Orthographic Projections

By
Er. Jatinder Bhalla
 DR A WIN G S :

The Fact about:

If compared with Verbal or Written Description,
Drawings offer far better idea about the Shape, Size & Appearance of
any object or situation or location, that too in quite a less time.
 Drawings
(Some Types)

Portraits
Botanical Drawings ( human faces,
Nature Dr awings ( plants, flowers etc.) expressions etc.)
( landscape, G eogr aphical
scenery etc.) Zoological Dr awings
Drawings
(creatures, animals etc.) Engineering Drawings,
( maps etc.)

Building Related Drawings. Machine component Drawings

Orthographic Projections Isometric ( Mech.Engg.Term.)

(Fv,Tv & Sv.-Mech.Engg terms) or Perspective(Civil Engg.Term)
(Plan, Elevation- Civil Engg.terms)
(Working Drawings 2-D type)
( Actual Object Drawing 3-D)
 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
OF POINTS, LINES, PLANES, AND SOLIDS.

TO DRAW PROJECTIONS OF ANY OBJECT,

ONE MUST HAVE FOLLOWING INFORMATION
A) OBJECT
{ WITH IT’S DESCRIPTION, WELL DEFINED.}
B) OBSERVER
{ ALWAYS OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESP. REF.PLANE}.
C) LOCATION OF OBJECT,
{ MEANS IT’S POSITION WITH REFFERENCE TO H.P. & V.P.}

TERMS ‘ABOVE’ & ‘BELOW’ WITH RESPECTIVE TO H.P.

AND TERMS ‘INFRONT’ & ‘BEHIND’ WITH RESPECTIVE TO V.P
FORM 4 QUADRANTS.
OBJECTS CAN BE PLACED IN ANY ONE OF THESE 4 QUADRANTS.

IT IS INTERESTING TO LEARN THE EFFECT ON THE POSITIONS OF VIEWS ( FV, TV )

OF THE OBJECT WITH RESP. TO X-Y LINE, WHEN PLACED IN DIFFERENT QUADRANTS.
 VP
2nd Quad. 1ST Quad.

Y
Observer

X Y HP

3rd Quad. 4th Quad.

THIS QUADRANT PATTERN,

IF OBSERVED ALONG X-Y LINE ( IN RED ARROW DIRECTION)
WILL EXACTLY APPEAR AS SHOWN ON RIGHT SIDE AND HENCE,
IT IS FURTHER USED TO UNDERSTAND ILLUSTRATION PROPERLLY.
 NOTATIONS

FOLLOWING NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED WHILE NAMEING

DIFFERENT VIEWS IN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS.

OBJECT POINT A LINE AB

IT’S TOP VIEW a ab

IT’S FRONT VIEW a’ a’ b’

IT’S SIDE VIEW a” a” b”

 POINT A IN POINT A IN
Point A is VP
Placed In 2ND QUADRANT 1ST QUADRANT
VP a’
different A A
quadrants a’
and it’s Fv & Tv
a
are brought in
same plane for HP OBSERVER
Observer to see
clearly. HP OBSERVER
Fv is visible as
it is a view on
VP. But as Tv is a
is a view on Hp,
it is rotated
downward 900,
In clockwise
direction.The
In front part of
Hp comes below a
xy line and the
part behind Vp
comes above. HP
HP OBSERVER
OBSERVER

Observe and
note the
process. a
a’
A a’
POINT A IN A POINT A IN
3RD QUADRANT VP 4TH QUADRANT
VP
 PR O J E C T I O N S O F A PO I N T IN F I R S T Q U A D R A N T .
POINT A ABOVE HP POINT A ABOVE HP POINT A IN HP
& INFRONT OF VP & IN VP & INFRONT OF VP
For Tv
For Tv

PICTORIAL PICTORIAL For Tv

PRESENTATION A PRESENTATION
a’ a’
For
A Fv
Y Y
Y For
Fv a a’
a
X a X X A For
Fv

ORTHOGRAPHIC PRESENTATIONS
OF ALL ABOVE CASES.

VP VP VP

a’ a’

a’
X Y X a Y X Y

a a

HP HP HP
 PR O J E C T I O N S O F S T R A I G H T L I NE S .
INFORMATION REGARDING A LINE
IT’S LENGTH,
POSITION OF IT’S ENDS WITH HP & VP
IT’S INCLINATIONS WITH HP & VP WILL BE GIVEN.
AIM:- TO DRAW IT’S PROJECTIONS - MEANS FV & TV.

S I MP L E C AS E S O F T H E L I N E
1. A VERTICAL LINE ( LINE PERPENDICULAR TO HP & // TO VP)

2. LINE PARALLEL TO BOTH HP & VP.

3. LINE INCLINED TO HP & PARALLEL TO VP.

4. LINE INCLINED TO VP & PARALLEL TO HP.

5. LINE INCLINED TO BOTH HP & VP.

S T U DY IL L U S T R AT IO N S G IV E N O N N E X T PA G E
S H O WI N G C L E A R L Y T H E N AT U R E O F FV & T V
O F L IN E S LI S T E D A B O V E A N D N O T E R E S U L T S
 For Tv
(Pictorial Presentation) V.P.
a’
Note: a’
Fv is a vertical line
A Showing True Length Fv
1. FV &
Tv is a point. b’
A Line b’
perpendicular Y
X Y
to Hp B Fo
r Fv
& TV a b
// to Vp Tv a b
X

H.P.

(Pictorial Presentation) For Tv Note: V.P.

Fv & Tv both are
2. // to xy a’ Fv b’
b’ &
A Line B both show T. L.
// to Hp a’
& A Y X Y
// to Vp Fo
r Fv
b a b
Tv
X .V.
T
a
H.P.
 Fv inclined to xy V.P.
Tv parallel to xy. b’
3. b’

A Line inclined to Hp B
a’ θ
and θ Y
parallel to Vp a’ X Y
θ
(Pictorial presentation) A
a
T.V.
b
b
X
a
H.P.
Orthographic Projections

Tv inclined to xy V.P.
4. Fv parallel to xy.
a’ Fv b’
A Line inclined to Vp b’
and a’
parallel to Hp A
Ø
B X Y
(Pictorial presentation) a Ø

Ø Tv
a b
b
H.P.
 For Tv
For Tv
5. A Line inclined to both
Hp and Vp b’
b’
(Pictorial presentation)
B
B
α
α Y
Y
On removal of object a’ For
a’ For i.e. Line AB Fv
Fv
Fv as a image on Vp.
Tv as a image on Hp,
A
A
β
β X
X a b
a b
V.P.
b’
FV
a’ α

X Y
Orthographic Projections Note These Facts:-
Fv is seen on Vp clearly. Both Fv & Tv are inclined to xy.
a β (No view is parallel to xy)
Both Fv & Tv are reduced lengths.
Hence it comes below xy. TV (No view shows True Length)

H.P. b
 PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS (First Angle Method)

THI S I S A PI CTO RI AL SE T-U P O F AL L THRE E PL ANE S.

ARR OW DI RE CTI ON I S A NOR MAL W AY O F O BSE R VI NG THE O BJE CT.
BUT I N THI S DI RE CTI O N O NL Y VP AND A V I E W ON I T (FV) CAN BE SE E N.
THE OTHE R PL ANE S AND V I E W S ON THOSE CAN NO T BE SE E N.

Y
TO MAK E THOSE PLANES ALSO VI SI BL E FR OM THE ARR OW DI R ECTI ON,
A) HP I S R OTATE D 900 DOU NW ARD
X B) PP, 900 I N R I GHT SI DE DI R E CTI O N.
THI S W AY BOTH PL ANE S AR E BR OU GHT I N THE SAME PL ANE CONTAI NI NG V P.

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VP PP
Y
FV LSV

X Y
X TV

HP

ACTU AL PATTER N O F PL ANE S & V I E W S

HP I S R OTATE D DOW NW ARD 900 PP I S RO TATED I N RI G HT SI DE 900 OF O RTHO GR APHI C PR OJE CTI O NS
AND AND DR AW N I N
BR OU GHT I N THE PLANE O F V P. BR OU GHT I N THE PLANE OF V P. FI R ST ANG LE ME THOD OF PRO JE CTI ONS
 Methods of Drawing Orthographic Projections

First Angle Projections Method Third Angle Projections Method

Here views are drawn Here views are drawn
by placing object by placing object
in 1st Quadrant in 3rd Quadrant.
SY MBOL IC ( )
PR ESENTATIO N
O F BO TH ME THODS
WI TH AN OBJE CT
STANDING ON HP ( G RO UND) TV
FV ON I T’S BASE .

X Y NOTE:- X Y
HP term is used in1st Angle method
& FV
TV
For the same
Ground term is used G L
in 3rd Angle method of projections
 FIRST ANGLE
FO R T .V .
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT
MEANS
ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP.

OBJECT IS INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & PLANE.

VP PP

FV LSV .
V FO
S. R
X Y OR F.
V.
F
TV

HP

ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
IN
FIRST ANGLE METHOD
OF PROJECTIONS
 THIRD ANGLE FO R T .V.
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT
( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF VP. )

PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT

AND INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & OBJECT.

TV
X Y
LSV FV

ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
OF . FO
V
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS S. R
F.
F OR V.