ol/o8/2023

INT RODUCTION)
Four moun parameteS
Tempe ratre ’ PrescuYe Level Flow

important
(at )
dagree of hotnes
T IS: 1n ter national Temperatute Scale internetio nal s ystem
to measure
IIS28year oft creation minimum and maximurn Cwrt Hydrog
23-100
IIS 48- C)|T|L| 900 diff Teions
IIS 60

Pt resistant
Jiff regions hawe diff set of
sensor
thermometer
V
No sensors can measuYe temþ. at all regions frem IL to

50o 550
Sbzero
Thermal imaging
(Radiation) is used
Not acuretes gves
Minerals,pt affet the temp of Ha0 an Oerage value
Gf Pt docide ITS 60 (0r) ITS 10
Furitby
STANDAR DS difficult to attain. deperds on shape, no.of solid
Very available

æ) Absolute zero
solld to ligid
(i) Melting iquid to solid
C) Freezing
(lvy Boilin9
(V) Triple point All three oM Solid/ Liquid/ Gas.
reOns in ITS
These standads are used to detemune
SCALES
wsualy
Used for temp>o
°F-European
Usedl when range is HIGH k is used in industries
(R CRanhi)
no mol ecular (even when generally
temp is <o)
mo vement at
Zer so) no 3 Mechanical cale
based
degree symbot.
Rmperoture Meosuremnt TC:Thermo Cepl, Thounom eter
Bimetoic
INVASIVE Roiatie TC, Thermo, RTD gas TM
(10- 8ol widely ed) If the te pTOces is disturbed by
are invabive
the
transducer when it is used , it is invasVo
Tnteraction of senbor with process is invasive
PARAMETERS COnsidered ’ How it will disturb my process?
’ At what lewel will it teved br disturb?
’ Which Yagions of the proces is distur bed?
These are not used much nowad ays but strong y wo for
Calibration
Y Bime tallic Switch Used tn irohing, water heatern
Eisadvantage veny les lsetime (Srltchinq decreases ife)
Less to leyance contnuous.
* Ghas in g lass/ Liquid in glass
TM: Disadv: Glacs can breale
Range ot measuring O-250 Thermis tor
Lntermedite. RTD
(a50- 8oo)
(300- Ib00): TC
>l660 : Radiation

NON INVASIVE No interference with procesUsed for very

Thaupioeletri Crytal,olt pr high
*IRTM, Radiotion imagng temperaturas
SEMI 1NVASIVE Intaserence is there; but it does
not
affect the pro file of the procers.
*Example Thermoeletric crystals, solid paints

D2l05/2023
Ihermo tOup le : 70-6 wed, most widely wed
3K
sef energization, Robust, Yersatile(Low os wide temp
Advantage
Torge, stability, repodlucability, fast speed of respor 9lp Yange
so,anpdo
of mio
mielj
Volts
DSADANTAGES eck output, Non- lingsr output
Tharnoelmenl A cTE TharmoelumantThamocape
T2
1
7E B
Elecdrical Thertnal ensor.
cle s electrical. co atnpli4ication s need ed
(Fecbleole)
 in6self is cheaper But in order to mcatre a veny bwle
Sanal ntetionns Cht aYe used b, the overall Cost becomes
Cocicr than RTD and Thermls tor
Eyen when TC Sensor is replaced, o(e are stable as SC takes Care
Seckeck etfet, when two
dlissinilay metlç a9e kapt at
Te is base d of Seebeck effect otiffevent tempetwes, a
TE potential differene is
Thermo clectric material A and Crected blw them
esponse to temp
Two dissimilar mcitertals kept at diff
EVen a single TE M Can procluce d
@ Ends are different. k homogenco
TE A

temp
EME depends oh the type of mater ial ag wel as
()ebeck Coe ff
deponde tupon the temperature gradient
TE Cell: Thermo ele ctric cell
EsBV ’ (6, bT)
depends on o&ST
Each leg in TC is a TE cell

TE voltage Source
erperiences a
Any homoqenceus conducting material, i$ that
temp. diff. can be aviewed s a Yo ltage Source.

ABSOLUTE Seebeck CHARACTERISTICS

SBy = (oa, AT)

L5 indicates sensi tivity of material to temp. diff
EME of
materialLA

I4 bwo EMES ae Constdle red, it s a Relative seebeck charactarbhc

en-eb ?
kbs Abs.
Eg(T)= T
crat
SBo SB coeff

(mv)
FECt)-Eo (b)
CT-T)
Platinuas cell)
Can be broken into 3
dff.Sections
ECT) = o(Tq-Ti)
THERMO CouPLE is poarity sensitive Cell1 cell3
electrical temperakure ensor Homo Homo Homo
Colour coding in TC is seen ] (T2) lsT)
Homo Net emf: Eo, +Eo t Eoz
2, Gp (qeom tic preporfia)
O AT SB vltge
dipsndy
on
Poduco
Tz
Te

RELATIVE SB

C is iso themmal

Tz

oBlo8/2023
Tz emperature zone ckt

b
Posil T/X plot

Position
 Electrical eaivolant ircuit of TC
EB T2
Ee B Tc practical symbol
T

T2 Ta
Eo =on Ct) dt JoB(T)dt

noEMF
T2

T2 12
for D Es op dt - JoBdt - EAB JohgdT
T

EnlEB Abasolute e secbeck emf

Absoluta seebe ck Coefficients hg next termiral -ve
Eee Relalüe seebeck emt
fiston
ARelabuut seebeck coeff.

EMF is prducad in the trselechic keg Cnot in jwnthon)

Tunctien sense the divecten of pces.
Jmpuse malerials produce
X ror
EnB
SB
TC Is connected to Sc component
JEB ViO 2vtensiorn wres- pICk tail
Tennp ’Sock ek

trarsmssaens, each etersi on Contribute to wncoavty onod

r During long
eror in meas utament
*Highly pu maoials are epersive
KTCA s Costlier than normalL TC
TValidotion, s done by
Net emfin
al cous O,b, C
is Same
AhThermoDuple
Assembuy TCA
Refarnce Jrs Sf tensp of Teferane is krenn, it con be wwd
for nes meawsine Aset of 18 pasamau is used.
incvdontal jnclim he 61 carnt be contralled Tempevoatn
Reol Junchon
is aso unknGwn
The aclusl jo where the meauherment s
ghada
TYeES of TC Assembly
taplkianceg
Tr Tr TM Tr
Tm
onost otolely
A
Ax Bx
Ax Ax

Unknown & Teferen ces External

ef.kmeabboment
X- Extenslon Similan to O but
wiYe entinal regerence
voltages Cconkrollabte)
etannon
wire
o8/6812 023

Thermocowple
Thermo element
h efg: Taeal T/c
Referene material.
in compertin T|c
ink f: measuring juncluon
e,4 Reference junctio.
Compersation
QOOC inhks.
P'glaidy
ads
20c
k- Type FIGURE 1
WAYS TO FIND ERRORS ?
’tor gwen voltoge, what is the temp 9 Fond rom standand
tasles or standad
-5 for gien temy, hat is the voltage ? eyuations.

FROM FIGURE , and StandaYd TABLc.

For
H-bype
Tem Voltege Qrty he tasle provdes
02.00 9.138 my only w toc
2.0-2O0 7340 mV
/0 20 o. 198 mV- Ref Jonc ompensation
Reference unchion compensolion When nef. Ternp t o than ef jun
tompensation mt be esed CoLp. TONCTION COMPENSATION
CoTe)

Tamp
vel(my
premiun
kP T/c kw
8138 materiad
-Type, ma
2001
e
2o02 SD
So KPX) Piglid kNMI very pre, horogenuoy
1-285 42
))2 /ke Extkad bratad
O79842e b
K-Type premiun (ali
Tlc.

kP’ posi twe k KN>negtie K

X> ink / extersien
w)re
I piqtall e b 93j are
extension wires
KPX3 k bype pasitive entension wire
pasitwe and nagetue Link dses not have same temp grodient
*
Zone I 200- 5D
Due to highy homogenas materials
Zone : 50-32 used, bee Qveny zone produces emfo
as a Thermo element produces ent with
Zone I : 32-28
Zone TV: 29- 20 Zone TV:
Zone V : 20-0
y Refererce juncfion
Nt SB enf at 200c = B-138 mV
9.811.
assembly (b toj) B.139- o. 718 g 7-34 mv
bedefghj T for zone! I to

15-14-1 due to etg Zone I

Uncer tainty505/. due to (de t, g h) Zone I
Error 2/. de to (cd h) Zone tl
L3.98-. due to c b j i ) zone V

he Zonee are divided according to the ze diferent elementa

Ass UMPTIONS
DDut here we sume they hawe sCme AT
 Contn bctiin to emf by normal K- type Tlc s ae vey
Leo ond tes than

r- type: are type.

R

0.284 48
Here tve &ve cide haue
differengt zonesAT
30
More emor is Seen in thio

Refereice
Compers
Junc uten) C’d’ef

In ¢9-52: tue side Cutension

wìre
-Ve side : r- tyHDe materid
In this 757, o-. wil be contri buod te by etenson wine

From magnitade to position grapk, we can fnd all the values and
the correct a l e can be found.

0losl2023
Thermocetuple motarias
Grauge no
Type Nj45 Cu
B- Clargest
sze)2
325
T C 14 1.63
Iron Ni45 Cu
NiLO-/- chr N 45 Cu 20
E 24d
Ni1O1 chr NI5 Al se O.51
N l4, O.033
30
R
PE I3 Rh

Pt loRh
Pt
S Pt b Rh
Pt3o Rh
sed in Citical
Noble
as fon spacel meta
uclear applictuns
 Base etl
Raxe mnetal CNoble
metal) T type TlC Sub zero 370
Cushonisd etal -100<T<370
Above 370, the Ce beet is Oxidised
So, brittleseu ncreases
xWheteever a Cu mateeal is present there is a timitation

T<h0
Connot be used in ax mecn (Iron goti corroded)
sulphusous inert
Oxidised condition stabe for
E type 200 Sub- zero Conditioh

b Highast Deebeck coefftcient(o)

-ve) are manu factused by bvo diff. manutachures
f two (ve example on T(g/23
thee e be Aoe errors Qs discwssed in the

K- Type mast wNidely eed Tsensor Gen. used above 540e

Coit be wsed in redued
-200T< 1300
sulphorous conditions
Oxidisingx
hREEN ROT CeM' CORROS1ON: cotrosiioh in k- Type ceteriol

on the envionment Of
The T/c used depends mainly
t,- metals wicl.
the procesl, melting point of Corrosicn.
Bubbles form in case of

lo prerent GRC ¢shd be increased

tube
’Diaph Diameter of the protecting tube.
5 Providrng ventil ation by holes in the
the instrument.
Corracion meduces the performance of
R,S, B: Noble metol TIC
J,E,k Base mutal /c
I
Etensipn wires

when se characteris tics Df extnwires

math with respective t,- sides, it is
Category I oites
Labrotary puposes. For X A; Br Y-BSB Char. must
Cu Al
Selact Ame matarial as te t, - type of Te
For As material For Y: Bs materials
3Usualu very expensive than Categony I
Non-standadzed Tlc TlCs
TlCs made wth mew malials for
Apecial and specific pwpotaa Not ed gon genal puwnposea
space knucluan applicauers, non- standdizud TlLs a
+ve -Ve Range
Iridunm- Rhoduum Iridiun up to 2000 C NS
Pt 4o- Rh Pt ao-Rh ConttnuoS
Knoun as Jewe masoent
for I1o0
thetmocouple Occasion al
1850
Ni-Cu

Germinol
Tl
ungsten Tl9
COLOOR Co DING OF Tlc
sheatk
TYPE Internaiona Us A Uk
J (Tapon)
BL BL
P BL B
W
BL BL
W
S Gr Br
B
k P
Br R
N
W
B( Br
Vi Br
Br Bi Pur
E P Vi pur Br R R
W R
N B( W
 crandsepeAele wicay.
1o/9/23 ast for mmalti
supporti
Thernoceuple assembls S Compceram ic
Supported)
1Sensing element Wire Sepernled
Tm Wtnon ceromie

Proteching tube Bulk wt

2 Hord fired
3. Theumewe (soud wire)
Ceraamic ind
Wa
4. Tesmnatins
baned on hod he
5. Miscollanee Hlw b)
Hardwae Ssheath

Con po

e) EYpenave

CoNering of wies
Sheath, compact (eaic insation wie - Very enpensiue, sed lor
nucleay ins trementaion applicctions
Non-ceramic
Wines ae joined with non -ceramic materay: Guneal
wt
prposes
wt, Hard fired ceramic Joined wires with hard- fired ceramic inslation
Indutrial
Fuible junctions.
Arrangernent of TIc Btt wecled twis ted baYe wire
0) Butt welding with twisted wires; Hard fired wires carnot be ueo.
(b) Butt welding t straight wiel Any insuaton Can be wed.
(c) Butt welded twis ted insulatd wive
(d) Butt welded with mechanical suppet by ceromic fers insulation
Butt welded wi h seporats corsmic potectio.
(d) with Space dor d themocouple.
InuwotÝn tapes
d, ef ae mant tor veny high tenp pupees.

INSOLATION Teton, PVc

Non ceramic : affeuted bymetre temporatwe, chemical eocond on
Yclearacioy
Gibe gas
FElorble nulatien FibDu& Asbeto
 for inkoion (1EOL e vwire, oler Cin UiA
Y Choase the
thonocouple cwu fully ond in sueh a may hat it
l he regined norrnsolour odls
PROTE CTING TUBE
37imne \ag is seon
when
is protecting tube
used Like olp
is sestabilised ofter
5 bo 4o
miwtes
Multple pTs oe wd for bether neat
iron
Primary tuke/Secornday tube mode vp of ceroneImtot
Affeting factors wa.t evitonnt)
Metals are affedos by lcod, Lapid
or gos)
’Funace gases/ furnes
eac with PT
J Si toa ’ Si0, 0tcts PT
CLite chum proputus Change)
’ Electrolytes deposit
fcorrode thu Pr.
CHOICE OF PT
After chosing wire k Irudoon, PT Con be choen aCording to
’ Life of TIC 5Strength of pT
Cwhere it
is wsed)
continey/ Guean eot Coion
disontinuos
MATERI4CS OF PT
Carbon steal, AuAerie steal, FertHc Stes, NI AUMy
THERMOWELL Tw
-’ Driled, coli,bar covering the ihoe Tlc assembly
Teminaliong

Topared [ Area ot TW s less]

PStraight
Flonched
gThambwell ’fotoctien Tuabe Trlatien Nire Cfor Sensng
ThantbwCUL IS sed for extre potectio cQy usage

6/sl23

Resittonca Temperahute De tector R TD)

ETD: les Targe han Tc TC Nide nge; seif exciked
more tpeslelanunty
b upto soo(00- $oo) (-300- Soo)
’ Rehly senskive and repeotable r t TC
3 Needs an eternd Suppy
’Electrital te Senor
7Only mau metals metal alloys ae ese
PE, a, N-Aley, N
PE-RTD, Cu-RTD, Ni-RTD
(abnatoy
Lmest accuvate eeeseto
Based on Application
SPRT- standard platinum reistart thermbmeter AcaUDky
t0.001
-SSPRT: Setondary standard platinum evis tant thnuter increae&
-IPRT: lndustrial platinuun esistent tharnonnttar
+o.00O

SPRT abratoy purposes Highly acunte

SSPRT For Controlled envirDhant
IPR T For genaral pLrPases RTD: Tmmersion ty
Tese
’ n b e used in
atr lsoi/ter/
industriet
Based on Atructhure
Kwe wound < Thun tn cs Coil supported

PRINCIPLE ciameta of wires 3-60 mm

Fugnly pwYe metal are ased for spPRT C99.q99 /)

For 48.49 . : SSPRT
For
Sensitivity is dacidad by
47.90/ IPRT the pumity of metal (or
Corhet o beleo q0/. Rosistivityy of impadaes at is
Þresen
Jonput affeh Yesistivity Cmeal
urTent range
External Supp Curent
k controllable
NICu,pt Variance of resistance is predictable in caSe of
T T: RJ
PL
Pt
R

otage
AL melas I50 250
Ni, u, Pt hove a linear relctionship with
temp.
upto 150 ’ Cu is Wsed it is in ear. Coxicised after T:>150C
Upto 50 NI is inear Cimpurity is sean
wpto 800 Pt is inear ofterT7 250oC)
Pt best maorial for RTD
tnot wsdely wsed Pt: stable,
chemically nert
Pt-lo0, - 500, l000 NI-5000O Cu - 1oo
Pt-X:wes x Tesistane at uMtrained condition at
Pt-100: |00 N reistn e at o'c dagra
RTD IS expensive as only Pt is refersed

Sensing element; Maor ial wsed to detet Temp.

Rt= Rot « At t g at+Xat) Mathematical eqn
As mOre coe4ficients ae Used, censitin hy k acuLrocy
increaes
E,=E,-Ea has Aome nelationship wi t RL

Non- uneany is seancue to d,ß

Aome ompesaton methocs
R+ Ro (1+ dAT)
R Ro (I+aAT +BAT4 AT')
deudes Sensitivity

Some voales of
sl ssPRT IPRT

0.003925 0 .003902
pt
O. 00421
Highext
cs not much rangc s scen
Cu Uwally not guven
gien
o Riog - Ro Ro: need not be Rerstante at 0, Can be

|00cx Ro at mom tem perature too.

check internet
225
600- 300: 25

reference tep.
1n/08)23
RTD

Rt Ro 1+At + BE) reuritng

= Ro C4 dt+dd

o,S calibaaton Cnstoant

’ 100c
Foud poi nu: Boiling pt of Water
1Ts q0

o- Rloo Ro
100 X Ro

paity/graduLIPRT
SPRT
SSPRT
Van dusan eqatien [for temp below oc]
RE- ko C1+ At + R+ CCt -loo) t)
C= some vale
C
T70C
SPRT
Lemp
sSE Helical oire, sE
pported,
ancapsuld by L-d
pt wire Plotectue wire.
o ther factors
sheccth ‘ Uibration (shbCk insppoud pt wiYe s
Chemical chunge a ffectec by temprotune
stran deformodion So, length ) bieadlh
Presre
and propey
0f nesg tance
chonges e hnce thene s
a Amall defomalion
Astr elostc, emporary
de formabo
’Verg dolicato n nature
’ The speed of Vespense A vey
Strain
Pt becones
H|GH HIGH defounalion,
5wedfor calibroion ond for labaratory applicatiow
2Only bcd in immert ion &e Controled enviorment. Not in soLiD or

farttally supported RTD Version 1

wire
Due to tempee
Bobbin both bobbin and wire qot
strined
Bo fh hawc di7foutt
Cecbficints So, deformation
Tt ges to olayic o
plastic natne

Lwirey

Bob)
block
FULLY SOPrORTED PRT
-5Siutar to Tettance totally eapsulalad wire
0y upto 300c, i is used
encapsulatien mediun ( silica!
alumina)
’Pawage of air couses will Change its proper ties after some
Contamnate wire. the comyenent alumina pouduu tenp.
re inside

THICRFILM /FLE XI8LE PRT

For Low Tane Conslant , cest & higk Speed
once
Similar to chip designing Spulard ’form is not
Changed
Aluina upport
Ro, Pt

Fleble PRT
3Aluminim toi tupe is fixed into
Pt wire PLASTIC

Sheoth, Pt u free to miOsule upto s00. The sheath

Withet
Co Ver ing the Pbt decides the mQimum temp
AMetollit shioth:Stainlest steol: pto 25D;easi afected by
Contamunalon
x Nbn-metallic sheath: uatz/ GlM upto ||00
Cennueus: a5o intamdate: 450
Lead woine
seol uhen the lemp Vale tettbe ts shold be
Pt 's per fect
3I erve r cold be measwed &CorYechd, Glas insulatid Cu
RTD 22l08/23
Re- R (l+ KAt+
pat)
R VcT

L mea Basic Chms la

Roxistance Potantiomthic method
Bridae method Bolancing
unbalonced wrt (TRns blances
temp. for one tep
I ifficult to wwns ilftor anothar
gen wuallymease current here External
Suppa
2) PM method
ww

Rstha
Vstel
Rt = VE . Rstd
Vstd (Noltog
ratio )*(Standard
Lresistan ce
-) Gheneraly wscd for
labaratmy purposes
3)

Vin LUrtten aniclockuwise

unknown R shd be in the last
Ri, R2,R:
Resutance of RTD at
roon tenperature
x Bridge
should be baloncod at all
temperatwes
X Very
X Grood erperswe method,
output will be
Vol V-Vi) o
* Reseoch in
aralog signal
Conditioning wnt
(f4 R) (R +RL) x Control systam can be
tb Vary the
resistance
imnplemenlad
to
Value and balonce the find RTD
X High
redsion ( +0.001) bridge
is TeqTed to measure temperature
 Vo Vin R, R() - RCto)
CR4R(4)) (R,t Ro))
1aking resotancs for differont temn perakures t, to)
Vo Vin
Vin R(to) &t Accuroty: t 0.02
The measuhement in nonlunua so t e
has Citte ex accUhacy.
RTD
2 Wire Load wire
3Wire Luod wire Cul A
4 Wie resislance

D2 wie lead resskence

Lw (se)
it
Vo = I (RLit SERt Ruz)
AT2Rc
oR(oc) Ko
Lw restane effect
Soterioration of plug Socket
-5 DoteTioration ot Cobles.
Total Tesskone Cablep RLt SER+ Ry t P+S
RL
SE
Convorsion of 2wire RTD
to oiYe RTD

Aéet
Accurocy: t03
 Rt
SE

1nner cre
’l-I(REt RL) retonces
be eoual mst
Veorr: TLR
Vow Vorr
Error if Rnax- Rt+ RL-Riy
RLRL No error if Ry RL,

a3/08l 23
RMeaswement
-’DC Measrement
(0)

Vs

Rs Vt

(b)
N

R K3 Ry

Voltag Tatio or equality volbcuge

o Eor in V Error in R Ea in T
3 Types of erors
) Themmoelecric voltage
Lead wire Can experience a tempraty grodint,and
hunce an emf will be produced.
LW) LWz
 Tt Oa0 ay e-e EmDr due to Lw =O

Honce,
selution:
Use same batch of lead wire for the two
Dort go for a lengfy lcad wire (short Lw)
NOTE: Tharoel eckrie voltace can be l-40HV
)Error in terp. =o2c
0) Arplifier Offset oltage

NN ScU
to ground and meaue
" Co BiRECT SIG NAL CONDITIONING UNIT
oukpct when there's no input. 1f output = o, then no probems.
# there is an output, it is called ampufier offset vo ltagelcurent
Ond it has to be nullified using SCu (soluition)
i) Elecrolytt etfect insulatioy of lead wire is destroyed and
- Due bo moistuYe Content if the creatd tually, auiy
if hene is any atad ying neovby an electo lyle celu s
WOy, we Wont know he actad curret
a Curvent to flow back to RTD. This
mecuyeremment
inpt to RTD COuying emor in
Lw

T
oroolc
the
O to nullifyal
Constantt
In DG meuement eror s
direction and obtain all dala
Hance we send std. CurTent in one
and obtain al data
Send Some cuYTent in opposite direchion e of eor
aCturato masiement
nan we caleate average and obtain and Cant he
due to error de to iæ man i festr as nDise
AC Measreent Ratio/TF)> Anpgin, io phau shi
Balavcng
citcut

More the no. of turns, mow accraet

RTD
Eonal
Field

AC Systm the tytm will

(Nhen an entona nwantd field is there, fhe impedana of
Change To awotd this change,
AC systim is Covered by coania cable But cos t bf the yn is
cosky
tnpr in R meayuheent
OENVIRONMENTIR
EM)
RBRIDGE T AC/DC
HTemperature
SEJ
Metal impurits
y Shock+ yibration
2w/3ww
3 PRT MEASURE MEN r
5Puriy of wire KTDatot
9 SHE Gel f healthy effet) ’ m
Ro
Substrate(thinfiln e ) tompise
due to self

@ SHEATH Diamete haating

SELF HEATING ERRoR

iRT’SHE
SHE model SHE Model
S SH coefficint
h h’ diss. co effiaunt
ot Po wer ds/
diss const
1m0ERSION DEPTH 0F R1p
dapondson 0diamtn (D ant ot wire Glength 9 Preocs ee
L4 dua of wir
Tlo Can be the lengthsef wne
920
24/3/23
THERMISTOR
Thomal k Resistor ; Extrinstic semiconductor.
ero mobility Intrinsic
mobility temperature 500k
15ok
Intrinsic
iry-temp
semiconductors resistoante changes w.rt temperature clanq9e
How
- basis of thermis tor.
tor, the temperature is measured in kelvin
-In thermis
-Three eqions : T<I5o, 160<T<500, T7500 As no mobility in
nomobilty cryogenic temp
[eryogenie Kelvind Ranki
doesnt hawe
measwement
150 to 500 K ange io Wsed for temp.
extrinsic Se to act as tcmp. sensor,
Temp. Tange for
resistance
PTC Ctve) + TCR : temp. Coeff. of
THERM)STOR of reristaunee
NTC G-ve) -TCR'. temp. coeff.

semiconductor Properties change from PTc to NC o

Suitching vice versa as tenmp Changes.
R
Rt,TI.
NTC PTc

Bulk semi conducor. remains as PTC (on NTC

nuch in themistog
PTc is genwally wsco for cligital circuta not nowaday.
NTL iS wiclely used.
emobility depenos pon dopin9 ot the semicenoucto
Ih
Doping matoials : N,y Fe, Mn, Co 1. ot doping

P: cecicles doping charactaristics

Junctioy) based Extrinsic SC
Diode Transis tor ; Mono li thic
2
many
(C/)
RT= Roe Bdupunds won / of Ni, Cu, Co.
B~ 2 300 to 4000

Thermistors are bult weng

wsing Ceromic technology
Muung çs done in high temp preswe Bead
ke strucure anaclod
RT- RTr e ) make poper
p' value
tesistance @neference 213 K(o) room
Thermistor temperalure tenp]

RTD Lemp mange of mecuswment for Thems tor

Very less.

NTC Thermistor: most widely The choas ing of the

Simple model
nsA+ Bm
modelstngy
accuracy dependa
S> l6g of thermal vesutance
on

T
A’ Constont
Bmmatarial character/Constant
he model is chosen accordlny to acuYacy and the type
of
mounufacturing
B300D-60o0
For known Bm and for known S, tor Known temp To
Low temp. S increases
S= So e Hugh tenmp ’S dacreoses.

(1) Frudan Mclel

B constant
B= fCT), tve slepe T
-Ve slope
B= At BT+ Az + A34
T ’B= A+ BT
Ossmed'o bame as Anple medel
 B-CutYature
K=fCg.T)
NTC
10) Stunhait - Hart equation moclel - most acorata
mealee

ns Ao t A Az A3
T3

sed for Cyognc temp meakuNement purposes

Industrial standard calibration thermistor model

NTC THERMISTOR ebead

Beod > major shape of thermistor

Radial
(same directien)
Aial
(opposite)
Technologies wsed Matarial
Cerouic Tech
3 more metol oide surface
Geometry L
metollsed
Dumet wire
Dry and sirdared

Pt Alloy
implanted in Pt wires
beads are creola d ond
4-3 mts long wires.
Evey model ot NTc Tharmis tor is created

B, f are found
pans
Bane beod type themistor
80bo15
Brays -5b to 180
As no. of potedlion lauer increases, bemp. range inreayes and
tëm corwtant inrase Cresponse tume dacrease)