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What-is-in.-the-Molecule-Activity-Science-Presentation-in-Red-White-Illustrative-Style-1 - Copy

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icedvancan
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© © All Rights Reserved
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MACRO

MOLECULE
GROUP 2
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
Identify the two examples of
nucleic acids.
Identify the structure of nucleic
acids.
Define the function of nucleic
acids.
Tell the sginificance of nucleic
acids.
MACRO
MOLECULES
A macromolecule is a very large
molecule important to biological
processes, such as a protein or
nucleic acid. It is composed of
thousands of covalently bonded
atoms. Many macromolecules are
polymers of smaller molecules
called monomers.
4 types of
macromolecule

NUCLEIC ACID
PROTEINS
LIPIDS
CARBOHYDRATES
NUCLEIC ACID “String of Life”

Nucleic acids, are large biomolecule essential


to all known forms of life. Nucleic acid are the
overall name for DNA and RNA, serve as the
genetic blueprint for living organisms.
HISTORY
FRIEDRICH MIESCHER (1869)

The discovery begin in 1869


when a Swiss Biologist Friedrich
Miescher, who isolated a
substance he
named nuclein.
ALBRECHT KOSSEL (1880s)
In his research, he provided key insights
into how DNA and RNA are composed. And
how they function to store and pass on
genetic information. He is the first to
identify the nitrogenous based that make
up DNA and RNA: adenine, guanine,
cytosine, thymine, and uracil.
RICHARD ALTMANN (1889)
In 1889, Altmann renamed nuclein to
‘nucleic acid’. This substance was found to
exist only in the chromosomes. This
discovery built on earlier work by Walter
Flemming who described the appearance
and behavior of chromosomes in 1882.
FLORENCE BELL (1938)
Florence Bell was a physicist who made the
very first X-ray studies of DNA, a complex
molecule that contains the genetic blue-
print for building and maintaining an
organism, and showed that this method
could be used to reveal its regular, ordered
structure.
WILLIAM ASTBURY (1938)
In 1928, he used the X-ray scattering
technique to study the structure of wool
fibers.
In 1938, he began with his research
together with Florence Bell to make the
very first attempt to solve the structure of
DNA using x-rays.
WATSON AND CRICK (1953)
Proposed the double helix structure of
DNA.
STRUCTURE
Necleotide
Monomer of a polynucleotide
(DNA and RNA)
NITROGENOUS BASEdffffgeyeryr

A nitrogenous base or a nitrogen-containing base, is


an organic molecule with an nitrogen atom that has a
chemical properties
of a base.

The main biological function of a nitrogenous base is


to bond nucleic acids together

Nitgenous bases are typically classified s the


derivatives of two parents compounds, pyrimidine and
purine.
PURINES
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Purines is a heterocyclic aromic organic compound that is


consist of two rings in their structure
PYRIMIDINE
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Pyrimidine is an heterocyclic single ring organic compound


similar to pyridine.
It has the nitogenous atoms at position 1 and 3 in the ring.
PENTOSE SUGAR
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A pentose sugar is a monosaccharide with carbon atoms. It


can be Deoxyribose(DNA) or Ribose (RNA)
eXAMPLE
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is the molecule


that carries genetic information for the
development and functioning of an organism.

DNA is made of two linked strands that wind


around each other to resemble a twisted ladder
— a shape known as a double helix.

Each strand has a backbone made of


alternating sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate
groups.
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
RIBONUCLEIC ACID
Ribonucleic acid (abbreviated RNA) is a
nucleic acid present in all living cells that has
structural similarities to DNA.

Unlike DNA, however, RNA is most often


single-stranded.

An RNA molecule has a backbone made of


alternating phosphate groups and the sugar
ribose, rather than the deoxyribose found in
DNA.
RIBONUCLEIC ACID
3 types of RNA.
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Messenger RNA (mRNA)


- is a single strand that carries message from the DNA in the
nucleus the ribosome in the cytosol so it can be used to make
proteins

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)


- is a single strand in globular form RNA means with protein
to make up ribosomes which are used to make the protein .

Transfer RNA (tRNA)


- is a cloverleaf shape that carries amino acid to the ribosome
and help to assemble them incorrect order.
Astro-Hungarian biochemist Erwin
Chargaff establish two emperical rules
regarding nitrogenous bases:

1. The number of purines in a DNA


molecule is equal to the number of
pyrimidines; and

2. The number of thymine and


adenine re equal; so are the number of
cytosine andd guanine
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FUNCTION
FUNCTION
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Mainly DNA and RNA, are essential for storing genetic


information, guiding protein synthesis, and regulating gene
expression.

DNA replicates during cell division to ensure genetic


continuity

RNA plays a key role in translating that genetic information


into proteins, which perform various functions in the cell.
SIGNIFICANCE
IN BIOLOGY
SIGNIFICANCE IN BIOLOGY
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Nucleic acids are the most important of all biomolecules. They


are found in abundance in all living things, where they function
to create and encode and then store information in the nucleus
of every living cell of every life-form organism on Earth. In
turn, they function to transmit and express that information
inside and outside the cell nucleus--to the interior operations of
the cell and ultimately to the next generation of each living
organism. The encoded information is contained anad
conveyed via the nucleic acid sequence, which provides the
ladder-step ordering of nucleotides within the molecules of
RNA and DNA.
CONCLUSIONdffffgeyeryr

Nucleic acids are indispensable to all living organisms, serving


as the molecular foundation of genetic information.

Their intricate structures and diverse functions underscore their


significance in biological processes, genetics, and medicine.

Understanding nucleic acids is crucial for advancements in


various scientific fields, including genetics, biotechnology, and
molecular biology.
THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING

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