analysis of a case study where Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are used in IoT
applications.
8. Describe the case study of the August Smart Lock and analyze its security features and vulnerabilities
in IoT security.
9. Discuss the various Health and Lifestyle IoT sensors and their impact on personal health and wellness.
10. Explain the significance of an Open IoT Platform and how it enables integration of various IoT devices
and services.

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