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18 views26 pages

LIFE PROCESSES Part 2 Batch 2023-24 (1) (1)

Uploaded by

bhaavanmacha2709
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LIFE PROCESSES

CLASS X | BIOLOGY
What are we going to study?

● Types of Respiration
● Respiration in plants
● Respiration in Aquatic Animals
● Respiration in Human Beings
What is Respiration?

The process in which the FOOD is broken


down in the cells with the help of oxygen
to release energy is known as
RESPIRATION.
IS IT CATABOLIC OR ANABOLIC IN
NATURE?
Types of Respiration

Aerobic Anaerobic

Respiration which uses Respiration which takes


oxygen. place without oxygen.
Steps in Respiration
HOW IS ENERGY STORED IN
HUMAN BODY?

ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate


● Known as energy currency of cell.

● The energy released during the process of


respiration is used to build-up an ATP molecule
from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi).

● The energy equivalent to 30.5kJ/mol is released,


when the terminal phosphate linkage in ATP is
broken down.

● It is this energy which is utilized by the cells for


the contraction of muscles, protein synthesis,
conduction of nervous impulses and many
other activities.
(i) Alcoholic Fermentation

Fermentation is another anaerobic


(non-oxygen-requiring) pathway for breaking
down glucose.

This process occurs mainly in YEAST.


Fermentation in yeast is thus used to making
cheese, beer, wine, etc (by brewing).
(i) Lactic Acid Fermentation

It happens in Human Beings during


exercising.

When we exercise, our energy requirements


increase. As we lack to get sufficient oxygen
from the surrounding, our body has to fulfil
the energy requirement through Anaerobic
Respiration.

Lactic acid produced in muscle cells is


transported through the bloodstream to the
liver, where it’s converted back to pyruvate
and processed normally in the remaining
reactions of cellular respiration
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS VS THAT IN
ANIMALS

All parts of the plant perform respiration


individually. While, an animal performs
respiration as a single unit.

During respiration in plants, there is a little


transport of respiratory gases from one part
to other. While, respiratory gases transport
over long distances inside an animal during
respiration.

Respiration in plants occurs at a slow time.


While, the respiration in animals occurs at a
much faster rate.
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS

Plants exchange gases through stomata, and


the large intercellular spaces ensure that all
cells are in contact with air. Carbon dioxide
and oxygen are exchanged by Simple
diffusion here.

The direction AND INTENSITY of diffusion depends


upon the environmental conditions
During the day, CO2
generated during
At night, when there is no
respiration is used up for
photosynthesis occurring,
photosynthesis, hence
CO2 elimination is the
there is no CO2 release.
major exchange activity
Instead, oxygen release is
going on.
the major event at this
time.
RESPIRATION IN AQUATIC ANIMALS
Flatworms : Simple
Diffusion over body
surface

Earthworms : Moist Cuticle


of Skin

Insects : Network of
tubules (tracheal tubules)

Fishes : Gills

Reptiles and Birds : Lungs

Amphibians like frog : can


Since the amount of dissolved oxygen is fairly
respire through moist skin low compared to the amount of oxygen in the
too air, the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms
is much faster than that seen in terrestrial
organisms
RESPIRATION IN HUMAN BEINGS
Mechanism of Respiration in Humans

Transport &
Breathing
Exchange of Gases

Breathing:

It is the movement of air into and out of the lungs.

In one breathing cycle, following processes happen:

1. Inhalation
2. Exhalation
Nostrils

Air enters into human body


through the nostrils and is
filtered by fine hairs and mucus
which line the passage.

Trachea Pharynx

Also known as WINDPIPE. It has Nasal chamber


Rings of Cartilage. These opens into pharynx.
ensure that the air-passage
does not collapse.

Larynx

Also known as
Sound Box. Located
in front of trachea.
Diagram flattens
due to
contraction of
muscle fibres and
thoracic cavity
increases

Diaphragm
relaxes and thus
the volume of the
thoracic cavity
decreases.
WHERE DOES EXCHANGE OF GASES HAPPEN?

● Each bronchus divides in the lungs to form a


large number of still smaller tubes called
‘bronchioles’ which have pouch like structures at
the end known as ALVEOLI.

● ALVEOLI ARE THE SITES OF GASEOUS


EXCHANGE

● The walls of alveoli are very thin and they are


surrounded by very thin blood capillaries.

● There are millions of alveoli in the lungs. The


presence of millions of alveoli in the lungs
provides a very large area for the exchange of
gases.
DO LUNGS EVER COLLAPSE?

Normally, no!

During the breathing cycle, when air is


taken in and let out, the lungs always
contain a residual volume of air so that
there is sufficient time for oxygen to be
absorbed and for the carbon dioxide to be
released.
Haemoglobin

● When the body size of animals is large, the diffusion


pressure alone cannot take care of oxygen delivery to
all parts of the body.

● Instead, respiratory pigments take up oxygen


from the air in the lungs and carry it to tissues
which are deficient in oxygen before releasing
it.

● In human beings, the respiratory pigment is


haemoglobin which has a very high affinity for oxygen.

● This pigment is present in the red blood corpuscles.


Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen is
and hence is mostly transported in the dissolved form in
our blood.

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