Government First Grade College

Navanagar Bagalkot

C# and Dot Net Framework

Notes of Unit-I
 C# and Dot Net Framework

UNIT-I
Introduction to C#
• ‘C#’ (pronounced as ‘C Sharp’) is an elegant and type-safe object-oriented
language that enables developers to build a variety of secure and robust
applications that run on the .Net Framework.

• It is a fully object-oriented language.

• C# syntax simplifies many of the complexities of C++.

• C# was developed by ‘Anders Hejlsberg’ and Microsoft team in 2000.

• So it’s a product of Microsoft.

• It is a case-sensitive language.

• It simplifies and modernizes C++.

• It is brand new language derived from the C/C++ family.

Fig: Evaluation of C# Language

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Characteristics of C#
1. Simple
• C# simplifies c++ by eliminating irksome operators such as ->, :: and
pointers. C# treats integer and Boolean data types as two entirely different
types.

2. Consistent (Compatible)
• C# supports a unified type system that eliminates the problem of varying
ranges of integer types. All types are treated as objects and developers can
extend the type system simply and easily.

3. Object-Oriented
• C# is truly object-oriented it supports the main 4 pillars of object-oriented
as follows
• Encapsulation
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
• Abstraction
4. Type-safe

• C# supports automatic garbage collection.

• Use of any uninitialized variables produces an error message by the compiler.
• C# enforces overflow checking in arithmetic operations.
5. Versionable

• Making new versions of software modules work with the existing

application is known as versioning. C# provides support for versioning
with the help of new and override keywords.
6. Flexible
• C# does not support a pointer.
7. Inter-Operability
• C# provides support for using COM objects no matter what language was
used to author them.
8. Platform-Independent

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• An application that develops on one type of platform that will run or

execute another type of platform is known as platform independent.

The .Net Architecture

The .Net Framework is the combination of layers of CLR, FCL, Data and XML
Classes and our Windows, Web applications and Web Services. A diagram of the .Net
Framework is presented below for better understanding.

Fig: .Net Architecture

Now will discuss one by one layer in detail

❖ .Net Applications:

i. Windows Forms

• Windows Forms is a Graphical User Interface (GUI) class library that is

bundled in the .Net Framework.

• Its main purpose is to provide an easier interface to develop applications for

desktops, tablets, and PCs.

• It is also termed as the WinForms. The applications which are developed by

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using Windows Forms or WinForms are known as the Windows Forms

Applications that run the desktop computer.

• WinForms can be used only to develop windows Forms Applications not web
applications. WinForms applications can contain a different types of controls
like labels, list boxes, tooltips etc.

ii. Web Applications

• ASP.Net: This is used for developing web-based applications, which are made
to run on any browser such as Internet Explorer, Chrome or Firefox. (Active
Server Page)

iii. Web Services

• These services use the XML to exchange the information with the other
software with the help of the common internet Protocols. In the simple term,
we use the Web Service to interact with the objects over the internet.

• Web Service is known as the software program.

❖ Data (ADO.Net) & XML Library

• This technology is used to develop applications to interact with Databases such
as Oracle or Microsoft SQL Server (ActiveX Data Object)

• An XML library is a collection of methods and functions that can be used for the
core purpose.

❖ Framework Class Library (FCL)

• The .Net Framework provides a huge Framework (or Base) Class Library (FCL)
for common, usual tasks.

• FCL contains thousands of classes to provide access to Windows API and

common functions like String Manipulation,Common Data Structures, IO,
Streams, Threads, Security, Network Programming, Windows Programming,
WebProgramming, Data Access, etc.

• It is simply the largest standard library ever shipped with any development
environment or programming language.

• The best part of this library is they follow extremely efficient OO design (design
patterns) making their access and use very simple and predictable.

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• You can use the classes in FCL in yourprogram just as you would use any other
class. You can even apply inheritance and polymorphism to these classes.

•
❖ Common Language Runtime (CLR)

• CLR is an execution engine of .Net framework in which every application of .Net will
runs under the control of Common Language Runtime (CLR).
• The main function of Common Language Runtime (CLR) is to convert the MSIL code
into Native Code and then execute the program.
• The MSIL code compiled only when it needed that is it converts the appropriate
instructions when each function is called.
• The Common Language Runtime (CLR)’s Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation converts
Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL) to native code on demand at application run
time.
• During the execution of program the Common Language Runtime (CLR) manages
memory, Thread execution, Garbage Collection (GC), Exception Handling, Common
Type System (CTS), code safety verification, and other system services.

Our .Net
Applications

Common Language Runtime

(CLR)

Windows
OS

The most important concept of the .Net Framework is the existence and
functionality of the .Net Common Language Runtime (CLR), also called .Net Runtime for
short. It is a framework layer that resides above the OS and handles the execution of all the
.Net applications. Our programs don't directly communicate with the OS but go through
the CLR.

❖ Windows OS

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• This is the last layer of our .Net architecture here the last
executable code (Native code) is stored from all the above
processes.

Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL)

The Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL), also known as the Common

Intermediate Language (CIL) is a set of instructions that are platform independent and
are generated by the language-specific compiler from the source code. The MSIL is
platform independent and consequently, it can be executed on any of the Common
Language Infrastructure supported environments such as the Windows .NET runtime.
When we compile our .Net program using any .Net compliant language ( such as
c#, VB .Net or C++ .Net) our source code does not get converted into the executable binary
code but to an intermediate code known as MSIL which is interpreted by the CLR.
MSIL is an operating system and hardware-independent code. Upon program execution,
this MSIL (intermediate code) is converted to binary executable code(Native code). Cross
language relationships are possible as the MSIL code is similar to each .Net language.

Just In Time Compilers (JITers)

• The .Net language which conforms to the Common Language Specification (CLS)
uses its corresponding runtime to run the application on different Operating
Systems.
• During the code execution time, the managed code is compiled only when it is
needed that is it converts the appropriate instructions to the native code for
execution just before when each function this process is called Just-In-Time (JIT)
the common language runtime (CLR)doing this task.
• The common language runtime (CLR) provides various Just-In-Time (JIT) and
each workon a different architecture depending on Operating System.

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• The same Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL) can be executed on different

operating systems without rewriting the source code.
• Just-In-Time compiler (JIT) code generally offers far better performance than
interpreters.
• In JIT execution happens one by one.

The Common Languages Specification (CLS)

➢ The Common Language Specification (CLS) is one of the specifications that describes that
the compiled code of every .Net language should be the same (i.e. Common Intermediate
Language (CIL) / MSIL code).

➢ By following this specification Microsoft designed compilers of every .Net language to

give the same compiled code known as Common Intermediate Language (CIL) code.

➢ Common Language Specification (CLS) ensures complete interoperability among

applications, regardless of the language used to create the application.

➢ Common Language Specification (CLS) defines a subset of the Common Type System (CTS).

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The Common Type System (CTS)

➢ Common Type System (CTS) is nothing but a common data type platform where you
write your code either in C# or in VB or in any dot net supported programming
languages, all the data types of these languages get into a common data type platform
which is known as Common Type System.

➢ At the time of compilation, all language-specific data types are converted into CLR’s data
type. This data type system of CLR which is common to all programming languages of
.NET is known as CTS.

CTS are following types

• Value Type
• Reference Type

• Value Type

All fixed-length data types int, float, char, etc. will come under the category of a value
type.
• Reference Type

All variable length data types like string and object will come under the category of
reference types.

The .Net Framework

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• .Net framework is execution or runtime environment of .Net program or application.

• To execute .Net application on any machine/device we required software
known as .NetFramework.
• .Net application will execute under framework only.
• Framework work is a software which will masks (acting as) the functionality of
operating system making the Common Intermediate Language Code to execute
under its control.

LINQ → Language Integrated Query

WPF → Windows Presentation Foundation

WCF → Windows Communication Foundation

WF → Workflow Forms

ASP → Active Server Pages

ADO → ActiveX Data Objects

Similarities and Differences between C# and C++, Java, and

Visual Basic

C# And C++

SL.NO C# C++
C+ is a low-level programing
1. C# is a high-level language.
language
It does not support multiple
2. It support the multiple inheritance
inheritance
C# automatically manages In C++ you require to manage
3.
memory memory Manually
4. In C# after compiling code is In C++ after compiling code is
changed in to an MSIL. changed into machine code (.exe)
C# programming used for
C++ used for developing console
5. windows, mobile and console
applications.
applications
For each loop is not supported in
6. For each loop support in C#
C++
C++ does not support garbage
7. C# support garbage collection
collection
C# is quite easy because it
C++ includes very complex
8. has the well-defined
features.
hierarchy of classes.
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C++ is not a pure object-oriented

C# is pure object-oriented
9. programming language due to the
programming language.
primitive data types.
In C# only in unsafe mode In C++ you can use pointer anywhere
10.
you can use a pointer in the Program

C# And JAVA

SL.NO C# JAVA
C# is an object-oriented Java is a high level, robust, secured
programming language and object-oriented
1.
developed by Microsoft that runs programming language developed by
on .Net Framework. Oracle.
Its derives from C family
2. Its derives from C family language.
language.
C# compiler generates Microsoft
3. Java compiler generates Java byte code.
Intermediate Language (MSIL).
4. C# supports goto statement. Java doesn't support goto statement.
C# supports structures and Java doesn’t support structures and
5.
unions. unions.
6. C# supports garbage collection Java supports garbage collection
To import libraries/file uses To import libraries / files using packages
7.
using keyword
C# supports operator overloading of Java
of does not support operator
8. overloading
multiple operators
Java supports checked exception and
9. C# supports unchecked exception.
unchecked exception.
10. C# type safety is unsafe. Java type safety is safe.

C# And Visual Basic

SL.NO C# Visual Basic

1. Both languages are functionally equal. Both languages are functionally equal.
It is a case sensitive language. For It is a case insensitive language. For
2. example," Hello" and "hello" are example, "Hello" and "hello" are the
different. same.
It supports only structured error VB.NET supports structured and
3.
handling. unstructured error handling.
4. Events are not possible in C#. Events are automatically bound.
Declaration and definition are different Declaration and definition are different in
5.
in both both
It uses a simple programming structure Whereas, it uses Simple English for
6.
as C, Java, Python, C++, etc. defining the structure

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int x; Dim x As Integer

int x = 10; Public x As Integer = 10

Each statement is terminated with a Each statement does not end with a
7.
semicolon (;) semicolon.

Working With Visual Studio.Net

Start Microsoft Visual Studio.Net and select File - New - Project; this will show the
open file dialog. Select VisualC# Project from Project Type and select Windows after
that select Console Application from Template. Write MyHelloWorldApplication
inthe name text box below and click OK.

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Understanding the HELLO WORLD Application Code

Namespace in C#
A Namespace is simply a logical collection of related classes in C#. We
bundle our related classes in some named collection calling it a namespace.
Namespaces are used to organize the classes. It helps to control the scope
of methods and classes in larger .Net programming projects.
It is also referred as named group of classes having common features.

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The members of a namespace can be namespaces, interfaces, structures,

and delegates.

Defining a Namespace

To define a namespace in C#, we will use the namespace keyword

followed by the name of the namespace and curly braces containing the
body of the namespace as follows:

Syntax:
namespace name_of_namespace
{
// Namespace (Nested Namespaces)
// Classes
// Interfaces
// Structures
// Delegates
}
Example: using System;
using System.linq; etc.

The using keyword

The first line of our program was:

using System;
The using keyword above allows us to use the classes in the following
'System' namespace. By doing this, we can now access all the classes defined in the
System namespace like we are able to access the Console class in our Main method later.
One point to remember here is using allows you to access the classes in the referenced
namespace only and not in its internal/child namespaces. Hence we might need to write

using System.Collections;

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in order to access the classes defined in Collection namespace which is a sub/internal

namespace of Systemnamespace.

The class Keyword

• All of our C# programs contain at least one class.

• The Main() method resides in one of these classes.

• Classes are a combination of data (fields) and functions

(methods) that can be performed on this data in order to achieve
the solution to our problem.

• Classes in C# are defined using the class keyword followed by the

name of class.
Ex:
class Student
{
----Members
}

The Main() Method

• The Main() is an entry point in every program.

• The main method should be defined as a static member in the

class by using static keyword to be execute first under the class
without object usage.

• A main method can be defined as a non-value returning method

by using void keyword and also can be defined as value returning
method but of integer type only.
Ex:
static void Main(string[] args)
{
-------
}
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Printing on the Console

The following line prints Hello World on the Console screen:

Console.WriteLine(“HelloWorld”);

Here we called WriteLine(), a static method of the Console class defined in the
System namespace.
This method takes a string (enclosed in double quotes) as its parameter and
prints it on the Console window.

Comments
Comments are the programmer's text to explain the code, are ignored by the
compiler and are not included in the final executable code.

C# uses syntax for comments that is similar to Java and C++. The text following
double slash marks (// any comment) are line comments. The comment ends
with the end of the line:

// This is my main method of program

static void Main(string[] args)
{
------
}

C# also supports the comment block. In this case, the whole block is ignored
by the compiler. The start of the block is declared by slash-asterisk (/*) and
ends with asterisk-slash mark (*/):
static void Main()
{

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/* These lines of text

will be ignored by the compiler */
-------
}

C# introduces another kind of comment called 'documentation comments'.

C# can use these to generate the documentation for your classes and
program. These are line comments and start with triple slash mark (///):
/// These are documentation comments

The System.Console Class

• In C#, the Console class is used to represent the standard input,

output, and error streams for the console applications.
• You are not allowed to inherit Console class.
• This class is defined under System namespace. This class does not
contain any constructor.
• This class contains a set of static methods like WriteLine(),
ReadLine(), Write(), Read() which can be execute by calling with
its class name because those are static method.

Write()

• This method is used to display any message to the user in the output stream.
• After displaying the message blinking cursor remains in the same line.

Example: Console.Write(“Kle BCA Athani”);

Output: Kle BCA Athani _

WriteLine()

• This method is used to display required message to the user on the output
stream.
• After displaying the message blinking cursor moves to a new line.

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Example: Console.Write(“Kle BCA Athani”);

Output: Kle BCA Athani
_

Read()
• Read method reads the single character and convert that
character into the ASCII value that means it returns the value of
type integer.
ReadLine()

• This will read an input stream from the console window and

return the input string when user presses the enter key.
• And it convert any type of value to string type we mostly use

ReadLine() instead of Read().

Clear()
• This method is used to delete the contents of screen and is same

as clrscr() in C / C++.
Example:
using System;
namespace ConsoleClassExample
{
class Consoleclass
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.Write("BCA ");
Console.WriteLine("KLE BCA");
Console.WriteLine("Athani");
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
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}
Output: BCA KLE BCA
Athani

The System.Environment Class

In C#, Environment Class provides information about the current

platform and manipulates, the current platform. It is useful for getting and
setting various operating system-related information.

Environment class is a static class that provides the system configuration,

Current program execution Environment as well some properties for string
manipulation such as news line, System Namespace represents the
Environment Class.

You can access the particular property or function as

Environment.OSVersion.ToString(); Operating system Details

Environment.NewLine.ToString(); string will split into New line

Environment.MachineName.ToString(); Machine Name

checkes whether the system is 64

Environment.Is64BitProcess.ToString();
bit
gets the number of process curre
Environment.ProcessorCount.ToString();
ntly running on current machine
gets the username of person who
Environment.UserName.ToString(); currently logged on the windows
operating System system
gets the network domain name
Environment.UserDomainName.ToString(); which is currently associated
with current User Computer

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gets the full path of current

Environment.CurrentDirectory.ToString();
working directory.

using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace ConsoleEnvironmentClass
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
ArrayList ar = new ArrayList();
ar.Add("OSVersion: " + Environment.OSVersion.ToString());
ar.Add("OSVersion Platform: " + Environment.OSVersion.Platform.ToString());
ar.Add("NewLine :" + Environment.NewLine.ToString());
ar.Add("MachineName :" + Environment.MachineName.ToString());
ar.Add("UserDomainName: " + Environment.UserDomainName.ToString());
ar.Add("UserName : " + Environment.UserName.ToString());
Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine + "Environment Class Details" +
Environment.NewLine + "-----------------------");
foreach (var item in ar)
{
Console.WriteLine(item);
}
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
Output:

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**********

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