Method of slices
Method of slices
1
center of gravity
of soil block
fu=0 method x
trial slip surface
Soil properties: cu,g (circular arc)
Length of arc: L=Rq
t : average shear stress along L
T =tL (1)
W: weight of soil block
two unknowns
two equations
Moment about O: overturning moment Md=Wx (2)
resisting moment Mr=TR (3)
Failure criteria: tf=cu (4) statically
Mobilized shear strength t= tf /Fs (Fs: Factor of safety) (5) determinate
In equilibrium Wx=TR (6)
from eqs. (1) ,(4) ,(5) and (6) This method can be adopted to the conditions:
c LR varying shear strength,
Fs = u (7) presence of surcharge and water at the toe.
Wx
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x=
Swedish (Fellenius’) method Rsina
number of slices:n
Soil properties: c’,f’,g trial slip surface
•For a slice at its base with (circular arc)
normal stress s, b
shear stress t and
pore pressure u
-Failure criteria: tf=c’+(s-u)tanf’ (1)
-Mobilized shear strength t= tf /Fs
a
since P=sl, T=tl,
2n unknowns Force polygon
1
T = (c ' l + ( P - ul ) tan f ' ) (2) +1(F )
Fs s
-Assuming Q( = Z L - Z R ) is parallel to the base of
T Q
slice and solving equilibrium normal to the base,
P=Wcosa (3) 2n equations +1 (eq.(4)
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using eq.(3) Fsm = å (c' li + (Wi cos a i - uli ) tan f ' ) (7) overestimating
åW sin a
i i
the effect of
pore pressure,
liner equation about FS :easy to be solved underestimating
effective stress.
This assumption implicitly makes the problem
statically determinate. Wi ' cos a i large error
Fsm =
å (c' li + W 'i cos a i tan f ' )
(8)
åW sin a i i
Modified Fellenius’ Method
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Equations and Unknowns in MS forces on typical slice
For sliding mass divided into n slices
X
•Equations available: total 3n L
ER
EL
(V, H, M equilibrium)
•Unknowns: 1 : Fs relating shear forces T *) XR
to normal forces P
n : Normal total forces P on base of slice
(pore water forces UB are known) Z and q can be replaced by
n : Positions a of forces P horizontal and vertical
n-1 : Interslice total forces Z components: X and E.
(pore water forces UL, UR are known)
n-1 : Inclinations q of interslice forces
n-1 : Height h of inter slice forces
total 5n-2 2n-2: statically *)failure criteria and T can be considered
indeterminate as given equation and unknowns
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Assumptions in method of slices
In most methods, P is assumed to act at the center of the base of each
slice (Class 1.). This assumption is reasonable providing the slices are
thin, and reduces the number of required assumption to n-2.
In many methods, an assumption is made about the inclinations of the
interslice forces (Class 3.). But this gives another n-1 assumptions
making the problem over-specified. This analysis may then be carried
out either satisfying overall moment equilibrium or horizontal force
equilibrium, yielding two factors of safety, Fsm and Fsf , which are
generally different with this condition.
Fredlund and Krahn (1977) have shown the general equations of
equilibrium. The formulation is the same for circular and no-circular
slip surface, although for the latter a frictional center of rotation is
adopted. difference of the methods
5
-Vertical equilibrium condition:
P cosa + T sin a = W - ( X R - X L ) (3)
By substituting eqs.(2) into eq. (3) and rearranging,
é 1 ù
P = êW - ( X R - X L ) - (c' l sin a - ul tan f ' sin a )ú / ma (4)
ë Fs û
æ tan f ' ö
where ma = cos a çç1 + tan a ÷
è Fs ÷ø
Fsm =
å [c' l + ( P - u l ) tan f ']R
i i i i i
(8)
å (W d - P f ) i i i i
factor of safety satisfying overall moment equilibrium
For circular slip surfaces f=0, d=Rsina and R=cosnt, so
Fsm =
å [c' l + ( P - u l ) tan f ']
i i i i
(9)
åW sin a i
6
•Overall Force equilibrium: (土塊全体の力の釣合)
In the absence of surface loading,
å (E Ri - ELi ) = 0
(10)
å(X Ri - X Li ) = 0
from eq.(6)
1
åE Ri - ELi = å Pi sin a i - å [(c' li + ( Pi - ui li ) tan f ']cosa i = 0 (11)
Fsf
Fsf =
å [(c' l + ( P - u l ) tan f ']cosa
i i i i i
(12)
å P sin a i i
7
x=
Bishop simplified method of slices Rsina
hence Fsm =
å (c' l + ( P - u l ) tan f ' ) (6)
i i i i
åW sin a i i
8
Relationship between factor ma and inclination of slice base
Anderson & Richards Slope Stability, Willy (1986)
æ tan f ' ö
mai = cos a i çç1 + tan a i ÷
è Fs ÷ø
a<0
9
-Equilibrium condition parallel to base of slice:
T + ( ER - EL ) cosa = (W - ( X R - X L )) sin a (5)
From the assumptionX R - X L= 0 and eq.(1),
1
ER - EL = W tan a - [(c' l + ( P - ul ) tan f ']seca (6)
Fs
•Overall Force equilibrium: neglecting overall moment equilibrium
In the absence of surface loading, å (E Ri - ELi ) = 0 (7)
Hence from eq.(6),
1
åE Ri - ELi = å Wi tan a i - å [(c' li + ( Pi - ui li ) tan f ']cosa i = 0 (8)
Fs 0
Fs 0 =
å [(c' li + (Pi - ui li ) tan f ']seca i (9)
åW tan a
i i
To take account of the interslice shear forces, Jambu et al. applied correction
factor f0 and gave the factor of safety Fsf by the following equation.
Fsf = f 0 Fs 0 (10)
The correction factor f0 was obtained by calibrating this analysis with
Jambu’s rigorous method*). The f0 may be obtained from the figure below,
depending on geometry of the problem as well as the soil conditions.
L
d
10
Minimization of Fs
The equations on Fs given above are for one arbitrary trial slip surface.
As adopted in normal UBA and LEM, the slip surface which gives
minimum Fs is detected in a design. This is the factor of safety that
should be used in the design with the given conditions.
For circular slip surfaces:
min. Fs 1.Find the circle giving min. Fsi
about the node,i, of the mesh
2.Draw contours of min. Fsi .
3.Determine Fs and critical slip surface
Example of calculation of Fs
11
Example of calculation of Fs by Swedish method
1st trial
2nd trial
3rd trial convergence in iteration is quite good.
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Modeling of water in the analysis.
Water mass is considered as part of the slice
Accuracy depends
-assumptions used in the analysis
-given conditions
(soil properties, geometry, boundary conditions)
13
Application of MS to stability problems
•From overall Moment equilibrium (about O):
log spiral
failure surface
14
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Fsm Fsf
5 % dif.
Underestimate:
conservative Less than 0.4% difference
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Influence of interslice forces on Factors of Safety
Fsm
X/E=lf(x)
Most commonly used Simplified Bishop Method can
provide reliable answers similar to more rigorous ones.
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s1
s1
Large rotation of s1
16
Comparison of Nq obtained from various methods
Underestimate
Overestimate
If the slip surface is steeply inclined at the toe, a method
should be chosen which gives a sensitive distribution of
interslice forces.
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Friction circle
R
Circular slip surface
fm
17
Forces in stability analyses by Friction Circle Method
Taylor (1948)
Moment arm of C
Quantity;
Direction; a=
R
Line of action:
known
U: Pore pressure
W: Self weight
(a) Actuating forces (b) Cohesion
Rsinfm KRsinfm
Rsinfm
D
(c) Boundary inter granular forces (d) Force triangle
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