Divine Grace Lauresta UCSP QUARTER 1

ANTHROPOLOGY
 The study of what makes us human.
 A study of human development, culture, and
change throughout the world. TYPES OF POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
1. ABSOLUTISM- rulers have unlimited
Holism- understanding different aspects of human control
experiences. 2. ANARCHISM- a society without
Cultural Variation- differences in social behavior government or rules
that different cultures exhibit. 3. ARISTOCRACY- a social class where
members posses large percentage of
FIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY society’s wealth.
1. BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 4. AUTOCRACY- supreme political power and
- Studies the cultural aspect of human and decisions are unregulated
near humans. 5. COMMUNISM- an extreme left wing
- Understanding the evolution and genetic ideology
inheritance, human variation, and adaptation 6. CONSERVATISM- existing institutions are
to environmental stress. maintained
2. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY 7. DEMOCRACY- government by the people,
- Understanding the cultural aspect of human through elected representatives
societies. 8. DICTATORSHIP- government by a single
- Studies the organization, marriage patterns person with absolute control
and kinship system
3. LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY
- Studies the human communication process,
CULTURE AND CULTURAL CHANGE
functions of language, how language CULTURE- large and diverse set of intangible
develops overtime, and how they differ from aspects of life
each other.
4. ARCHAEOLOGY CULTURAL CHANGE
- Focused on recovering pre-history and early 1. Horton & Hunt- changes in culture and
history of societies and their culture, society
artifacts, and environmental data. 2. Kingsley David- occurring in any branch of
culture
3. David Dressler & Donald Caens-
SOCIOLOGY modification or discontinuance of existing
 The study of human social relationship and procedures
institution.
 Studies all levels of human thought and SOURCES OF CULTURAL CHANGE
activity, from personal to globally. 1. Discovery- new perception of an aspect or
reality that already exist
Social Differences- the complex differences (age,
2. Invention- combination or new use of
gender, race, culture, etc.
existing knowledge to produce another
3. Diffusion- spreading of cultural trait from
one group to another group
POLITICAL SCIENCE 4. Acculturation- a cultural modification by
 Studies the state, politics, and government. adapting or borrowing traits
 Analysis of political systems, theoretical and 5. Assimilation- combination of two cultures
practical application, and the examination of into one
political behaviour.

POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
- Set of ideas, beliefs, values, and opinions.
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APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF INDIVIDUAL SOCIETY- influences and experience

CULTURE AND CULTURAL CHANGE that contributes to own identity

SOCIALIZATION- a process where individuals are

VIEWING CULTURE IN TERMS OF PATTERNS shaped by social and culture institutions
AND CONFIGURATION
SIGNIFICANCE OF CULTURE- a person cannot
CULTURAL TRAITS- an element or characteristics understand one because one shapes the other
that make up the large fabric of culture or society

 Material- objects or artifacts

 Non material- ideas, values, organization CULTURAL RELATIVISM
 Understanding cultural practices, values,
CULTURAL AREA- a region or place that is and beliefs
inhabited by a people with cultural traits in common  Wrongly claims that each culture has its own
distinct but valid perception
CULTURAL TYPES- categories of culture shaped
by the environment an how people adapt to it
IMPORTANCE OF CULTURAL
RELATIVISM
VIEWING CULTURE IN TERMS OF 1. Promoting understanding and acceptance
INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 2. Countering Ethnocentrism
3. Encouraging tolerance and respect
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION- a socio-cultural system
consist of structure and function
IMPORTANT KEY POINTS:
ECONOMIC SYSTEM- specialization existed such 1. Does not mean anything a culture or group
as metal works or canoe markers of people believe is true
2. Does not mean that anything a culture does
EDUCATION- systematic process of facilitating
is good or moral
learning, intellectual growth and development
3. Does not mean that cultures can’t be
RELIGION AND LAW- spiritual and moral compared
frameworks used to understand one’s existence

CUSTOM AND LAW- custom is a traditional SYMBOLS

practice and norms followed by a group. Law is a  Conveying complex message into simple form
system of rules to regulate behaviours
CULTURAL SYMBOLS
- Words, objects, or action that represents
ideas, and beliefs of a specific culture
UN DERSTANDING CULTURE AND
SOCIETY SOCIAL SYMBOLS
- Relates to human society and its
organization
CULTURE- the complex whole which means
beliefs, arts, customs, law, morals, and knowledge POLITICAL SYMBOL
- Represents political ideology or standpoints
SOCIETY- group of individuals who interact and
share common culture ECONOMIC SYMBOLS
- The production, distribution, and
8 ASPECTS OF CULTURE consumption of goods and services
1. A way of life shared by a group of people
1. Arts 5. Daily Life
2. Music 6. Government
3. Language 7. Clothing
4. Food 8. Religion
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TYPES OF SOCIETY CONTEXT OF SOCIALIZATION

- Includes the culture, language, social
SOCIOCULTURAL EVOLUTION structure (class, ethnic, gender), historical
 Theories describe how culture and societies event, and power.
change overtime 1. THE BIOLOGICAL CONTEXT
- Often cited as influence on human behaviour
Gerhard Lenski (1924)
- Defines society in terms of their technological 2. THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTEXT
sophistication - Involves the emotional state of an individual
and their consciousness
3. SOCIAL POSITION
6 TYPES OF SOCIETY
- Social class, economic status, ethnic
1. Earliest Society- Hunting and Gathering
heritage, and gender influence how you are
societies are the earliest form of society.
socialized
2. Pastoral- relies on domestication of
animals as a resorts for survival CONCEPT OF SOCIALIZATION
3. Horticultural- formed in areas where 1. FREUD’S MODEL OF PERSONALITY
rainfall allows them to grow stable crop - Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
4. Agricultural- farmers used permanent tools - Includes 3 components;
like crop rotation and fertilizers  Id- basic, unconscious drives
5. Feudal- a strict hierarchical system based seeking gratification
on land ownership and protection  Ego- conscious, mediates
6. Post Industrial Society- values knowledge between id and superego
over physical good, giving power to those  Superego- internalized cultural
who control information values and norms
2. PIAGET’S THEORY OF COGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICES - Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
- Four stages;
 Sensorimotor- birth-2 years
CULTURAL PRACTICES  Preoperational- 2-7 years
- traditions and customs of a particular ethnic  Concrete operational- 7-11 years
or cultural group  Formal operational- 12 years
3. MEAD’S THEORY OF SOCIAL SELF
SOCIAL PRACTICES - George Herbert Mead (1863-193)
- routine and behaviours that are familiar to a - The self is a key part of personality,
member of a community developing through social experiences
ECONOMIC PRACTICES 4. COOLEY’S LOOKING-GLASS SELF
- how societies distribute resources and trade - Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929)
good or services - Our self-image is shaped by how we think
others perceives us
POLITICAL PRACTICES
- activities related to decision making in
groups and power relations
PROCESS AND CONSEQUENCES OF
RELIGION
 Learning the various elements of society’s
CONTEXT AND CONTENT OF cultures as well as its social structure
SOCIALIZATION
 Socialization or Enculturation is the process VALUES- standard that people used to decide
through which people develop their potential NORMS- rules and expectation, which society
and learn about culture. guides the behaviour of its member
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STATUS- social position that a person holds 12. Established Patterns- provides structure
and predictability to the group’s functioning
 Ascribed status- receives at birth or
taken involuntarily TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUP OR
 Achieved status- taken voluntarily that ORGANIZATION
reflect personal ability and effort  Social Group is a collection of people who
interacts with each other
ROLES- behaviour expected of someone who
holds particular status
1. ACCORDING TO SOCIAL TIES
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION a. Primary Group- most fundamental
1. Family 4. Mass Media unit of human society
2. School 5. Religion b. Secondary Groups- an individual
3. Peer Group comes in contact later in life
2. ACCORDING TO SELF IDENTIFICATION
a. In group- where individuals feel home
and which they identify
CONCEPT OF SOCIAL GROUP AND b. Out group- individuals do not belong
ORGANIZATION due to differences
c. Reference/Psychological group-
SOCIAL GROUP
where we refer when we try to
- Unit of interacting personalities with
evaluate our situation and behaviour
interdependence of roles and status
3. ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
a. Special interest groups- organized to
- Collectively established for the pursuit of
meet special interest of the member
specific goal b. Task group- assigned to accomplish
jobs which cannot be done by one
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL person
c. Influence/Pressure groups- organized
GROUP
to support or influence social action
1. Given number of Individual- must consist
4. ACCORDING TO GEOGRAPHICAL
of at least two people
LOCATION AND DEGREE OR QUALITY
2. Reciprocal Relations- interactions are
RELATIONSHIP
based on mutual expectations, etc.
a. Gemeinschaft- most relationship is
3. Common Goals- formed around shared
personal or traditional
objectives or goals
b. Gesselschaft- most relationship is
4. Sense of Unity and Solidarity- always
formal
tied, common goals and mutual relations
5. ACCORDINNG TO FORM OF
strengthens this social group
ORGANIZATION
5. A strong sense of awe-feeling- emotional
a. Formal group- purpose and
attachment and respect towards the group
objectives are clearly defined
6. Group Norms- develops norms that guides
b. Informal group- arises in the
the behaviours of members
interaction of two or more persons
7. Similar Behaviour- this is shaped by the
group’s norms, values, and goal
8. Awareness- consciousness of their BUREAUCRACY- hierarchical arrangement in
membership in the group large scale formal organization
9. Group Control- a control over their
members and their activity WIBER (1965) identified characteristics in
10. Permanent or Temporary in Nature- (e.g; bureaucracy:
permanent: family, temporary: project team) 1. Positions and offices are clearly defined
11. Dynamic in Nature- not static; responds to 2. Arrangement of authority, rights, and obligations
different changes are specifically drawn and clear-cut
3. The personnel are selected on the basis of
technical or professional qualification
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4. Definite rules govern official behaviour

5. Security of tenure and the pursuit of career