Full download solution manual or testbank at testbankdeal.

com

Fundamentals of Communication Systems 1st Edition

Proakis Solutions Manual

https://testbankdeal.com/product/fundamentals-of-
communication-systems-1st-edition-proakis-solutions-manual/

OR CLICK HERE

DOWNLOAD NOW

Download more solution manual or test bank from https://testbankdeal.com

Instant digital products (PDF, ePub, MOBI) available
Download now and explore formats that suit you...

Fundamentals of Communication Systems 2nd Edition Proakis

Solutions Manual

https://testbankdeal.com/product/fundamentals-of-communication-
systems-2nd-edition-proakis-solutions-manual/

testbankdeal.com

Contemporary Communication Systems 1st Edition Mesiya

Solutions Manual

https://testbankdeal.com/product/contemporary-communication-
systems-1st-edition-mesiya-solutions-manual/

testbankdeal.com

Introduction to Communication Systems 1st Edition Madhow

Solutions Manual

https://testbankdeal.com/product/introduction-to-communication-
systems-1st-edition-madhow-solutions-manual/

testbankdeal.com

Law and Ethics in the Business Environment 9th Edition

Halbert Solutions Manual

https://testbankdeal.com/product/law-and-ethics-in-the-business-
environment-9th-edition-halbert-solutions-manual/

testbankdeal.com
Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry 7th Edition McMurry Test
Bank

https://testbankdeal.com/product/fundamentals-of-organic-
chemistry-7th-edition-mcmurry-test-bank/

testbankdeal.com

Stats Data And Models Canadian 3rd Edition De Veaux Test

Bank

https://testbankdeal.com/product/stats-data-and-models-canadian-3rd-
edition-de-veaux-test-bank/

testbankdeal.com

Management Asia-Pacific 6th Edition Samson Solutions

Manual

https://testbankdeal.com/product/management-asia-pacific-6th-edition-
samson-solutions-manual/

testbankdeal.com

Advertising and IMC Principles and Practice 10th Edition

Moriarty Test Bank

https://testbankdeal.com/product/advertising-and-imc-principles-and-
practice-10th-edition-moriarty-test-bank/

testbankdeal.com

Business Law Text and Exercises 7th Edition Miller Test

Bank

https://testbankdeal.com/product/business-law-text-and-exercises-7th-
edition-miller-test-bank/

testbankdeal.com
Investment Banks Hedge Funds and Private Equity 3rd
Edition Stowell Solutions Manual

https://testbankdeal.com/product/investment-banks-hedge-funds-and-
private-equity-3rd-edition-stowell-solutions-manual/

testbankdeal.com
 Chapter 7
Problem 7.1

The following MATLAB script finds the quantization levels as (−5.1865, −4.2168, −2.3706, 0.7228, −0.4599,
1.5101, 3.2827, 5.1865).

% MATLAB script for Computer Problem 7.1.

echo on ;
a=[−10,−5,−4,−2,0,1,3,5,10];
for i=1:length(a)−1
y(i)=centroid(’normal’,a(i),a(i+1),0.001,0,1);
echo off ;
end

In this MATLAB script the MATLAB function centroid.m given next finds the centroid of a region.

function y=centroid(funfcn,a,b,tol,p1,p2,p3)
% CENTROID Finds the centroid of a function over a region.
% Y=CENTROID(’F’,A,B,TOL,P1,P2,P3) finds the centroid of the
% function F defined in an m-file on the [A,B] region. The
% function can contain up to three parameters, P1, P2, P3.
% tol=the relative error.

args=[ ];
for n=1:nargin−4
args=[args,’,p’,int2str(n)]; 10
end
args=[args,’)’];
funfcn1=’x_fnct’;
y1=eval([’quad(funfcn1,a,b,tol,[ ],funfcn’,args]);
y2=eval([’quad(funfcn,a,b,tol,[ ]’,args]);
y=y1/y2;

MATLAB functions xfunct.m and normal.m that arse used in centroid.m are given next

function y=x fnct(x,funfcn,p1,p2,p3)

% y=x fnct(x,funfcn,p1,p2,p3)
% Returns the function funfcn(x) times x

args=[ ];
for nn=1:nargin−2
args=[args,’,p’,int2str(nn)];
end
args=[args,’)’] ;
y=eval([funfcn,’(x’,args,’.*x’ ]); 10

function y=normal(x,m,s)

143

© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws
as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in
writing from the publisher.
% FUNCTION y=NORMAL(x,m,s)
% Gaussian distribution
% m=mean
% s=standard deviation
y=(1/sqrt(2*pi*sˆ2))*exp(−((x−m).ˆ2)/(2*sˆ2));

Problem 7.2
1) By the symmetry assumption the boundaries of the quantization regions are 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, and ±5.
2) The quantization regions are (−∞, −5], (−5, −4], (−4, −3], (−3, −2], (−2, −1], (−1, 0], (0, 1], (1, 2],
(2, 3], (3, 4], (4, 5], and (5, +∞).
3) The MATLAB function uq_dist.m is used to find the distortion of a uniform quantizer (it is assumed
that the quantization levels are set to the centroids of the quantization regions). uq_dist.m and the function
mse_dist.m called by uq_dist.m are given next

function [y,dist]=uq dist(funfcn,b,c,n,delta,s,tol,p1,p2,p3)

%UQ DIST returns the distortion of a uniform quantizer
% with quantization points set to the centroids
% [Y,DIST]=UQ DIST(FUNFCN,B,C,N,DELTA,S,TOL,P1,P2,P3)
% funfcn=source density function given in an m-file
% with at most three parameters, p1,p2,p3.
% [b,c]=The support of the source density function.
% n=number of levels.
% delta=level size.
% s=the leftmost quantization region boundary. 10
% p1,p2,p3=parameters of the input function.
% y=quantization levels.
% dist=distortion.
% tol=the relative error.

if (c−b<delta*(n−2))
error(’Too many levels for this range.’); return
end
if (s<b)
error(’The leftmost boundary too small.’); return 20
end
if (s+(n−2)*delta>c)
error(’The leftmost boundary too large.’); return
end
args=[ ];
for j=1:nargin−7
args=[args,’,p’,int2str(j)];
end
args=[args,’)’];
a(1)=b; 30
for i=2:n
a(i)=s+(i−2)*delta;
end
a(n+1)=c;
[y,dist]=eval([’mse_dist(funfcn,a,tol’,args]);

function [y,dist]=mse dist(funfcn,a,tol,p1,p2,p3)

144

© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws
as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in
writing from the publisher.
%MSE DIST returns the mean-squared quantization error.
% [Y,DIST]=MSE DIST(FUNFCN,A,TOL,P1,P2,P3)
% funfcn=The distribution function given
% in an m-file. It can depend on up to three
% parameters, p1,p2,p3.
% a=the vector defining the boundaries of the
% quantization regions. (Note: [a(1),a(length(a))]
% is the support of funfcn.)
% p1,p2,p3=parameters of funfcn. 10
% tol=the relative error.

args=[ ];
for n=1:nargin−3
args=[args,’,p’,int2str(n)];
end
args=[args,’)’];
for i=1:length(a)−1
y(i)=eval([’centroid(funfcn,a(i),a(i+1),tol’,args]);
end 20
dist=0;
for i=1:length(a)−1
newfun = ’x_a2_fnct’ ;
dist=dist+eval([’quad(newfun,a(i),a(i+1),tol,[ ],funfcn,’, num2str(y(i)), args]);
end

In uq_dist.m function we can substitute b = −20, c = 20, 1 = 1, n = 12 , s = −5, tol = 0.001,

p1 = 0, and p2 = 2. Substituting these values into uq_dist.m, we obtain a squared error distortion
of 0.0851 and quantization values of ±0.4897, ±1.4691, ±2.4487, ±3.4286, ±4.4089, and ±5.6455.

Problem 7.3
In order to design a a Lloyd-Max quantizer, the m-file lloydmax.m given next is used

function [a,y,dist]=lloydmax(funfcn,b,n,tol,p1,p2,p3)
%LLOYDMAX returns the the Lloyd-Max quantizer and the mean-squared
% quantization error for a symmetric distribution
% [A,Y,DIST]=LLOYDMAX(FUNFCN,B,N,TOL,P1,P2,P3).
% funfcn=the density function given
% in an m-file. It can depend on up to three
% parameters, p1,p2,p3.
% a=the vector giving the boundaries of the
% quantization regions.
% [-b,b] approximates support of the density function. 10
% n=the number of quantization regions.
% y=the quantization levels.
% p1,p2,p3=parameters of funfcn.
% tol=the relative error.

args=[ ];
for j=1:nargin−4
args=[args,’,p’,int2str(j)];
end
args=[args,’)’]; 20
v=eval([’variance(funfcn,-b,b,tol’,args]);
a(1)=−b;

145

© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws
as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in
writing from the publisher.
d=2*b/n;
for i=2:n
a(i)=a(i−1)+d;
end
a(n+1)=b;
dist=v;
[y,newdist]=eval([’mse_dist(funfcn,a,tol’,args]);
while(newdist<0.99*dist), 30
for i=2:n
a(i)=(y(i−1)+y(i))/2;
end
dist=newdist;
[y,newdist]=eval([’mse_dist(funfcn,a,tol’,args]);
end

1) Using b = 10, n = 10, tol = 0.01, p1 = 0, and p2 = 1 in lloydmax.m, we obtain the quantization
boundaries and quantization levels vectors a and y as

a = ±10, ±2.16, ±1.51, ±0.98, ±0.48, 0

y = ±2.52, ±1.78, ±1.22, ±0.72, ±0.24

2) The mean squared distortion is found (using lloydmax.m) to be 0.02.

Problem 7.4
The m-file u_pcm.m given next takes as its input a sequence of sampled values and the number of desired
quantization levels and finds the quantized sequence, the encoded sequence, and the resulting SQNR (in
decibels).

function [sqnr,a quan,code]=u pcm(a,n)

%U PCM uniform PCM encoding of a sequence
% [SQNR,A QUAN,CODE]=U PCM(A,N)
% a=input sequence.
% n=number of quantization levels (even).
% sqnr=output SQNR (in dB).
% a quan=quantized output before encoding.
% code=the encoded output.

amax=max(abs(a)); 10
a quan=a/amax;
b quan=a quan;
d=2/n;
q=d.*[0:n−1];
q=q−((n−1)/2)*d;
for i=1:n
a quan(find((q(i)−d/2 <= a quan) & (a quan <= q(i)+d/2)))=. . .
q(i).*ones(1,length(find((q(i)−d/2 <= a quan) & (a quan <= q(i)+d/2))));
b quan(find( a quan==q(i) ))=(i−1).*ones(1,length(find( a quan==q(i) )));
end 20
a quan=a quan*amax;
nu=ceil(log2(n));
code=zeros(length(a),nu);
for i=1:length(a)
for j=nu:−1:0

146

© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws
as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in
writing from the publisher.
 1
8−level
0.8 16−level

0.6

amplitude 0.4

0.2

−0.2

−0.4

−0.6

−0.8

−1
0 2 4 6 8 10
t

Figure 119: Uniform PCM for a sinusoidal signal using 8 and 16 levels

if ( fix(b quan(i)/(2ˆj)) == 1)
code(i,(nu−j)) = 1;
b quan(i) = b quan(i) − 2ˆj;
end
end 30
end
sqnr=20*log10(norm(a)/norm(a−a quan));

1) We arbitrarily choose the duration of the signal to be 10 s. Then using the u_pcm.m m-file, we generate
the quantized signals for the two cases of 8 and 16 quantization levels. The plots are shown in Figure 119.
2) The resulting SQNRs are 18.8532 dB for the 8-level PCM and 25.1153 dB for the 16-level uniform PCM.
A MATLAB script for this problem is shown next.

% MATLAB script for Computer Problem 7.4.

echo on
t=[0:0.1:10];
a=sin(t);

147

© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws
as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in
writing from the publisher.
 3

input sequence 1

−1

−2

−3
0 100 200 300 400 500
m

Figure 120: The plot of input sequence for 64 quantization levels

[sqnr8,aquan8,code8]=u pcm(a,8);
[sqnr16,aquan16,code16]=u pcm(a,16);
pause % Press a key to see the SQNR for N = 8.
sqnr8
pause % Press a key to see the SQNR for N = 16.
sqnr16 10
pause % Press a key to see the plot of the signal and its quantized versions.
plot(t,a,’-’,t,aquan8,’-.’,t,aquan16,’-’,t,zeros(1,length(t)))

Problem 7.5
1) The plot of 500 point sequence is given in Figure 120
2) Using the MATLAB function u_pcm.m given in Computer Problem 7.4, we find the SQNR for the 64-level
quantizer to be 31.66 dB.
3) Again by using the MATLAB function u_pcm.m, the first five values of the sequence, the corresponding
quantized values, and the corresponding PCM codewords are given as

148

© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws
as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in
writing from the publisher.
 0.05

0.04

0.03
quantization error
0.02

0.01

−0.01

−0.02

−0.03

−0.04

−0.05
0 100 200 300 400 500
m

Figure 121: Quantization error in uniform PCM for 64 quantization levels

Input = [−0.4326, −1.6656, 0.1253, 0.2877, −1.1465] (20)

Quantized values = [−0.4331, −1.6931, 0.1181, 0.2756, −1.1419] (21)


 0 1 1 0 1 0
 0 0 1 0 1 0


Codewords = 1 0 0 0 0 1 (22)
1 0 0 0 1 1




0 1 0 0 0 1


4) Plot of the quantization error is shown in Figure 121

Problem 7.6
1) This question is solved by using the m-file mula_pcm.m, which is the equivalent of the m-file u_pcm.m
when using a µlaw PCM scheme. This file is given next

function [sqnr,a quan,code]=mula pcm(a,n,mu)

%MULA PCM mu-law PCM encoding of a sequence
% [SQNR,A QUAN,CODE]=MULA PCM(A,N,MU).

149

© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws
as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in
writing from the publisher.
% a=input sequence.
% n=number of quantization levels (even).
% sqnr=output SQNR (in dB).
% a quan=quantized output before encoding.
% code=the encoded output.

[y,maximum]=mulaw(a,mu); 10
[sqnr,y q,code]=u pcm(y,n);
a quan=invmulaw(y q,mu);
a quan=maximum*a quan;
sqnr=20*log10(norm(a)/norm(a−a quan));

The two m-files mulaw.m and invmulaw.m given below implement µ-law nonlinearity and its inverse.
signum.m function that finds the signum of a vector is also given next.

function [y,a]=mulaw(x,mu)
%MULAW mu-law nonlinearity for nonuniform PCM
% Y=MULAW(X,MU).
% X=input vector.

a=max(abs(x));
y=(log(1+mu*abs(x/a))./log(1+mu)).*signum(x);

function x=invmulaw(y,mu)
%INVMULAW the inverse of mu-law nonlinearity
%X=INVMULAW(Y,MU) Y=normalized output of the mu-law nonlinearity.

x=(((1+mu).ˆ(abs(y))−1)./mu).*signum(y);

function y=signum(x)
%SIGNUM finds the signum of a vector.
% Y=SIGNUM(X)
% X=input vector

y=x;
y(find(x>0))=ones(size(find(x>0)));
y(find(x<0))=−ones(size(find(x<0)));
y(find(x==0))=zeros(size(find(x==0)));
10

Let the vector a be the vector of length 500 generated according to N (0, 1); that is, let

a = randn(1, 500)

Then by using
[dist,a_quan,code] = mula_pcm(a, 16, 255)
we can obtain the quantized sequence and the SQNR for a 16-level quantization. Plots of the input–output
relation for the quantizer and the quantization error are given in Figures 122, 123, and 124.

150

© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws
as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in
writing from the publisher.
 0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2
quantization error

−0.2

−0.4

−0.6

−0.8

−1
0 100 200 300 400 500
m

2.5

1.5

1
quantizer output

0.5

−0.5

−1

−1.5

−2

−2.5
−3 −2 −1 1510 1 2 3
quantizer input

Figure 122: Quantization error and quantizer input–output relation for a 16-level µ-law PCM

© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws
as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in
writing from the publisher.
 0.3

0.2

quantization error 0.1

−0.1

−0.2

−0.3

−0.4
0 100 200 300 400 500
m

1
quantizer output

−1

−2

−3
−3 −2 −1 1520 1 2 3
quantizer input

Figure 123: Quantization error and quantizer input–output relation for a 64-level µ-law PCM

© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws
as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in
writing from the publisher.
 0.15

0.1

quantization error 0.05

−0.05

−0.1

−0.15

−0.2
0 100 200 300 400 500
m

1
quantizer output

−1

−2

−3
−3 −2 −1 1530 1 2 3
quantizer input

Figure 124: Quantization error and quantizer input–output relation for a 128-level µ-law PCM

© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws
as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in
writing from the publisher.
Using mula_perm.m, the SQNR is found to be 13.96 dB. For the case of 64 levels we obtain SQNR = 26.30
dB, and for 128 levels we have SQNR = 31.49 dB.

154

© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws
as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in
writing from the publisher.
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
William of Bauier duke of Holland, whiche was lawfull wife to
Ihon duke of Brabant then liuyng. Which mariage was not
onely woundered at of the common people but also detested
of the nobilitie, and abhorred of the clergie. But suerly the
swete tast, of this plasant mariage, brought after a sower
sauce, bothe to the amorous housbande and to the wanton
wife. Hall.
[723] Feends. N.
[724] So in editions 1578, 87, and Niccols, but appears a
misprint for convicted.
[725] With. N.
[726] Was. N.
[727] Could wake. N.
[728] Of my false foes. N.
[729] A parliament was somoned to be kept at Bery, whether
resorted all the peres of the realme, and emongest them the
duke of Gloucester, whiche on the second daie of the session
was by the lord Beamonde, then highe constable of Englande,
accompanied with the duke of Buckyngham, and other,
arrested, apprehended, and put in warde, and all his
seruauntes sequestred from hym, and xxxii. of the chiefe of
his retinue, were sente to diuerse prisons, to the greate
admiracion of the common people. The duke the night after
hys emprisonement, was found dedde in his bed, and his body
shewed to the lordes and commons, as thoughe he had died
of a palsey or empostome: but all indifferent persons well
knewe that he died of no natural death, but of some violent
force. Hall.
[730] The vnsure. 1578.
[731] They lyue in. 1578.
[732] G. Ferrers. N.
[733] Both the realmes. 1578.
[734] Were the chiefe workers. 1578.
[735] Whan thys was sayd: “Let kyng Jamy go,” quod mayster
Ferrers, “and retourn we to our owne story, and se what
broyles wer among the nobylyty in the kynge’s mynorytye.
How that cardinall Bewford malygneth the estate of good duke
Humfrey the kynge’s vncle and protector of the realme, and by
what driftes he first banisheth his wife from him. And lastly
howe the good duke is murderously made away through
conspiracy of queene Margaret and other: both whose
tragedyes I entend at leysure to declare, for they be notable.”
“Do so, I pray you,” quod another, “but take hede ye demurre
not vpon them. And I to be occupyed the meane tyme, wyll
shew what I haue noted in the duke of Suffolke’s doynges, one
of the chefest of duke Humfrey’s destroyers, who, &c.” 1563,
71. See p. 111, note 1.
[736] Notable death, which he may lament after thys maner.
1559, 63.
[737] And sayling. 1571, 75.
[738] Lord, omitted. 1578.
[739] And procuringe the death of Duke Humfrey of Glocester,
protector of England. 1578.
[740] Anno 1450. added 1571. Anno Dom. N.
[741] Banysht, headed so, and drowned. 1559, 63.
[742] Wherfore good Baldwin. 1578.
[743]

And therfore, Baldwyn, fro thy grave of gryefe

Reiect me not, of wretched prynces chief. 1559, 63.

[744] Or. 1559, 63.

[745] Good hap wyth vyces cannot long agree. 1559, 63.
[746] I am the prynce duke Wyllyam. 1559, 63.
[747] That was so famous in. 1559, 63.
[748] Whose vertuous paynes. 1559, 63.
[749] The. 1559.
[750] Luckly. N.
[751] Though Burgoyne duke had then the praise of all. N.
[752] Ere. N.
[753] Of. 1578.
[754] Help need to sue. N.
[755] And a princely. N.
[756] Heire. N.
[757] And of. 1578.
[758] Hated it. N.
[759] Gaine. N.
[760] Whom. 1559, 63, 71, 78.
[761] Should. 1578.
[762] Deeds. N.
[763] To have. 1559, 63, 71, 75, 78.
[764] The queene, whiche entierly loued the duke, fearynge
that some commocion and trouble might ryse, if he were let
goo vnpuneshed, caused hym to be committed to the towre,
where he was kepte with as muche pleasure as he that was at
large, and oute of all captiuitie. But after that a monethe was
expyred, she ymagenynge the people to bee pacifyed with this
open emprysonment, caused hym both to be deliuered, and
also to be restored to the kynge’s fauour and grace, as muche
as euer he was before that tyme. But this doynge incensed the
furye of the mutable commons, muche more then before:
openly demounsynge and saiyng, that it was a shame to all
the realme, to se such a persone, infected with so many
mysdedes, either to rule about a prince or be had in honor. Of
these wordes sprang dedes, and of this talkyng rose
displeasure, whiche had growen to greate mischiefe, if
politique prouision had not, with all celeritye, resisted the first
fury: for the commons in sundry places of the realme
assembled together, gathered great companies, and elected a
capytayn, whom they called blew berde: but or they had
attempted any enterprise, their headdes were apprehended
and so the members sodainly were dispersed, without any
hurte committed, or perpetrated. Hall.
[765] To adiourne. 1559, 63, 71, 75, 78.
[766]

As I was saylyng toward the coast of Fraunce,

The earle of Deuonshyre’s barke, of lytle pryce. 1559,
63.
[767] Whose captayne toke me by hys valyaunce. 1559, 63.
[768] But led me with hym into. 1559, 63.
[769] Where whan he had recounted me my. 1559, 63.
[770] In causyng. 1559, 63.
[771] On the edge wherof my. 1559, 63.
[772] Fortune wold not, that this flagitious person, shoulde so
escape, for when he shipped in Suffolke, entendynge to be
transported into Fraunce, he was encontered with a shippe of
warre appertaininge to the duke of Excester, the constable of
the towre of London, called the Nicholas of the Toure. The
capitaine of the same barke with small fighte, entered into the
duke’s shippe, and perceiuynge his person present, brought
hym to Douer rode, and there on the one syde of a cocke
bote, caused his heade to be striken of, and left hys body with
the heade vpon the sandes of Douer, whiche corse was there
founde by a chapelayne of his, and conuaied to Wyngfelde
colledge in Suffolke, and there buried. This ende had William
de la Pole, first duke of Suffolke, as men iudge, by God’s
punishment: for aboue all thynges he was noted to be the very
organ, engine, and deuiser of the destrucion of Humfrey the
good duke of Gloucester, and so the bloudde of the innocente
man was with his dolorous deathe, recompensed and
punished. Hall.
[773]

A pyteous ende, and therefore, Baldwyn, warne

All pyers and prynces, to abhorre vntroth,
For vycyous grayne must cum to fowl endes barne:
Who brueth breach of lawfull bond or oth,
God wyll ere long, cause all the world to loth:
Was neuer prynce that other dyd oppresse
Vnryghteously, but dyed in distresse. 1559, 63.

[774] Initials added in ed. 1571. W. Baldwine. N.

[775] Wycked man so maruaylously well punyshed. 1559, 63.
[776] Cade beinge but base borne, of no abylytye. 1559, 63.
[777] The passage in brackets added 1571.
[778] Naming himselfe Mortimer, added. 1571.
[779] In June Anno, 1450, added. 1571.
[780] Shall I it fortune call. N.
[781] Lifte. 1578. Rais’d. N.
[782] Vp, added. 1571.
[783] Or strength of stars, which make men high to growe?
1578.
[784] Ere. N.
[785] The will. N.
[786] Be stout. N.
[787] The grace. N.
[788] So. 1559, 63.
[789] Grace be giuen to some man. N.
[790] Yet fewe there be ’mongst men that vse it can. N.
[791] The spirit weake, and will strong. N.
[792] Comes. N.
[793] For fortune is the only foe of those. N.
[794]

Wherefore I thought to be my prince’s mate,

And by some meane his power to abate:
And for that ends Mortimer would be nam’de,
Heyre apparant of England once proclaym’de. 1578.

[795] Because the Kentishe-men be impatient in wronges,

disdainyng of to much oppression and euer desirous of new
chaung, and new fangelnes; the ouerture of this matter was
put furthe firste in Kent, and to the entente that it should not be
knowen that the duke of Yorke or his frendes were the cause
of the sodaine risyng: a certaine yong man of a goodely
stature, and pregnaunt wit, was entised to take vpon hym the
name of Ihon Mortimer allthoughe his name were Iohn Cade.
Hall.
[796] As our enemies. 1578.
[797] Trap. 1559. Tray. 1563. To tary sought. 1578. To stay
him. N.
[798] T’imprison. N.
[799] The, omitted. 1578.
[800] Thynges after my desyer. 1559, 63.
[801] Th’heape. N.
[802] Vpon the thyrde daye of Julii, he caused syr James
Fynes, lorde Say, and threasorer of England, to be broughte to
the Gylde-halle of London, and there to be arrayned: whiche
beyng before the kynge’s iustices put to answere, desyred to
be tryed by his peers, for the lengar delay of his life. The
capytaine perceiuynge hys dilatorie ple, by force took hym
from the officers, and brought him to the standard in Cheape,
and there before his confession ended, caused his head to be
cut of, and pitched it on a hyghe poole, which was openly
borne before him through the stretes. And this cruell tyraunt
not content with the murder of the lorde Say, wente to Myle
ende, and there apprehended syr James Cromer, then shreue
of Kent, and sonne in law to the said lorde Say, and him
without confession or excuse hearde, caused there like wise
to be hedded, and his heade to bee fixed on a poole, and with
these two heddes, this bloody butcher entered into the cytie
agayn, and in despite caused them in euery strete kysse
together, to the greate detestacion of all the beholders. Hall.
[803] And into Sussex rode, all hope was lost. N.
[804] Apprehend. corrected by ed. 1578, all the others read
apprend.
[805] Made men. 1559.
[806] But ere I fell I put. N.
[807] For two longe howres, our combat. 1578.
[808] A gentylman of Kent named Alexander Iden, awayted so
his tyme, that he toke hym in a gardyn in Sussex, where in the
takynge of hym the sayd Iak was slayne: and so beyng deed
was brought into Southwarke the —— day of the moneth of
September, and there lefte in the Kynge’s Benche for that
nyght. And vpon morowe the deed corps was drawen through
the hyghe stretes of the cytie vnto Newgate, and there hedyd
and quarteryd, whose hede was than sent to London brydge
and his iiii quarters were sent to iiii sondry townes of Kent.
Fabyan.
[809] Debities. 1559, 63, 71.
[810] Still, restored from ed. 1563. It is omitted in all those
subsequent.
[811] As, omitted. 1578.
[812] The lord. 1559, 63.
[813] And therefore. 1559, 63. Wherefore, O Baldwine. N.
[814] Must know his state, and. 1578.
[815]

Who lyst to stand at large,

Must folowe skyll, and flye all worldly charge. 1559, 63.

This legend is subscribed W. Baldwine, by Niccols.

[816] Q. for quoth. 1559, 63.
[817] Howe vpryghtly also and howe lyke. 1559, 63.
[818] Determined the office both of magistrates and subiects.
For in deede magistrates. 1578.
[819] Wycked ende. 1559, 63. Shal neuer see good end of hys
attempt. 1578.
[820] Q. 1559, 63.
[821] Nay rather let. 1559, 63.
[822] “Marched towarde London: but the kyng with his power
taried and met him at Saint Albone’s. Where whyle the kyng
and he wer about a treatye, therle of Warwyke set vpon the
king’s army and slew the duke of Somerset, the earle of
Northumberland, the lorde Clyfforde, and other, and in
conclusyon got the victorye, and the duke was made lorde
protector, which so greved the quene and her accomplices,
that pryuye grutches and open dissemblyng neuer ceased tyl
the duke, and his allyes were glad to flee the field and realme,
he in to Irelande, they to Calayes: whence they came agayne
with an army whereof the earle of Salysbury was leader, and
marched toward Coventry wher the king than was and had
gathered an armye to subdue them, and encountred them at
Northampton, and fought and lost the fyelde and was taken
hym selfe, the duke of Buckyngham, the erle of Shrewsbury,
the vycount Beaumont, the lord Egermount, and many other of
his retynue slayn yf no man haue any mind to any of these
noble personages because they were honourably slaine in
battayle, let sum man els take the booke, for I mynde to say
sum what of this duke of Somerset.”
☞ Whyle he was deuysyng thereon, and every man sekyng
farder notes, I loked on the cronicles, and fyndyng styll fyeld
vpon fyeld, and many noblemen slaine, I purposed to haue
ouerpassed all, for I was so wearye that I waxed drowsye and
began in dede to slumber: but my imaginacion styl
prosecutyng this tragical matter, brought me such a fantasye.
Me thought ther stode before vs, a tall man’s body full of
fresshe woundes, but lackyng a head, holdyng by the hande a
goodlye chylde, whose brest was so wounded that his hart
might be seen, his louely face and eyes disfigured with
dropping teares, his heare through horrour standing vpryght,
his mercy crauing handes all to be mangled, and al his body
enbrued with his own bloud. And whan through the gastfulnes
of this pyteous spectacle, I waxed afeard, and turned away my
face, me thought there came a shrekyng voyse out of the
wesand pype of the headles bodye, saying as foloweth. 1559,
63. See Induction to the legend of Plantagenet Duke of York,
p. 183.
[823] Was raysed by some sly drift of the duke of Yorke, who
shortly after, by open war, manifested his title to the crowne
and therefore gathered an army in Wales, and marched
towardes London: and preuentinge the kinge goinge
northward to prepare an army, in the waye at Sayncte
Albanes: who for want of a sufficient power to take the field,
was forced with sutch smal power as he had about him, to
defend the lanes and backsydes of the towne, and to send out
the duke of Buckingham for a treaty, whiche the duke of Yorke
beinge head of the contrary faction, woulde not allow without
fyrst hauinge the duke of Somerset and other at his will,
duringe which treaty Richard Neuill earle of Warwicke, the
stout maintayner of Yorcke’s title, entred the towne by force,
fought a battayle in the high streat, where of the kinge’s part
were slayne the sayd duke of Somerset called Edmond
Beauford, Henry Percy the second. 1578.
[824] Stafford, omitted. 1578.
[825] Besides a great number of knightes, esquiers,
gentlemen and yeomen of the kinge’s houshold and of other
lorde’s seruantes, on whom al the slaughter and bochery fell,
beinge all for the more part vnarmed. But, &c. 1578.
[826] In the edition of 1563, this legend succeeds that of Jane
Shore (see p. 460), and is followed by the Blacksmith (given p.
396), and has the following induction: “This was so well lyked,
that all together exhorted me instantly to procure Maister
Churchyarde to vndertake and to penne as manye moe of the
remaynder as myght by any meanes be attaynted at his
handes. And when I had promysed I wold do my diligence
therein, they asked me if I had any mo tragedyes yet vnred,
for the euenyng was nowe at hand and there were enow
already red to make a handsum volume. “In dede (quod I) I
purpose here to ende the second parte of this volume, for here
endeth the cruel reigne of kyng Rychard the thyrd: And in
another volume hereafter, to dyscourse the resydue from the
begynning of kyng Henry the seventh to the ende of this king
and Queene’s raigne (if God so long will graunte us lyfe) and I
beseche you all that you wyll dylygently performe such storyes
as you haue vndertaken, and procure your frendes such as be
learned, to help vs with the rest: for ther is in this part mater
enough to set al the poetes in England in wurke, and I wold
wishe that every fine apt wyt wold at the leest vndertake one:
For so wold it be a notable volume. For my parte I entende to
be so impudente and importunate a suiter to so manye as I
knowe or maye hereafter be acquaynted wyth, that no excuse
shall serve to shake me of: and I desyre you all to be as
earnest. And to occupye the tyme whyle we be nowe together,
I wyl reade vnto you Edmund the Duke of Somerset, which
must be placed in the fyrst parte: and than the blacke Smyth,
which must serve for thyrde volume, to thende I maye knowe
youre iudgement therein.” “Do so we pray you” (qd. they.)”
[827] Not so ill. 1578.
[828] That some attempts haue neuer happy speede. 1578.
[829] But. 1578.
[830] Out wrestle. 1563.
[831]

Or in skill,
Wynne what they will and wield the world at will. 1578.
[832] Of the first sorte myselfe I count for one. 1578.
[833] Fell despyte. 1563.
[834] Of my workes never could see. 1563.
[835] Sought. 1578.
[836] Bright, and shone like a starre. 1578.
[837] By malice of me. 1563.
[838] His fame. N.
[839]

Normandy yet nethelesse,

Alwayes I wrought that wit might well contriue,
But what bootes it against the streame to striue? 1578.

[840] Maligne and enemy to my trade. 1578.

[841] His, omitted. 1578.
[842] Swarued from Sol vnto. 1578.
[843] All, omitted. 1578.
[844] Well, wanting. 1563.
[845] A bryefe. 1563.
[846] Humfrey to damme that duke most innocent. 1578.
[847] Meane I. 1578.
[848] This worthy prince as a piller longe stood. 1578.
[849] Like to a proppe. 1563. A stronge prop. 1578.
[850]

O mad malice where with obeyeth will,

Was there euer any, whom folly did so nome:
Of all forecast, rigth, reason, wit and skill. 1578.

[851] My coosyn’s bloud, my refuge and my stay. 1578.

[852] Bare the sway. 1578.
[853] So long rebelles no quarelles. 1578.
[854] Once pulled. 1563.
[855]

The duke of Yorke, than stoutly hee stept in,

And chalenged the crowne by color. 1578.

[856] And in. 1563.

[857]

And spred great brutes in England up and downe,

That he of England was the heire true. 1578.

[858] Vsurped had. 1563.

[859] May rue. 1563. Right, by practise most vntrue. 1578.
[860] A chaunge. 1563.
[861] The land. 1563.
[862] Awles wanting one to dread. 1563.
[863] Lawles by weakenes of the heade. 1563.
[864] Where the prynce prest hath alway sword. 1563.
[865]

For dread of whom no man dare do amis,

Whose prince is prest alwayes and sword in hand.
1578.

[866] All enemies. 1578.

[867] In case the sonne had proued sutch a one. 1578.
[868]

Sure had he sitten in the royall throne,

Dreadlesse, and carelesse of common vpror;
But Henrie’s weakenesse appeered more and more.
1578.

[869] And that gave boldenes to the aduers bande. 1563.

Contrary band. 1578.
[870]
 To the gaye gallants of Yorke’s retinue;
Any lowe ground is highly ouerflowen. 1578.

[871] By bold traytours may bee soone remoued. 1578.

[872] That men durst. 1563.
[873] Head poste. 1563.
[874] Then wanting. 1563.
[875] I, omitted. 1563, 78.
[876] By whose malice this. 1578.
[877] To such a noble man. 1563.
[878] Afterward did ban. 1563.
[879] When our poste removed. 1563.
[880] The close traytour then. 1578.
[881] And he that lay hyd came. 1563. From the dark came.
1578.
[882] Whych thyng to compasse him. 1563.
[883] But this to achieue, first it him behoued. 1578.
[884] For, wanting. 1563.
[885] Who once perforce, or practice ill remoued. 1578.
[886] In hyghest authoritie about his grace. 1563.
Next to the prince and other to abase. 1578.
[887] I was the fyrst. 1571, 75, 78.
[888] Therefore he wrought strayght me to displace. 1563.
[889] For by. 1563.
[890] Would. 1563, 78.
[891] Subdue and haue them at his will. 1578.
[892] That geue. 1578.
[893] Loe, to a rebell what it is to geve place. 1563.
[894] So for the fishe when cast forth was the net. 1578.
[895] His plat. 1563.
[896] Common doltes to cause furiously to fret. 1563.
[897] He standing at. 1563.
[898] Graspe would the pray that he long dyd awayte. 1563.
[899] Practises. 1563.
[900] Which nought lesse meant then he. 1563. Who little
ment, that which hee. 1578.
[901] Lurkinge. 1578.
[902] But wanting. 1563.
[903] Then dyd he attempt the people. 1563.
[904] In, wanting. 1563.
[905] The troublous storme yet. N.
[906] How speedily. N.
[907] Like a Judas. 1563.
[908] Thynkinge time. 1578.
[909] Any wanting. 1563.
[910]

S. Albane’s towne, where both our hoastes did meete,

To trye a fielde, was not an equall place,
For we were forst to fight within a streete,
With fewe agaynst many, sutch was the case. 1578.

[911] But thought no whit. 1563. But little thought of. 1578.
[912] More foole hee that. 1578.
[913] The stout earle. N.
[914] Clifford couragious could not. N.
[915] Couragious Clifford could not eschewe the dart. 1578.
[916] Stafford although stout, free went not from this marte.
1563.
[917] Ralph Babthorpe sewer to the king, and Ralph his
sonne, the king’s attorney. Stowe.
[918] Was found very. 1563.
[919]

Babthorp th’attorney, with his skill in law,

In pleeding here appeared very raw. N.

So thus this poore kyng disarmed. 1563.

[920] So thus poore prince disarmed. 1578. King Henrie thus
disarmed. N.
[921] Friends all slayne, wantinge good. 1578.
[922] His friends and followers wanting assistence. N.
[923] Depriued. N.
[924] When all in poste it was by acte decreed. 1563.
[925] The duke of Yorke should haue the regally. 1578.
[926] Then came the duke of Somerset, and all the other
lordes with the kynge’s power, whiche fought a sore and a
cruel battail, in the whiche, many a tall man lost hys lyfe: but
the duke of Yorke sent euer freshe men, to succor the wery,
and put new men in the places of the hurt persones, by
whiche onely pollicie, the kynge’s army was profligat and
dispersed, and all the cheeftaines of the fielde almoste slaine
and brought to confusion. For there died vnder the signe of the
castel, Edmond duke of Somerset, who long before was
warned to eschew all castles, and besyde hym lay Henry the
second erle of Northumberlande, Humfrey erle of Stafford,
sonne to the duke of Buckyngham, Ihon lorde Clifford, &c.
Hall.
[927] A liege to. 1563.
[928] Titles should slepe. 1563.
[929] Realme for theyr tryall to wepe. 1563.
[930] From the heyre female came Yorke and his lede. 1563.
[931] And wee Lancastrians. 1578.
[932] I was in fault, or some about the queen. 1563.
[933] Some, omitted. 1578.
[934]

Thou lookest, Baldwyn, I should myselfe accuse,

Of some subtyle dryft or other lyke thing. 1563.

[935]

To the duke’s foes overmuch adhering,

Though some men’s practise did me thereto bryng.
1563.

[936] Forgeve it me for sore I dyd repent. 1563. To my foes

driftes, which I could not preuent. 1578.
[937] England had never felt. 1563.
[938] Second poynt. 1563.
[939] To any aduice agaynst. 1578.
[940] I and other mo abused. 1578.
[941] Therefore. N.
[942]

Forecast we lackt, which cannot be excused,

Of thinges to come, as soone. 1578.

[943] Cause of. 1578.

[944] Faultes I confesse, as no man liues without. 1578.
[945] I put thee, omitted. 1578.
[946] Thing to me is comfort. 1563.
[947] G. Ferrers. N.
[948] At S. Albane’s when he toke K. Henry prisoner, he was.
1578.
[949] Compare the remainder of this induction with the reading
of the editions of 1559, 63, at p. 166, n. 2.
[950] An. Dom. 1460 added. 1571. Earl of Rutland, an infant,
cruelly murdered, Anno 1460. 1578.
[951] Quoth. 1578.
[952] Trust not in chance, in whom. N.
[953] Of foolish men. N.
[954] O fooles most brute, that. 1578.
[955] How now? why dost thou, Baldwin, hide. 1578.
[956] See this poore boy, whom by the hand I lead. 1578.
[957] With bloud, and teares halinge his body staynd. 1578.
[958]

Rychard I am Plantagenet by name,

Whilom of Yorke the duke of worthy fame. 1573.

[959] Of duke Edmond, thirde. 1578.

[960] Engendred me of Anne, whose course. 1559, 63. This
reading is restored to supply sense to the text. The
subsequent editions have: Engendred mee, whereof the
course.
[961] For when Edmond her brother dyed warde. 1578.
[962]

From Lionel, the third begotten sonne

Of kingly Edward, by descent I came
From Philip hight, his heire we first begun
The crowne as due to vs by right to clame:
And in the end we did obtaine the same,
She was sole heire.——N.

[963] Troublous. 1559. N. Troubles. 1563, 71. Troubles and

daungers. 1578.
[964] And how by might, oft right. 1578.
[965] Duke Henry of Hereforde, called Bolenbrooke. 1578.
[966] Whan traytour like he. 1578.
[967] Kild him in prison, vsurped. 1578.
[968] The crowne by right came to Edmond Mortimer. 1578.
[969] And them of Lancaster. 1578.
[970] Houses. 1578.
[971]

And therefore thought good, to extirpe vs quight. 1578.

Against vs therefore he did all he might. N.

[972] To slay. N.
[973]

His cursed sonne ensued the father’s trade,

And kept my cosin guiltlesse in sure hold
For whom my father ful often did perswade,
With his allies and cousins, that they would
Their kinsman’s right mainteyn, and vphold,
And to depose by pollicy or power,
The heyre of him that was an vsurper. 1578.

[974] Whereof when Henry. 1578.

[975] Thys. 1559, 63, 71.
[976] Had heard, and knew of this conspiracye. 1578.
[977] Sayd that my father was the. 1578.
[978] French kyng hys ally. 1559, 63. French king Charles his
alley. N.
[979]

And hyred by him to worke this trecherye,

For which at Hampton, as it came to passe,
His lyfe he lost, and there beheaded was. 1578.

[980] This. 1559.

[981] To, added. 1571.
[982]
 Thus was the name of Mortimer extinct,
Whose right and title descended vnto me,
Being forst to lyue within a precinct,
For feare I would to other countries flee,
And so beeing at myne owne libertee,
Might haplye moue sedicion or strife,
For guilty hartes can leade no quiet lyfe. 1578.

[983] Whereby great frendes I had my part to take. 1578.

[984]

I by mariage,
Fowre fayre sonnes my yong wife to me bore,
Valiaunt. 1578.

[985] Brothers. 1578.

[986] As none of the kin had any time before. 1578.
[987] Were knights peerelesse. 1578.
[988]

—— Fortune’s frendly grace,

I first began to claime my lawful right,
And my chiefe foes with stoutnesse to deface. 1578.

[989] Al my hole force, I dayly did employ. 1578.

[990] The queene was wholy on hys syde. 1578.
[991] Stroke. 1559.
[992]

in Ireland I did byde,

Ful often driuen of force my head to hyde,
Yet through. 1578.

[993] This doutye duke most deare to king. 1578.

[994]

the queene her partie helde

 Farre in the north, where ouermatcht with power,
My life I lost, in an vnlucky howre. 1578.

[995] Led, omitted. 1578.

[996] And, omitted. 1578.
[997] Got the. 1559, 78.
[998] Next I with kinsfolke. N.
[999]

I at the next was present in persone,

With my chiefe kin, whereas by one and one,
Our souldiers false withdrew away by night,
Vnto our foes and wee put all to flight. 1578.

[1000] Not. The text corrected by editions 1559 and 63. The
others read: no.
[1001] Came I. 1559, 63.
[1002] My. 1559, 63. Make clayme. 1571. New claime to
make. 1578.
[1003] In the kinge’s seate I boldly. 1578.
[1004] Clayming the place, whereat. 1578.
[1005] At last to my demaund agreed. 1578.
[1006] But sith Henry had raigned than so long. 1578.
[1007] And to thend to make my title strong. 1578.
[1008] My, misprint. 1571. Apparant heire of England they me.
1578. In each place heire apparant they me. N.
[1009]

I sped me straight northward, whereas she lay,

Meaning by force to cause her to obay. 1578.

[1010] Bosworth. 1559.

[1011]

She thereof warned, prepared a strong power,

 And ere my men were altogether redye,
To Sandale came, where, in a dismal houre,
I like a beast, so rash was and so heddy
To trie fortune which alwaies is vnsteddy,
With thousands fiue of souldiers to assayle
The double number in campe to their auayle. 1578.

[1012] Th’infant. N.
[1013]

whyle my pore infant

Scarse twelue yere olde, sought way himselfe to saue,
That cruel Clifford, that fel bloudy tyrant,
While the pore chyld with tears did mercy craue,
With dagger sharp his hart a sunder claue. 1578.

[1014]

And set a crowne of paper theruppon,

Which for a sport he sent vnto the quene. 1578.
Which with a painted paper crowne thereon,
He for a present sent vnto the quene. N.

[1015] Might. 1559. To Yorke and set vp to be. 1578. To Yorke

fast by, where that it might. N.
[1016]

In some such place as theuis and traitors bene,

This mocke I had of fortune for rewarde,
After long hope that she wold me regard. 1578.

[1017]

Wherfore, Baldwin, see that thou set her forth

With her slipper pranks so as they may be known,
And warne all princes wel. 1578.

[1018] Sede. 1578

[1019] The gaine no surer but as of dice throwen. 1578.