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Analog Modulation
• Types of Analog modulation,
• Principles of amplitude modulation,
• Modulation index

Types of Analog Modulation

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Amplitude Modulation

• DSB-SC Modulation
• AM (with carrier) Modulation

• SSB-SC Modulation
• DVSB-SC Modulation

DSB-SC Modulation

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DSB-SC De-modulation

DSBSC Modulation

s(t )  Ac m(t ) cos ct

B

An Example of message energy spectral density.

No Extra Carrier
2B
component

Energy spectrum of the DSBSC modulated message signal.

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Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC)

s 2 t   Ac m t 
1 2 1 2 2
Ac 
 Power in a AM signal is given 2 2
by Carrier Power Sideband power
 DSBSC is obtained by eliminating carrier component
If m(t) is assumed to have a zero DC level, then s(t )  Ac m(t ) cos ct

Spectrum  S( f ) 
Ac
M  f  f c   M  f  f c 
2

s 2 t  
Ac m t 
1 2 2
Power 
2
m 2 t 
Modulation Efficiency  E 2 100  100%
m t 
Disadvantages of DSBSC:
• Less information about the carrier will be delivered to the receiver.
• Needs a coherent carrier detector at receiver

Carrier Recovery for DSBSC Demodulation

Pilot Carrier technique

A squaring loop can also be used to obtain coherent reference carrier for product
detection of DSBSC. A frequency divider is needed to bring the double carrier
frequency to fc.

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Carrier Recovery for DSBSC Demodulation

 Coherent reference for product detection of DSBSC can not be obtained by the use of
ordinary PLL because there are no spectral line components at fc.

Amplitude Modulation (with carrier)

 The Complex Envelope of an AM signal is given by

g (t )  Ac [1  m(t )]

Ac indicates the power level of AM and m(t) is the Modulating Signal

 Representation of an AM signal is given by

s(t )  Ac [1  m(t )]cos ct

 Ac[1+m(t)] In-phase component x(t)

 If m(t) has a peak positive values of +1 and a peak negative value of -1

AM signal  100% modulated

 Envelope detection can be used if % modulation is less than 100%.

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Amplitude Modulation

Waveform for Amplitude modulation of the message signal m(t)

Amplitude Modulation

An Example of message energy spectral density.

Carrier component together
with the message

Energy spectrum of the AM modulated message signal.

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AM percentage modulation/
Modulation Index
Ratio of maximum change in amplitude of carrier signal to the amplitude of carrier signal

Under modulated (<100%) 100% modulated Over Modulated (>100%)

Envelope Detector Envelope Detector

Can be used Gives Distorted signal

AM Signal Waveform

Amax = 1.5Ac % Positive modulation= 50%

% Negative modulation =50%
Amin = 0.5 Ac Overall Modulation = 50%

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AM – Normalized Average Power

The normalized average power of the AM signal is

s 2 t   g t   Ac2 1  mt 
1 2 1 2

2 2
 
 Ac2 1  2mt   m 2 t 
1
2
 Ac  Ac2 mt   Ac2 m 2 t 
1 2 1
2 2

If the modulation contains no dc level, then mt   0

The normalized power of the AM signal is

s 2 t   Ac m t 
1 2 1 2 2
Ac 
2 2

Discrete Carrier Power Sideband power

AM – Modulation Efficiency
 Definition : The Modulation Efficiency is the percentage of the total power
of the modulated signal that conveys information.

Only “Sideband Components” – Convey information

Modulation Efficiency: m2  t 
E 100
1  m2  t 

Highest efficiency for a 100% AM signal : 33.3%

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Envelope Detector
 Conventional DSB-AM signals are easily demodulated by an envelope
detector
 It consists of a diode and an RC circuit, which is a simple lowpass filter
 During the positive half-cycle of the input signal, the diode conducts and the
capacitor charges up to the peak value of the input signal
 When the input falls below the voltage on the capacitor, the diode becomes
reverse-biased and the input disconnects from the output
 During this period, the capacitor discharges slowly through the resistor R
 On the next cycle of the carrier, the diode again conducts when the input signal
exceeds the voltage across the capacitor

An envelope detector.

Envelope Detector
 The time constant RC must be
selected to follow the variations in
the envelope of the modulated signal
 If RC is too large, then the discharge of
the capacitor is too slow and again the
output will not follow the envelope
 If RC is too small, then the output of the
filter falls very rapidly after each peak
and will not follow the envelope closely
 For good performance of the envelope
detector,
1 1
 RC 
fc W Effect of (a) large and (b) small RC
values on the performance of the
envelope detector.

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Generation of DSB-SC Signals

1.Using Log and Antilog Amplifier

2.Using Linear Circuits
3.Using Non-linear Circuits

Source Log
x(t) Amplifier Log[x(t)(Cosωct)]

Adder Antilog
Amplifier x(t)(Cosωct)
Carrier Log
Cosωc(t) Amplifier

Generation of DSB-SC Signals

Using Linear Circuits

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Generation of DSB-SC Signals

Using Non-Linear Circuits

Balanced modulator is a circuit in which two non-linear devices are connected in a

balanced mode to produce a DSB-SC signal

Balance Modulator using Diode

input voltage to D1 is given by

Generation of DSB-SC Signals

Balance Modulator using Diode
input voltage to D2 is given by

The parallel RLC circuits on the output side form the band pass filters
The diode current i1 and i2 are given by

i2  a[Cosct  x(t )]  b[[Cosct  x(t )]2 ]

i2  aCosct  ax(t )]  bCosc t  bx 2 (t )  2bx(t )Cosct

2

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Generation of DSB-SC Signals

Balance Modulator using Diode

The output voltage is given by

Therefore,

Hence, the output voltage contains a modulating signal term and the DSB-SC signal
The modulating signal term is eliminated and the second term is allowed to pass through to
the output by the LC band pass filter section

Generation of DSB-SC Signals

Balance Modulator using Transistors

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Generation of DSB-SC Signals

Balance Modulator using Transistors

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