8.

0 Temporary Construction

8.1 Scaffolding and it types

8.2 Formwork for excavation & trenches and
formworks for RCC construction
8.3 Shoring and its types
8.4 Underpinning and its procedure
Scaffolding:
 Those temporary structures, constructed very close to the wall
which are in the form of timber or steel framework are called
scaffolding.
 Also known as staging.
 It is temporary rigid structure for the purpose of facilitating
masons as "platform to work" as the building increases its height.
 When the height of wall or column or other structural member of
a building exceeds about 1.5 m, temporary structures are needed
to support the platform over which the workmen can sit and
carry on the constructions.
Scaffolding is needed for:
1. Maintenance of different components
2. Construction
3. Painting
4. Inspection, etc.
Components:
1. Standards: These are the vertical members of the framework, supported
on the ground or drums, or embedded into the ground. These are spaced
about 2-3 m apart.
2. Ledgers: These are horizontal members running parallel to the wall which
are vertically spaced at 1.2- 1.5m apart.
3. Braces: Bracing members are tied diagonally to stiffen the scaffolding.
Braces are the poles tied by ropes.
4. Putlogs: Members that are placed perpendicular to the wall and is
supported by the ledgers. These are generally 90cm long poles spaced at
1.2m apart.
5. Boarding: These are horizontal platform to support workmen and
materials and these are supported on the putlogs.
6. Guard Rail: This is a rail, provided like a ledger, at the working level.
Types of scaffolding:
1. Bricklayers
2. Masons(double)
3. Steel/Tubular
4. Needle/Cantilever
5. Gantry
6. Trestle
7. Suspended
 1. Single/Brick Layers Scaffolding

• Consists of single frame work of standards, ledgers and putlogs, etc.

• Distance of standard from the wall is about 1.2m at 2 - 2.5m
interval.
• Distance between two adjacent ledger is about 1.2 – 1.5m.
• Putlogs are supported by ledger at one end and other end is
adjusted in the hole made on the wall.
Single Scaffolding
 Platform

Putlog

Railing

Ledger

Standard

Wall

Single Scaffolding
 2. Double/Masons Scaffolding
• Such type of scaffolding is used in stone masonry works.
• Since it is difficult to leave holes into the stone masonry, so
we use two frames of standards and ledgers.
• The first frame is placed at 20-30 cm away from the wall and
other one is about 1m away from the 1st frame.
• Ledgers are provided to both frames.
• In order to make such scaffolding more strong and durable,
diagonal bracing is done.
• Since, mason scaffolding is entirely independent of the stone
wall, it is also called as Independent Scaffolding.
Double Scaffolding
 3. Steel Scaffolding
• Steel scaffolding is practically similar to timber
scaffolding except that wooden members are
replaced by steel tubes (40-60 mm dia.) and rope
lashings are replaced by steel couplets or fittings.

• Standards are spaced about 3m apart and the

vertical spacing between ledgers is about 1.8m.

• Such scaffolding can be erected and dismantled

rapidly.
Steel scaffolding
• It has greater strength, greater durability and
higher fire resistance.

• Though its initial cost is more but its salvage

value is higher.

• Requires skilled labour.

4. Cantilever or Needle Scaffolding:

 In such type of scaffolding, the working platform is over

hung which is supported on the needle.
 Standards are not fixed in the ground. Rather, it is placed
at some height above the ground on the needle.
 The needle is a timber member projected outside the
wall.
 To prevent lifting up of the needle, the inside end of the
needles are supported by a post, in between the floor.
 Also, the outside hung portion of the needle is supported
by a strut which rests on the window sill.
Cantilever scaffolding is used under the following
circumstances:
1. If the ground is too weak to support standards.
2. If the construction of upper-part of the wall is to
be carried out.
3. If it is required to keep the ground near the wall,
free for traffic.
5. Trestle scaffolding

• Working platform are supported on movable ladders.

• Such type of scaffolding is used for painting and
repair works.
• The platform can be raised or lowered at any desired
level.
• Suitable up to a height of 5m.
6. Gantry Scaffolding
 Gantry scaffolding are scaffolding structures that
has long span.
 Giving access to glazed areas of shopping centers
while ensuring that the public can still enter and
exit easily.
 Allowing workers to install signs or undertake
repairs above car park entrances.
Gantry Scaffolding
7. Suspended Scaffolding

 Working platform is suspended from the roofs or

parapet walls by means of ropes, chains or wires.
 The platform can be raised or lowered at any desired
level with the help of rope.
 Such type of scaffolding is used for maintenance works
such as painting, pointing, etc.
Suspended Scaffolding
Formwork
 It is a temporary construction used as a mould in which
concrete is placed.
 Also, formwork is the arrangement of timber planks in the
trenches to prevent the collapsing of soil when the depth of
trench is more. This is also called as timbering.

Use of Formworks
 Formwork for excavations and trenches.
 Formworks for reinforced concrete construction.
Why timbering is needed?
 To protect the worker working inside.
 To protect the completed work from being ruined by the
falling debris.

Methods of Timbering
1. Stay bracing
2. Box sheeting
3. Vertical sheeting
4. Runners
5. Sheet piling
1. Stay Bracing:
• This method is used for supporting the sides or a bench excavated
in fairly firm soil, when the depth of excavation does not exceed
about 2 m.
• The method consists of placing vertical sheets or polling boards
opposite each other against the two walls of the trench and holding
them in position by one or two rows of struts.
• The sheets are placed at an interval of 2 to 4 meters and generally,
they extend to the full height of the trench.
• The polling boards may have width of about 200 mm and
thickness of 40 to 50 mm.
Stay Bracing
2. Box sheeting:
This method is adopted in water-logged area and in loose
soils, when the depth of excavation does not exceed 4 m.

1. In water-logged area:

• Vertical sheeting is provided which are very close to each

other, binding them with horizontal boards called wales.
• Struts are then adjusted against the wales.
2. In loose dry soil:
 Here, instead of vertical sheeting, horizontal sheeting is
provided.
 Those horizontal sheeting is supported by vertical wales.
 Now, the vertical wales are supported by the struts.
 Bracing is done incase the soil is too loose and if the depth of
excavation is more.
3. Vertical sheeting:
• This system is adopted for deep trenches (up to 10 m
depth) in soft ground.
• The method is similar to the box sheeting except that
the excavation is carried out in stages and at the end of
each stage, an offset is provided, so that the width of the
trench goes on decreasing as the depth increases.
• Each stage is limited to about 3 m in height and the
offset may vary from 25 to 50 cm per stage.
• For each stage, separate vertical sheeting, supported by
horizontal waling and struts are provided.
Vertical Sheeting
 4. Runners
•This system is used in extremely loose and soft ground, which
needs immediate support as excavation progresses.
•The system is similar to vertical sheeting of box system, except
that in the place of vertical sheeting, runners, made of long thick
wooden sheets or planks with iron shoe at the ends, are
provided.
•Wales and struts are provided as usual. These runners are driven
about 30 cm in advance of the progress of the work, by
hammering.
 Wale

Runner

Strut

Soil to be
excavated

Runner system
5. Sheet Piling:

This method is adopted when

(i) soil to be excavated is soft or loose
(ii) depth of excavation is large
(iii) width of trench is also large
(iv) there is sub-soil water.
Sheet piles are designed to resist lateral earth pressure.
These are driven in the ground by mechanical means
(pile driving equipment).
 Formwork for RCC Construction:

 The cost of the formwork used in RCC construction varies from

20-25% of the cost of concrete work.
 Type of formwork
 Wooden and
 Steel
Characteristics of a good formwork:
1. Strong enough to withstand load.
2. Leakage proof.
3. Perfectly flat and smooth.
4. Cheap and easily available.
5. Reusable.
6. Light in weight.
7. Easily removable without damaging the concrete.
Formwork for Beam and Slab:
--The whole system consists of sole plates, wedges, vertical post,
head tree, battens, etc.
-- Beam formwork rests on head tree.
-- Slab formwork rests on battens and joists.
-- If the height of the post is more than 8 feet, horizontal bracing
is needed.
Formwork for Column:

 Consists of side and end planks, yoke, bolts, etc.

 Two end and two side planks are joined by the yokes and
bolts.
Formwork for Staircase:
 Consists of vertical and inclined posts, inclined members,
wooden planks, riser planks, etc.
Shoring
 Shoring is the temporary structure used as support to the unsafe
structure.
 It may be used in all cases of strengthening any parts of the building and
to give support to the building at risk.

Shoring is done if,

 Occurrence of unequal settlement
 Dismantling adjacent structure
 Bulging out of walls
 Addition and alteration of different parts of the building

Materials for Shoring

 Timber, steel or both
 Types of Shoring:
1. Raking Shoring (slant or sloped shore)
2. Flying Shoring (horizontal shore)
3. Dead Shoring (vertical shore)

1. Raking Shoring:
 It is an inclined support to the wall.
 Wall load is transferred through the inclined member to the ground.
 Consists of wall plate, rakers, bracing, cleat, etc.

2. Flying Shoring:
 Horizontal members are used to support two parties simultaneously.
 Working space under the shoring is enough.
 Consists of wall plate, raking strut, straining piece, wedges, etc.
 3. Dead Shoring:
 Vertical member are used to support the upper part of the
wall.
 Used when the lower part of a structure has to be removed or
strengthen.
 Such shoring is provided to serve the following purposes:
a) To rebuild the defective lower part of the wall.
b) To rebuild or deepen the existing foundation.
c) To make large opening in the existing wall at lower level.
Raking Shoring
Flying Shoring
Dead Shoring
 Types of Shoring
Wall
Wall Plate
Cleat

Needle Flying shore

Brace
Straining Sill

Raking Shore Needle Beam

Dead Shore

wedge
Hoop iron
Sole piece
GL
 Underpinning
 Underpinning is the process of placing a new foundation under
an existing one or strengthening an existing foundation.
 When is underpinning required?
1. If the existing foundation is not strong enough to transmit the
loads.
2. If settlement and serious cracks are seen in the foundation.
3. If basement has to be constructed below the foundation.
4. If the purpose of building has changed.
5. If a new building adjacent to an existing building is to be
constructed.
Pit Method (Mass Concrete Underpinning):
 Length of the foundation to be underpinned is divided into sections of
1.2 - 1.5 m lengths.
 For each section, a hole is made in the wall, above the plinth level, and
needle is inserted in the hole. Needles may be either of timber or steel
section.
 Bearing plates are placed above the needle to support the masonry
above it.
 Needle is supported on each side by a post.
 The foundation pit is then excavated up to the desired level and new
foundation is laid.
 Needles and supports are removed and finally, back filling the earth is
done.
Pile Method:
 There is no need of excavation in this method.
 Piles are driven at regular interval along both sides of the wall.
 Needle beam is inserted into the wall which rests on the pile. The
needle acts as a pile cap.
 Pile and needle beam becomes a permanent structure.
 This method is very useful in clayey soils, and also in water-
logged areas. The existing foundation is very much relieved of the
load.
Pier and Beam Underpinning Method:

 Also known as base and beam method of underpinning.

 A beam arrangement is kept above the pier to distribute the
load uniformly.
 The size of the beam depends upon the ground conditions
and applied loads.
 This method is feasible for most type of soils.
 Economical for depth shallower than 6m.