Active and passive voice

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Strong, precise verbs are fundamental to clear and engaging academic writing. However,
there is a rhetorical choice to be made about whether you are going to highlight the
subject that performs the action or the action itself. In active voice, the subject of the
sentence performs the action. In passive voice, the subject of the sentence receives the
action. Recognizing the differences between active and passive voice, including when
each is generally used, is a part of ensuring that your writing meets disciplinary
conventions and audience expectations.

Helpful Tip: traditionally, writers in STEM fields have used passive voice because the performer
of an action in a scientific document is usually less important than the action itself. In contrast,
arts and humanities programs have stressed the importance of active voice. However, these
guidelines are fluid, and STEM writers are increasingly using active voice in their writing. When
in doubt, consult academic publications in your field and talk to your instructor - doing these
things should give you a good sense of what's expected.

Active voice explained

Active voice emphasizes the performer of the action, and the performer holds the
subject position in the sentence. Generally, you should choose active voice unless you
have a specific reason to choose passive voice (see below for those instances).

e.g., Participants completed the survey and returned it to the reader.

In the above sentence, the performer of the action (participants) comes before the action
itself (completed).

Passive voice explained

PassiveWe useemphasized
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the receiver your and the subject of the sentence
of the action,
receives the action. When using passive voice, the performer of the action may or may
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not be identified later in the sentence.
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e.g. Thecookies
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completed.

In the above sentence, the people who performed the action (those who completed
Accept all
the survey) are not mentioned.
 e.g., The survey was completed by participants and returned to the researcher.

In the above sentence, the use of passive voice creates a sentence where the
performers of the action (the participants) are not highlighted; instead, the action of
completing the survey is emphasized.

Also, the prepositional phrase by participants identifies the performers of the

action, but it does so only after the action itself has been identified.

Helpful Tip: One popular trick for detecting whether or not your sentence is in passive voice is
to add the phrase by zombies after the verb in your sentence; if it makes grammatical sense,
your sentence is passive. If not, your sentence is active. Passive: The trip was taken [by
zombies]. Active: Mandy taught the class [by zombies].

When to choose passive voice

Deciding whether or not you should use passive voice depends on a number of factors,
including disciplinary conventions, the preferences of your instructor or supervisor, and
whether the performer of the action or the action itself is more important. Here are some
general guidelines to help you determine when passive voice is appropriate:

The performer is unknown or irrelevant

e.g., The first edition of Freud's The Interpretation of Dreams was published in 1900.

The performer is less important than the action

e.g., The honey bees were kept in a humidified chamber at room temperature
overnight.

The recipient of the action is the main topic

e.g., "We wish to suggest a structure for the salt of deoxyribose nucleic acid (D.N.A.). A
structure for D.N.A. has already been proposed by Pauling and Corey" (Watson and
Crick, 1953).

The first sentence in the above quotation is active voice (where the performers
want to be highlighted).

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The second sentence in the above quotation is passive voice (where the performers
useridentified,
are experiencebut are noted secondarily to the action itself).
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Helpful Tip: rhetorical choices often have an ethical dimension. For instance, passive voice
may be used by people, organizations, or governments to obscure information or avoid taking
direct responsibility. If someone says "the money was not invested soundly," the decision to not
identify the performer of the action ("the accountant did not invest the money soundly") may
 be a deliberate one. For this reason, it is crucial that we question the choices we make in
writing to ensure that our choices results in correct, clear, and appropriate messaging.

Converting passive voice to active voice

If you are proofreading in order to convert passive voice to active voice in your writing,
it is helpful to remember that

Active = performer of action + action

Passive = action itself (may or may not identify the performer afterwards)

Here are some sample revisions:

Passive: It is argued that...
Active: Smith argues that...
Passive: A number of results were shown...
Active: These results show...
Passive: Heart disease is considered the leading cause of death in North America.
Active: Research points to heart disease as the leading cause of death in North
America.

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