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Circuit_2

Uploaded by

dixalis899
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© © All Rights Reserved
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ECE 1101

Md. Abu Hanif Pramanik


Assistant Professor, Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
Resistor
Materials in general have a characteristic behavior of resisting the
flow of electric charge.

This physical property, or ability to resist current, is known as


resistance and is represented by the symbol R.

Resistor Circuit symbol of resistance


Resistor
The resistance of any material with a uniform cross-sectional area A
depends on A and its length l , is

l
R
A
Where, ρ is known as the resistivity of the material.

Good conductors, such as copper and aluminum, have low resistivity,


while insulators, such as mica and paper, have high resistivity.
Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s law states that the voltage v across a resistor is directly
proportional to the current i flowing through the resistor.

vi
v  iR
Where, R is the proportionality constant.

The resistance R of an element denotes its ability to resist the flow of


electric current; it is measured in ohms (Ω).
Conductance
Reciprocal of resistance is known conductance (G).

1
G
R

Conductance is the ability of an element to conduct electric current;


it is measured in mhos or siemens (S).
Short Circuit
A short circuit is a circuit element with resistance approaching zero.
Open Circuit
An open circuit is a circuit element with resistance approaching
infinity.
Nodes, Branches, and Loops
A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source or a
resistor. A branch represents any two-terminal element.

A node is the point of connection between two or more branches.

A loop is any closed path in a circuit.


Node
Node
Branch

Node Loop
Series Connection
Two or more elements are in series if they carry the same current.

Series connected circuit

Elements are in series when they are chain-connected or connected


sequentially, end to end
Parallel Connection

Two or more elements are in parallel if they are connected to the same
two nodes and consequently have the same voltage across them.

parallel connected circuit


Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of
currents entering a node is zero.

ii  (i2 )  i3  i4  (i5 )  0

ii  i3  i4  i2  i5

The sum of the currents entering a node is equal to the sum of the
currents leaving the node.
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

iT  i2  i1  i3
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of all
voltages around a closed path (or loop) is zero.
M

v
m 1
m 0

 v1  v2  v3  v4  v5  0
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

 Vab  V1  V2  V3  0

Vab  V1  V2  V3
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
Problem: Determine v0 and i in the circuit shown in following figure.
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
Solution: We apply KVL around the loop
+ -
 12  4i  2v0  4  6i  0......(i )

- +
Applying Ohm’s law to the 6 Ω resistor
gives

v0  6i

Substituting v0 in equation (i)


i  8 A
 12  4i  12i  4  6i  0 v0  48V
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
Problem: Find current i0 and voltage v0 in the circuit
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
Solution: Applying KCL to node a, we obtain,

0.5i0  3  i0

i0  6 A

Applying Ohm’s law to the 4 Ω


resistor gives

v0  4i0 v0  24 V

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