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Chapter 4- part 2

Biology

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Adrika anber
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14 views

Chapter 4- part 2

Biology

Uploaded by

Adrika anber
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter: 4

Reproduction In
Plants
The important functions of flowers are mentioned below:
1.Gametophytes develop in the flowers.
2.The flowers can produce diaspores without fertilization.
3.After fertilization, the ovary of the flower develops into a fruit
containing a seed.
4.The most important function of flowers is reproduction. They
help in the union of male and female gametes.
5.Flowers provide nectar to certain birds and insects, which in turn
help in the transfer of pollen from one flower to the other.
6.Flowers may promote self-fertilization, i.e., the union of sperms
and eggs from the same flower, or cross-fertilization, i.e., the union
of sperms and eggs from different flowers.
Inflorescence:
• The mode of arrangement of flowers on the floral axis is known as
inflorescence .
• The stem holding the reproductive flower parts is called floral axis.
• The inflorescence is of two types.
a) Recemose- The growth of the floral axis is unlimited,
unbranched and indeterminate. E.g. Mustard.
b) Cymose- The growth of floral axis is limited, branched and
determinate. E.g. Jasmine
Pollination:

⋆ Pollination is the act of transferring pollen grains from the


male anther of a flower to the female stigma.
⋆ It is the precondition of fruit and seed formation.
⋆ It is also known as linking of pollen.
⋆ Pollination is basically two types. One is self pollination
and another one is cross pollination.
Pollination

Self Pollination Cross Pollination

It is the pollination where


It is the transfer of pollens
transfer of pollens from
from anthers to stigma in the
one plant to the stigma on
same flower or between
another plant of the same
flowers of the same plant.
species.
E.g. Mustard, Pumpkin, Datura.
E.g. Shimul, Papaya etc.
Merits of Self -pollination:
•In self- pollination, there is no diversity in the genes and therefore the purity of
the race is maintained.
•Pollination is ascertained.
•Very few pollen grains are lost.
•Maintains the purity of species.
•Less dependent on external agents.
•Self- pollination ensures that recessive characters are eliminated.
•The plants do not depend on external factors for pollination and even smaller
quantities of pollen grains produce have a good success rate in getting
pollinated.
Demerits of self-pollination:
•No new variety is produced as there are no combinations of new characters.
•Produce weaker progeny with less vitality.
•New progeny are borne with less adaptability.
•The species may extinct in the future.
Merits of cross-pollination:
1.A combination of new character occurs. It is helpful to the competition of the plant as it
introduces new genes into the lineage as a result of the fertilization between hereditarily
different gametes
2.New varieties may be originated, they are eliminated as a result of genetic recombination.
3.Seeds become more viable and more tolerant. The seeds produced as a result of cross-
pollination are good in vigour and vitality.
4.The adaptability of new plants increases. It improves the resistance of the offspring's to
diseases and changes in the environment.
5.It is the only way unisexual plants can reproduce.
Demerits of Cross-Pollination:
1.There is a high wastage of pollen grains that need to be produced to ensure fertilization
occurs.
2.It depends on the external agent. There are high chances that good qualities may get
eliminated.
3.Pollination is uncertain. Unwanted characteristics may get added due to the recombination of
the genes.
4.There is a loss of a large amount of pollen.
5.The purity of species is lost/destroyed.
Agents for pollination:
For transferring pollen grains from one flower to another
specially in case of cross pollination, there is need of agents
which are called pollinator.
A pollinator is the agent that causes that transfer. Pollinators
range from physical agents, especially the wind or biotic
agents such as insects, birds, bats and other animals.
To get the help of pollinating media some structural
modification are seen in flowers which are called adaptation.
Fertilization:
Fertilization is the process of union of two gametes in sexually reproductive
organisms where one gamete is small and motile (male gamete) and another
one is comparatively bigger and non-motile (female gamete).
This fertilization in plant occurs through step by step process.
1. Development of pollen grain
2. Development of egg/ ovule
3. Pollination
4. Fertilization and
5. Embryonic development / fruit formation
Male Fertilization
Flower Development
of Development
of male
Microsporangia
gametophyte

Pollination Embryonic
development

Development
of Ovule

Female
Development of
Flower
female
gametophyte
Significance of Fertilization:
• The haploid form of two gametes are transformed into a diploid form of
the zygote (2n).
• The ovules are converted into seeds. The fertilized ovule goes on to form a
seed, which contains a food store and an embryo that will later grow into a
new plant.
• The ovary is turned to fruit. The ovary develops into a fruit to protect the
seed. Some flowers, such as avocados, only have one ovule in their ovary,
so their fruit only has one seed.
• The seeds formed by fertilization protect the generation of plants. Thus it
is noticed that seeds and fruits are formed due to fertilization.
• The fertilization process increases the metabolic activities and the rate of
protein synthesis of the egg.
⋆ Dehiscence is the splitting, at maturity, along a built-in line of weakness in a
plant structure in order to release its contents.
Rose periwinkle

Crown Flower
Seed:
All flowering plants produce seeds. The seeds are a tiny part
of a plant which gives rise to a new plant. Different seed is
found in different shapes, sizes, and colors.
What does a seed consist of?
A seed consists of the following parts:
• Hilum – It is a scar that is located on the seed coat, associated with the
stalk of the plant.
• Seed coat – Forms the exterior covering of the plant, supplying with
nourishment and protection to the seed inside.
• Endosperm – It is the tissue containing nutrients for the growth of the
embryo.
• Embryo – Several divisions of the zygote gives rise to this structure.
What does the embryo consist of?
It consists of the following parts:
• Radicle
• Plumule
• Cotyledons
How are seeds classified?
On the basis of cotyledons in the seed, angiosperms can be
classified into the following:
• Monocots
• Dicots
Parts of Seed
• The seed is enclosed by a seed coat.
• Seed coat consists of two layers-outer
testa and inner tegmen. Testa is thick
and brownish. The tegmen is thin,
membranous, and whitish and
remains fused with testa.
• The embryo possesses two distinct
and large cotyledons that resemble
the shape of a kidney.
• Lateral attachment of the cotyledons
to the curved is Embryonal axis.
• Radicle is also seen in the diagram. It is the rod-shaped and lightly protrusive lower
end of the embryonal axis that is found placed towards the micropylar end.
• The upper end of the embryonal axis exhibits the Plumule.
• Hypocotyl is a section of the embryo axis found in between the radicle and adjunct
of cotyledon leaves.
• The Epicotyl is the section of the embryo axis between the adjunct of cotyledon
leaves and plumule.
Endosperm:
It is a tissue that is rich in oil, starch,
and protein. Depending on the
presence of endosperm, seeds are of
two types:
i) Non-endospermic seeds –
Characterized by complete absence of
the endosperm, such as the seeds of
Pea, Groundnut and Gram.
ii) Endospermic seeds – Characterized
by partial presence of the endosperm,
such as the seeds of Millets, Palms and
Lilies.

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