GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC LOHAGHAT,CHAMPAWAT

SUBJECT: PHYSICS SEMESTER : SECOND

Electromagnetic Induction and its Applications

Electromagnetic Induction or Induction is a process in which
a conductor is put in a particular position and magnetic field keeps
varying or magnetic field is stationary and a conductor is moving.
This produces a Voltage or EMF (Electromotive Force) across the
electrical conductor. Michael Faraday discovered Law of Induction in
1830.

Electromagnetic induction
Can moving objects produce clectric currents? How to determine a
relationship between electricity and magnetism? Can you imagine the
scenario if there were no computers, no telephones, no electric lights.
The experiments of Faraday has led to the generation of
generators and transformers.

Direction of Movement
Coifor Loop
2

/ W77/8k-
Magnet

Galvanometer

The induction of an electromotive force by the motion of a conductor

across a magnetic field or by a change in magnetic flux in a magnetic
field is called ‘Electromagnetic Induction’.
This either happens when a conductor is set in a moving magnetic
field (when utilizing AC power source) or when a conductor is
always moving in a stationary magnetic field

This law of electromagnetic induction was found by Michael

Faraday. He organized a leading wire according to the setup given
underneath, connected to a gadget to gauge the voltage over the
circuit. So when a bar magnet passes through the snaking, the voltage
is measured in the circuit. The importance of this is a way of
producing electrical energy in a circuit by using magnetic fields and
not just batteries anymore. The machines like
generators, transformers also the motors work on the principle of
electromagnetic induction.

Faraday’s law of Electromagnetic Induction

Source: Electricaleasy

. First law: Whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic

field, EMF induces and this emfis called an induced emf and if the
conductor is a closed circuit than the induced current flows through
it.
« Second law: The magnitude of the induced EMF is equal to the
rate of change of flux linkages.
Based on his experiments we now have Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction according to which the amount of voltage
induced in a coil is proportional to the number of turns and the
changing magnetic field of the coil.

So now, the induced voltage is as follows:

e=N x dd/dt

where,

e is the induced voltage

N is the number of turns in the coil
@ is the magnetic flux
t is the time

Lenz’s law of Electromagnetic Induction

Lenz law of electromagnetic induction states that, when an emf
induces according to Faraday’s law, the polarity (direction) of that
induced emf is such that it opposes the cause of its production.

According to Lenz’s law

E =-N (d®/ dt) (volts)

Types of Inductance
Two types of inductance are there:

« Self Induction
« Mutual Induction

SELF INDUCTION:
If chaning current flowing a coil
produces emf in the same coil, it i
called self induction.

MUTUAL INDUCTION:
The changing current current
through one coil produces emf in
another coil is called mutual
induction.
What is Self Induction?
When there is a change in the current or magnetic flux of the coil, an
opposed induced electromotive force is produced. This phenomenon is
termed as Self Induction. When the current starts flowing through the
coil at any instant, it is found that that the magnetic flux becomes directly
proportional to the current passing through the circuit. The relation is
given as:
dal
d=LI
Where L is termed as self-inductance of the coil or the coefficient of self-
inductance. The self-inductance depends on the cross-sectional area,
the permeability of the material or the number of turns in the coil.
The rate of change of magnetic flux in the coil is given as,
= — d¢/dt = — d(LI)/dt
ore =—L di/dt

Self Inductance Formula

L=N¢/1
Where,

« L is the self inductance in Henries

« N is the number of turns
. @ is the magnetic flux
« lis the current in amperes

What is Mutual Induction?

We take two coils, and they are placed close to each other. The two
coils are P- coil (Primary coil) and S- coil (Secondary coil). To the P-cail,
a battery, and a key is connected wherein the S-coil a galvanometer is
connected across it. When there is a change in the current or magnetic
flux linked with two coils an opposing electromotive force is produced
across each coil, and this phenomenon is termed as Mutual Induction.
The relation is given as:
dal
b=MI
 Where M is termed as the mutual inductance of the two coils or the
coefficient of the mutual inductance of the two coils.
The rate of change of magnetic flux in the coil is given as,

e = —do/dt = — d(MI)/dt
=—M di/dt

Mutual Inductance Formula

M=popurNA/1
Where,

« W is the permeability of free space

« W is the relative permeability of the soft iron core
« N is the number of turns in coil
« Ais the cross-sectional area in m?
« |is the length of the coil in m

Difference between Self and Mutual Inductance

Self induction Mutual induction

Self inductance is the characteristic of ~ Mutual inductance is the characteristic of a pair

the coil itself. of coils.

The induced current developed in the

The induced current opposes the
neighboring coil opposes the decay of the
decay of current in the coil when the
current in the coil when the main current in the
main current in the coil decreases.
coil decreases.

The induced current developed in the

The induced current opposes the
neighboring coil opposes the growth of current
growth of current in the coil, when
in the coil when the main current in the coil
the main current in the coil increases.
increases.

Eddy currents
By Lenz law of electromagnetic induction, the current swirls in such
a way as to create a magnetic field opposing the change. Because of
the tendency of eddy currents to oppose, eddy currents cause a loss of
energy. Eddy currents transform more useful forms of energy, such
as kinetic energy, into heat, which isn’t generally useful. In many
applications, the loss of useful energy is not particularly desirable,
but there are some practical applications. Like:

« In the brakes of some trains. During braking, the brakes expose the
metal wheels to a magnetic field which generates eddy currents in
the wheels. The magnetic interaction between the applied field and
the eddy currents slows the wheels down. The faster the wheels
spin, the stronger is the effect, meaning that as the train slows the
braking force is reduces, producing a smooth stopping motion.
« There are few galvanometers having a fixed core which are of
nonmagnetic metallic material. When the coil oscillates, the eddy
currents that generate in the core oppose the motion and bring the
coil to rest.
« Induction furnace can be used to prepare alloys, by melting the
metals. The eddy currents generated in the metals produce high
temperature enough to melt it.
 EODY CORRERTS

—— Call

Primary
Magnetic Field

Eddy Current

Opposing
Magnetic Field

Source: Geocities

Applications of Electromagnetic Induction

1. Electromagnetic induction in AC generator

2. Electrical Transformers

JYOTI BOHRA POKHARIYA

LECT PHYSICS
G P LOHAGHAT