COP: Coefficient of Performance of refrigerator is the ratio of heat removed from sink (Refrigerating effect)

by the device and work done required.

COP = Refrigerating effect / Work done
The value of COP is always greater than.

Energy efficiency ratio (EER): Energy Efficiency Ratio, or EER, is a way to exhibit how well an air-
conditioner is operating based on the power being used.
EER = Capacity / Power

Classification of Refrigerant:
1. Primary Refrigerant
2. Secondary Refrigerant

Primary Refrigerant:
1. The refrigerants which directly take part in refrigeration system are called primary refrigerant.
2. Primary refrigerants are used in domestic refrigerator and Air conditioning system etc.
3. Primary refrigerants are R-134a,R-12,R-21,R-143a etc.

Secondary Refrigerant:
1. The refrigerants which are first cooled by primary refrigerant and then used for cooling purpose are called
as secondary refrigerant.
2. It is used in ice plant and in big installation.
3. Secondary refrigerants are water, brine, glycol etc.

Properties of Insulating Material : 1.Thermal conductivity: Thermal conductivity of insulating

material should be as possible to reduce the thickness of material.
2.Non flammable: Insulating material should be fire proof and nonflammable for safety purpose.
3.Odour less: Insulating material should not posses its own odour and it should not pick the odour of other
substance placed in refrigerated space.
4.Low Cost: It should be of low cost and should available easily.

Define Ton of Refrigeration

A ton of refrigeration is defined as the quantity of heat required to be removed to from one ton of ice at 0o C
in 24 hours when initial condition of water is 0o C 1 Ton of refrigeration = 3.517 KJ/Sec or 3.517 kW

Differentiate between ‘air cooled’ and ‘water cooled’ condencer.

Sr. no. Air cooled condenser Water cooled condenser

1 Air is used as cooling media. Water is used as cooling media.

2 Simple construction. Complicated construction.
3 Low cost. High cost
4 Low maintenance cost. High maintenance cost.
5 No piping required to carry air. Piping required to carry water.
6 No corrosion, no fouling effect Corrosion and fouling effect
7 Low heat transfer capacity. High heat transfer.
8 Shorter compressor life. Longer compressor life.
Sr.No. Simple NH3 absorption system Practical NH3 absorption system
1 It consists of basic component as an Along with basic component system is fitted with
absorber, pump, generator, expansion accessories as an analyzer, rectifier and two heat
valve and also condenser, evaporator, exchanger.
receiver.
2 C.O.P is lower. C.O.P. is higher.
3 Capacity is small Capacity is large.
4 Energy saving is not possible. Energy saving in generator is possible.
5 For desire cooling effect more time is For desire cooling effect less time is required.
required.

Refrigerator Heat Pump

1. When heat transfer from low temperature 1. When heat transfer is from low
(Refrigerator temp.) To high temperature temperature (atmospheric temp.) to high
( atmospheric temp) temperature (room temp.)
2. Particularly used for cooling purpose in a 2. Particularly used in winter to heat the
confined space. rooms
3. COPref = QA / Wnet 3. Efficiency is denoted by COP and C.O.P of
4. COP of refrigerator is less than COP of Heat heat pump is COPHP= COPRef + 1
Pump. 4. It is always greater than refrigerator by
5. It is device which provides cooling in defined unity.
region by continuously removing the heat from 5. It is device which pumps the heat to high
low temperature body temperature body.

Dry Expansion Evaporator Flooded Type Evaporator

1. Limited amount of refrigerant is feed to 1. Evaporator coil is filled with excess amount of
evaporator refrigerant.
2. Rate of heat transfer is less 2. Rate of heat transfer is very high
3. It is used for small capacity installations 3. It is used for large capacity installations
4. It is used with constant load applications 4. It can be used with fluctuating load
applications
Differentiate between vapour compression and vapor absorption refrigeration system.
particulars Vapour compression system Vapour absorption system
Type of energy Mechanical – a high grade energy Mainly heart – a low grade energy
supplied
Energy supply Low High

Wear and tear more Less

Performance as part Poor Not affected

loads
Suitability Where high grade mechanical Can be used at remote places
energy is available
Charging of simple difficult
refrigerant
Leakage of More chances No chances
refrigerant
Damage Liquid traces in suction line No danger
damage the compressor
Difference between heat pump and Refrigerator:
Heat Pump- Refrigerator-

1. Heat Pump used to maintain temp of the 1. Refrigerator used to maintain the temperature
system above atmospheric temp. of the system lower than atmospheric
temperature.

2. Heat added to the system. 2. (COP)R=(COP)HP-1

3. (COP)HP=(COP)R+1 3. Heat is extracted or taken out from the

system.

4. Amount of heat supplied to source is important 4. Amount of heat removed from the sink is
important.

5. Application: Room heating in winter. 5. Application: For confined space cooling.

Green House Effect:- It is earth ability to retain heat. When the sun rays reach the planet,
approximately two thirds of the thermal energy enters earth’s atmosphere and is absorbed by the
planet’s surface. The earth then emits this thermal energy, which is absorbed by the atmosphere.
The atmosphere radiates the heat back towards the earth planet warm and controls the earth’s
climate. Greenhouse gasses such as water Vapour, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrogenated chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), tropospheric ozone
(O3), and nitrous oxide (N2O), trap same heat in lower part of earth’s atmosphere. Without the
naturally occurring greenhouse gases (principally water vapor and CO2), the earth's average
temperature would be nearly 35°C (63°F) colder, and the planet would be much less suitable for
human life.

Global Warming:- Due to “Ozone Layer Depletion” the atmosphere allows a large percentage
of the rays of visible light from the sun to reach the earth surface and heat it.

Simple vapour compression refrigeration system-

Draw Bell-Coleman cycle on PV and TS diagram and label the processes.

Thermostatic Expansion valve

Effect Of Superheating of suction Vapour-(before compression)

A vapour compression cycle with superheated vapour before compression is shown on T-s and p-h
diagrams respectively. In this cycle, the evaporation starts at point 4 and continues upto point 1', when it
is dry saturated. The vapour is now superheated before entering the compressor upto the point 1.
The vapor superheat has the following effects on the refrigeration cycle:
1. It increases the refrigeration effect per unit mass of the refrigerant from H1' - H4 to H1 - H4.
2. The specific volume increases from V1' to V1. This implies the reduction in mass flow rate for the
same displacement volume of the compressor.
3. The energy for compression of refrigerant vapour will increase due to the diverging nature of the
isentropic lines.
4. It is a usual practice to admit slightly superheated vapor before the beginning of compression to
avoid the possibility of wet compression. Wet compression is undesirable as there may be
accumulation of liquid inside the cylinder, which in turn will wash away the lubricant resulting in
sever mechanical difficulties. Thus, to avoid this, a 5 to 20 K superheat of the refrigerant is always
desirable.

Hermetic sealed compressor: A hermetic sealed compressor is one in which both compressor and
motor are confined in a single outer welded steel shell. The motor and compressor are directly coupled on
the same shaft, with the motor inside the refrigeration circuit. Thus the need for a shaft seal with the
consequent refrigerant leakage problem was eliminated. All the refrigerant pipeline connections to the outer
steel shell are by welding or brazing. The electrical conductors to the motor are taken out of the steel shell
by sealed terminals made of fused glass. Hermetic compressors are ideal for small refrigeration systems,
where continuous maintenance (replenishing refrigerant and oil charge etc) cannot be ensured. Hence they
are widely used in domestic refrigerators, room air conditioners etc. Since, the motor is in the refrigerant
circuit, the efficiency of hermetic compressor based systems is lower as the heat dissipated by the motor and
compressor becomes a part of the system load. Also material compatibility between the electrical winding,
refrigerant and oil must be ensured. Since the complete system is kept in a welded steel shell, the hermetic
compressors are not meant for servicing. A variation of hermetic compressor is a semi-hermetic compressor,
in which the bolted construction offers limited serviceability.
Advantages-
1.The hermetically sealed compressors can be moved easily from one place to the other place, they are
highly portable. More compact unit and required less space. 2. It is less noisy than ordinary system. 3. No
coupling, belt or pulley is involved, the maintenance is lesser. 4. The lubrication system of the hermetically
sealed compressor is inherent and no external lubrication is required, unless the fresh gas charging is done.
5. The installation of the hermetically sealed compressor is very easy. 6. Hermetically sealed compressors
have very long life. 7. The leakage of refrigerant is completely avoided.
Air cooled condenser-

Working-
The atmospheric air is used as a medium of heat transfer in air cooled condenser. The heat rejected by
the refrigerant is received by the air.
The air circulation over an air cooled condenser may be either natural convection or by the action of
blower or fan. Accordingly, they are classified as natural draft or mechanical draft condenser.
The air cooled condenser consists of finned tubing of copper or other suitable metal in which the
vapour of the refrigerant enters from the top and the liquid refrigerant leaves from the bottom of the
condenser.
The heat transfer area, temperature of the air, velocity of the air, overall heat transfer coefficient etc. are
important parameters affecting the performance of the condenser.
This type of condenser is used for relatively small capacity system as heat rejection rate per unit area of
the tube is less as compared to other type of condensers.

Desirable properties of refrigerant.

1. Boiling point at atmospheric pressure should be low.
2. Freezing point at atmospheric pressure should be low.
3. Latent heat of vaporization of refrigerant must be high.
4. Critical temperature should be high.
5. It should not have corrosive action with system material.
6. It should not be flammable & explosive.
7. It should not be toxic.
8. It leak should be easily detectable.
9. It should have positive condensing pressure.
10. It should have satisfactory heat transfer coefficient.
11. It should have high thermal conductivity.
12. It should have chemical stability.
Vortex tube refrigeration-

Working: - Vortex tube is simple device of producing cold. A compressed air is passed tangentially
through nozzle. Here air velocity increases due to expansion and particular shape of nozzle. A vortex
flow is created in the chamber and air flows in spiral motion along periphery of hot side. This flow is
restricted by valve. If the pressure of air near valve is increased by partly closing of valve, a reversed
axial flow through the core of hot side starts from high pressure to low pressure region. During this
process, energy transfer takes place between reversed stream and forward stream through the core gets
cooled below the inlet temperature of the air in the vortex tube while air stream in forward direction
gets heated. The cold stream is escaped through the diaphragm hole into the cold side, while hot stream
is passed through the opening valve.

Reversed Carnot cycle-

Fig:- P-V & T-S dig

Automatic Expansion valve

Expansion valve Function

1. To reduce the pressure of refrigerant form condenser pressure to evaporator pressure by

throttling.
2. An expansion valve is a component in refrigeration and air conditioning systems that controls
the amount of refrigerant flow into the evaporator thereby controlling the superheat at the outlet
of the evaporator.

Types of Expansion devices

1. Thermostatic Expansion Valve
2. Capillary tube Expansion Valve
3. Hand operated Expansion Valve
4. Automatic or Constant Pressure Expansion Valve
5. Float expansion Valve

Evaporator Capacity: Capacity of evaporator is defined as the number of kilograms of water

evaporated per hour. The capacity of an evaporator depends upon the temperature of the feed fluid.
The rate of heat transfer Q through the heating surface of evaporator is the product of heat transfer
coefficient, heat transfer surface area and the overall temperature drop. Therefore Q = U×A×ΔT
Where Q = Rate of heat transfer A = area of the heat transfer surface ΔT = overall temperature drop.
The capacity of an evaporator depends upon the temperature of the feed solution. If the feed
solution is at the boiling temperature corresponding to the pressure in vapor space of an evaporator,
all the heat supplied will be utilized for evaporation, thus increasing the capacity of evaporator.
Humidifier
To increase moisture content or relative humidity; humidifier used. Humidification may be obtained by
following methods-

• by injecting steam
• by atomizing the water.
• by evaporating the water.
• simply by air washing.
Revolving wick type humidifier:

• It Consist of a rotating drum

• Wicks are provided on periphery of drum
• Air Comes from one side and leaves from other side
• When drum rotates; the wetted wick comes in contact with air and humidifies it.

Air Washer
1. Air Washers are used mostly in industrial
humidification.
2. As the name implies they provide the dual
function of humidifying the airstream and at the
same time washing out some dust and odours.
3. The airstream is made to flow smoothly by
passing between baffle plates (as shown in
figure), it then passes through a fine mist of
water droplets created by a spray head.
4. This provides the contact between the liquid
water and the air necessary for evaporation to
take place.
5. Spray eliminators are placed downstream
from the humidifier to prevent the carriage of
liquid water further down the ducting.
6. Evaporation of the water cools the airstream
and humidifies air.
Following factors are affecting on human comfort.
• Temperature of air: In air conditioning, the control of temperature means the maintenance of any
desired temperature within an enclosed space even though the temperature of the outside air is above or
below the desired room temperature. This is accomplished either by the addition or removal of heat from
the enclosed space as and when demanded. It may be noted that a human being feels comfortable when
the air is at 210C with 56% relative humidity.
• Humidity of air: The control of humidity of air means the decreasing of increasing of moisture
contents of air during summer or winter respectively in order to produce comfortable and healthy
conditions. The control of humidity is not only necessary for human comfort but it also increases the
efficiency of the workers. In general, for summer air conditioning the relative humidity should not be
less than 60% whereas for winter air conditioning it should not be more than 40%.
• Purity of air: It is an important factor for the comfort of a human body. It has been noticed that people
do not feel comfortable when breathing contaminated air, even if it is within acceptable temperature and
humidity ranges. It is thus obvious that proper filtration, cleaning and purification of air is essential to
keep it free from dust and other impurities.
• Motion of air: The motion or circulation of air is another important factor which should be controlled,
in order to keep constant temperature throughout the conditioned space. It is therefore, necessary that
there should be equi-distribution of air throughout the space to be air conditioned.

Working of centrifugal compressor :

When the air passes through the rotating impeller it experiences force or work which is performed by
centrifugal forces. The work input takes place as an increase in pressure and velocity or speed of the air
flow through the impeller. The air flow looses it’s velocity after entering in the diffuser section. The
diffuser is actually a fixed or static component that escorts the air flow when it leaves the impeller. This
loss in velocity eventually results in an additional increase of pressure. The impeller and the diffuser
contributes about 65% and 35% of the total pressure developed or produced in the compressor.
Working of evaporative type condenser:
Evaporative condensers combine the features of a cooling tower and water-cooled condenser in a single
unit. In evaporative condensers, both air and water are used to extract heat from the condensing refrigerant.
In these condensers, the water is sprayed from top part on a bank of tubes carrying the refrigerant and air is
induced upwards. There is a thin water film around the condenser tubes from which evaporative cooling
takes place. The heat transfer coefficient for evaporative cooling is very large. Hence, the refrigeration
system can be operated at low condensing temperatures (about 11 to13 K above the wet bulb temperature of
air). The water spray countercurrent to the airflow acts as cooling tower. The role of air is primarily to
increase the rate of evaporation of water.

Industrial application of refrigeration: (Any one explanations required)

• Air-conditioning for comfort of workers
• For textile industries for production of quality textile products.
• For manufacturing process in photographic industry.
• In printing industries for quality printing.
• In paper industries for production of paper
• For preservation of food in food industries.

Industrial application of air conditioning: (Any one explanations required)

• Photographic Industry Provides accurate control of temperature, humidity for manufacturing as well
as processing in photographic films.
• Textile Industry Relative humidity and temperature are the key factors of textile industry. Humidity
has effect on strength, quality of fabric to make them soft and reliable instead of brittle and weak.
• Printing Industry Specific temperature and humidity is maintained in printing industry. Paper
become too dry in low humidity and improper stamping takes place. Paper swell in high humidity
and ink spreads as well as taken time to dry causing non uniform printing.
• Machine tools Industry Same machining processes requires accurate temperature and humidity. Ex.
Processing in manufacturing of bearing, scientific instruments, electronic devices test gauges and
precision gears etc. where close tolerance of dimensions is required.
Winter air conditioning system

In winter air conditioning, the air is heated which is generally followed by humidification. The
schematic arrangement of the system is shown in Fig. The outside air flows through a damper and mixes
up with the re-circulated air (which is obtained from the conditioned space). The mixed air passes
through a filter to remove dirt, dust and other impurities. The air now passes through a preheat coil in
order to prevent the possible freezing of water and to control the evaporation of water in the humidifier.
After that, the air is made to pass through a reheat coil to bring the air to the designed dry bulb
temperature. Now, the conditioned air is supplied to the conditioned space by a fan. From the
conditioned space, a part of the used air is exhausted to the atmosphere by the exhaust fans or
ventilators. The remaining part of the used air (Known as re-circulated air) is again conditioned as
shown in Fig. The outside air is sucked and made to mix with re-circulated air, in order to make up for
the loss of conditioned (or used) air through exhaust fans or ventilation from the conditioned space.

Explain the concept of Ozone Depletion Potential(ODP)

Continuous Destruction of protective Ozone gas layer around earth’s atmosphere by chemical reaction of
CFC refrigerants which are leaked from innumerable refrigeration systems on earth’s surface is known as
“Ozone Layer Depletion”. In Stratosphere layer there is more concentration of Ozone gas. This ozone layer
forms a protective layer around earth’s surface which absorbs the Harmful Ultraviolet rays (UV) from Sun’s
rays and allows only beneficial light and heat rays to reach on earth’s surface. Prevention of UV rays
reaching to earth’s surface protects human and Depletion of Ozone layer leads to formation of “Ozone
Holes” in the Ozone layer and through these ozone holes Harmful Ultra Violet rays enters into the
atmosphere endangering the earth’s biolife. Ozone depletion potentials (ODPs) were a very important
measure in the formulation of the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments. ODP values are used to provide a
simple way to compare the relative ability of various ODS to destroy stratospheric ozone. ODP is defined as
“the integrated change in total ozone per unit mass emission of a specific ozone-depleting substance relative
to the integrated change in total ozone per. Harmful effects of UV rays on people: Skin cancer ,Premature
aging of the skin Cataracts and eye disorders ,Immune system damage.
Classify chiller and it application:

Are three different types of chillers:

1. air
2. water
3. evaporative condensed chiller
4. Industrial chillers:
5. reciprocating,
6. centrifugal,
7. screw driven
8. absorption chillers.

Application:
• Large buildings with cooling loads in excess of 400 tons of refrigeration or 1,400 kW typically
use water cooled chillers with either centrifugal compressors or Turbocor compressors within
the central plant cooling system.
• Medium sized buildings with a cooling load of around 200 – 400 tons of refrigeration or 700 –
1,400 kW will typically use screw compressors or Turbocor compressors.
• Small building with cooling loads under 200 tons or 700 kW will typically use scroll
compressors or Turbocor compressors.
• Absorption chillers should only be used where there is an abundance of high quality waste heat
or cheap heat. They are often found in hospitals and buildings with heated swimming pools.
Explain construction and working of Thermostatic expansion valve with a neat sketch.
Thermostatic expansion valve :
The operation of this valve is based on the principle of constant degree of superheat for the vapor at or
exists i.e. by controlling the flow of liquid refrigerant through the evaporator. The thermostatic expansion
valve consists of a needle valve and a seat, a metallic diaphragm, spring and adjusting screw. In addition to
this it has a feeder or thermal bulb which is mounted on the suction line of compressor near the outlet of the
evaporator coil. The filler bulb is partly filled with the same liquid refrigerant as used in refrigeration
system. The opening or closing of valve is depended upon the force on the diagram.

Operation :
The remote bulb is charged with fluid which is open on one side of the diaphragm through capillary
tube is firmly to evaporate outlet. The pressure (Pb) of the fluid in the bulb tends to open the valve. This
pressure is balanced by pressure due to spring (PS) and in the evaporator (Pe). If the evaporator
temperature is high or the load on the evaporator increase, more fluid from feeler bulb will be vapourised
and bulb pressure will rises which exert this force on diaphragm.
This will widen the valve opening and the refrigerant flow will increase to meet load demand and if load on
evaporator decreases reverse action takes place.
Explain in brief Global warming potential(GWP).
Global Warming is an increase in earth temperature. It has been changing at a much faster rate
than normal due to accelerated generation of green house gasses due to industrialization. It is a threat
to human being, general upward trend of the earth temperature will drastically changes accessibility to
food, water, row material and energy sources for animals and humans alive. Global warning has
increased ocean level, leakage of CFC also help in depletion of ozone layer, which causes to allow the
infrared radiation directly on earth. The trapping of this infrared temperature.
All greenhouse gases have what is called a Global Warming Potential (GWP). This value is used to
compare the abilities of different greenhouse gases to trap heat in the atmosphere. GWPs are based on
the heat-absorbing ability of each gas relative to that of carbon dioxide (CO2), as well as the decay rate
of each gas (the amount removed from the atmosphere over a given number of years). GWPs can also
be used to define the impact greenhouse gases will have on global warming over different time periods
or time horizons. These are usually 20 years, 100 years and 500 years. For most greenhouse gases, the
GWP declines as the time horizon increases. This is because the greenhouse gas is gradually removed
from the atmosphere through natural removal mechanisms, and its influence on the greenhouse effect
declines. Some of the CFCs however, have long atmospheric lifetimes, and the 100-year GWP may be
greater than the 20 year GWP.

Explain in brief compressor used in car air conditioning system.

The pistons in an opposed axial compressor are connected together by a solid piece that keeps them at a
fixed distance from each other. A rotating device called the swash plate causes the pistons to move. The
swash plate is an elliptical disc that is mounted at an angle to the compressor drive shaft.
What are the applications of Hermetic, Centrifugal, Plate type and Scroll type
compressors?
• Hermetic Compressors: Domestic refrigerator, window air conditioning. Split window air
conditioning. Hermetically sealed reciprocating compressor is widely used for the refrigeration and air
conditioning applications. In all the household refrigerators, deep freezers, window air conditioners,
split air conditioners, most of the packaged air conditioners, the hermetically sealed reciprocating
compressor is used. Used in residential and light commercial applications.
• Centrifugal Compressors: Used extensively for air conditioning in large structures. Becoming more
popular for their ability to handle liquid refrigerant without compressor damage Centrifugal compressors
• Plate type Compressors: A swash-plate type compressor for air conditioning of vehicles.
• Scroll type Compressors: primarily in domestic refrigerators Scroll compressor.
• Manufactured in a variety of sizes up to 25 tons and found into a variety of refrigeration and HVAC
applications. It have been successfully used for bulk milk cooling, truck transportation, marine
containers and grocery display cases. Heavy commercial HVAC applications in unitary (rooftop)
systems, heat pumps, water chillers for process and building cooling, large split system condensing units
and also used in transportation industry.

Explain the working of finned evaporator with a neat sketch.

The finned evaporators are the bare tube type of evaporators covered with the fins. When the fluid (air
or water) to be chilled flows over the bare tube evaporator lots of cooling effect from the refrigerant
goes wasted since there is less surface for the transfer of heat from the fluid to the refrigerant. The fluid
tends to move between the open spaces of the tubing and does not come in contact with the surface of
the coil, thus the bare tube evaporators are less effective. The fins on the external surface of the bare
tube evaporators increases the contact surface of the of the metallic tubing with the fluid and increase
the heat transfer rate, thus the finned evaporators are more effective than the bare tube evaporators.
The fins are the external protrusions from the surface of the coil and they extend into the open space.
For the fins to be effective it is very important that there is very good contact between the coil and the
fins. In some cases the fins are soldered directly to the surface of the coil and in other cases the fins are
just slipped over the surface of the fins and then they are expanded thus ensuring a close thermal
contact between the two. Tough the fins help increase the heat transfer, rate, adding them beyond
certain numbers won’t produce any additional benefits, hence only certain number of fins should be
applied on the external surface of the tube.
The finned evaporators are most commonly used in the air conditioners of almost all types like window,
split, packaged and the central air conditioning systems.
What are the sources which contribute to the sensible heat gain ?

Sensible heat gain: (Any Four Points)

When there is a direct addition of heat to the enclosed space, a gain in the sensible heat is said to
occur. This sensible heat is to be removed during the process of summer air conditioning. The sensible
heat gain may occur due to any one or all of the following sources of heat transfer: (a) The heat
flowing into the building by conduction through exterior walls, floors, ceilings, doors and windows
due to the temperature difference on their two sides.
a) The heat received from solar radiation. It consists of
a) The heat transmitted directly through glass of windows, ventilators or doors
b) The heat absorbed by walls and roofs exposed to solar radiation and later on transferred to the
room by conduction.
b) The heat conducted through interior partition from rooms in the same building which are not
conditioned.
c) The heat given off by lights, motors, machinery, cooking operations, industrial processes etc.
d) The heat liberated by the occupants.
e) The heat carried by the outside air which leaks in (infiltrating air) through the cracks in doors,
windows, and through their frequent openings. The heat gain through the walls of ducts carrying
conditioned air through unconditioned space in the building. The heat gain from the fan work.

Explain in brief evaporative condensers with a neat sketch

The evaporative condenser perform both the combined function of a water cooled condenser and a cooling
tower. In its operation the water is pumped from sump to spray header and sprayed through nozzles over the
condenser coil through which hot refrigerant from compressor is passing.
Heat is transferred from refrigerant in the condenser into the water that is outside the surface of tuber.
A fan is also used which draws air from the bottom side of condenser and discharges out at the top of
condenser. The air causes the water from the surface of the condenser coils to evaporate and absorb the
latent heat of evaporation from the remaining water to cool it.
Since heat for vaporizing the water is taken from the refrigerant, therefore the vapour refrigerant
condenses into liquid refrigerant.
The cold water that drops down into a sump is recalculated. A float valve keeps a check of water level.
The eliminator is provided above the spray header to stop particles of water escaping along with the
discharge air
What is Daltons law of partial pressure?

Dalton’s partial pressure law : It states that total pressure of mixture of gases equal to the sum of partial
pressures exerted by each gas when it occupies the mixture volume at the temperature of mixture .

If PT – Total pressure of the mixture Pa – Partial pressure of gas ‘a’ P b - partial pressure of gas ‘b’
According to Dalton’s partial pressure law, we have ,
PT = Pa + P b

The DBT and WBT of air is at 30 o C and 20 o C respectively. Find the following from
the psychrometric chart
(i) Relative humidity
(ii) Enthalpy
(iii) Moisture content
(iv) Dew point
As shown on the psychrometric chart point A , following are the values,

(v) Relative humidity = 40%

(vi) Enthalpy =62.5kJ/kg of air
(vii) Moisture content = 0.0109 kg / kg of dry air
(viii) (viii) Dew point = 14.5 0 C
In a simple VCC following are the properties of R-134a at various points

Location of refrigerants Enthalpy (KJ/kg) Specific volume (m3/kg)

Compressor inlet h1 = 183.2 V1 = 0.0767

Compressor discharge h2 = 222.6 V2 = 0.0767

Condenser exit h3 = 84.9 V3 = 0.0767

The piston displacement volume for the compressor is 1.5 litre per stroke and it volumetric
efficiency is 80 % . speed of the compressor is 1600 rpm. Find
(i) Compressor power in kW
(ii) Refrigeration capacity in tons of refrigeration ( TR)

Given

Volume of refrigerant V = 1.5 lit/stroke

Volumetric efficiency η = 0.80% Speed N =
1600 rpm
h1 = 222 kJ/kg, h2 = 183 kJ/kg, h4 = 84 kJ/kg
COP of cycle if given by COP = = (183.2 – 84.9) / (222.6-183.2) = 2.49
Volume of refrigerant admitted in per min
= 1.5 x 1600 x 0.80 = 1920 lit/min = 1.9 m3 /min
Mass of refrigerant = m = 1.9 / v2 = 1.9 / 0.0767 = 25.03 kg/min
Refrigeration capacity = m ( h1 – h4 ) = (25.03 x (183.2-84.9)) /211
=11.66TR
Power of compressor WC = m ( h2 – h1) = (25.03/60)* (222.6-183.2) = 16.43kW
Estimate cooling load calculation for CAD/CAM laboratory of your institute

Heat Load for CAD/CAM Lab ( 04 Heat sources with explanation: 02 marks each)

CAD/CAM lab has mainly number of computers in it .

Other heat load coming is as follows
a) Conduction: due to sunlight, the wall gets heated in day hours. Due to hot walls heat is received from
outside
b) Radiation: as the lab is packed with glass windows and curtains, the amount of heat infiltrated is not
much more some heat may leak in from window /door frame gaps.
c) Occupants load:- The occupants are staff, students in batches .so the heat load coming on lab during
practical hours is more.
d) Equipments: the main equipments in lab are tubes, A/c equipments, bulbs etc.
The lab dimensions are about 18I x 30I . To have complete maintenance of temperature about 20
o
C, RH about 60 % with apparatus bypass factor of 0.15,
Requirement; 4 split air conditioners of 1.5 capacity each is suggested.

(This is for particular Institute. Answer may differ)

Explain working of Aqua ammonia vapour absorption refrigeration system with a neat
block diagram.
The simple vapour absorption system is shown in figure. It consists of an absorber, a pump, a generator and
a pressure reducing valve to replace the compressor of VCR system . In this system, the low pressure
ammonia vapour leaving the evaporator enters the absorber where it is absorbed by the cold water in the
absorber. The water has the ability to absorb very large quantities of ammonia vapour and the solution thus
formed is known as aqua- ammonia. Some form of cooling arrangement is employed in the absorber to
remove the heat of solution evolved there. . The strong solution thus formed in the absorber is pumped to
the generator by the liquid pump. The strong solution in the generator is heated by some external source
such as gas or steam. During heating, the ammonia vapour is driven off the solution at high pressure leaving
behind the hot weak ammonia solution in the generator which flows back to absorber after the reducing
valve. The high pressure ammonia vapour from generator is condensed in the condenser to a high pressure
liquid ammonia. This liquid ammonia is pass3ed through the expansion valve and then to the evaporator
completing the cycle.
What are the desirable properties of a refrigerant?
1.Thermodynamic Properties:
a) Boiling Temperature: Boiling temperature of the refrigerant should be low to reduce the capacity of
compressor.
b) Freezing Temperature: The freezing temperature should be below the evaporative temperature to
prevent the refrigerant from freezing during operation.
c) Evaporator and Condenser pressure: Both Evaporator and Condenser pressure should be above slightly
above the atmospheric level. Positive pressure required to prevent leakage of air and moisture in to the
refrigerant system.
d) Compression ratio: It should be as small as possible.

2.Chemical Properties: Refrigerant should be non-toxic and non-flammable. Refrigerant should be non-
corrosive and it should be chemically stable.

3.Physical properties: It should have low viscosity and high thermal conductivity. Refrigerant should
easily available and it should be economical.

Explain with neat sketch of Electrolux refrigerator.

It is old system known as three fluid absorption system in which refrigerant is ammonia and solution used is
aqua ammonia. Third liquid is hydrogen gas.
1. Circulation of system is achieved by providing high pressure in condenser and generator and low pressure
in evaporator and absorber.
2. Liquid ammonia flows under gravity into evaporator. As soon as ammonia liquid enters evaporator
partial pressure of ammonia decreases due to presence of hydrogen.
3. Mixture of ammonia vapour and hydrogen vapour passed to the absorber. Weak solution of aqua ammonia
is sprayed into absorber where it absorbs ammonia vapour and converted into strong solution. Hydrogen
left is recirculated in evaporator. Then strong solution passed through heat exchanger where heat is transfer
from weak aqua ammonia to strong aqua ammonia solution.
4. Strong aqua ammonia solution heated in generator and due to addition of heat ammonia vapour are release
and strong solution converted into weak solution, which is passed to the absorber.
5. Then moisture in ammonia removed by analyzer and rectifier.
6. Advantage of this system is it has no moving parts, no noise and can be used where no electricity is
available.
Classify air conditioning system.
Air conditioning system broadly classified as follows
1.According to purpose:
a. Comfort Air conditioning System
b. Industrial Air conditioning System.
2.According to the season of the year:
a. Winter air conditioning system
b. Summer Air conditioning system
c. All weather Air Conditioning system.
3.Classification according to equipment arrangement :
a. Central Air Conditioning
b. Unitary Air Conditioning
4.According to Working substance used in the system:
a. All Air system.
b. Chilled water system
c. Air water system

What are the different types of fans?

Types:-
1. Centrifugal fan:

i) Forward blade Centrifugal fan ii) Radial blade

Centrifugal fan iii) Backward blade Centrifugal fan

2. Axial flow fan:

i) Propeller fan ii) Tube axial fan

Explain with a neat sketch of domestic refrigerator.

Domestic refrigerator consist of four basic components: (i) Evaporator; (ii) Condenser;(iii) Compressor ;(iv)
Expansion device.
The evaporator is located in the freezer compartment of the refrigerator. It forms the coldest part of the
cabinet, while the refrigerant evaporates inside the evaporator tubes. Just below the freezer, there is a chiller
tray. Further below are compartment with progressively higher temperatures.
The design of condenser is usually wire and tube or plate type mounted at the back of the refrigerator. The
refrigerant vapor is condensed with the help of natural air. Mostly hermetically sealed compressor used in
domestic refrigerator.
Explain with a neat sketch of a room air conditioner.
Answer: Room air conditioner consist of a casing which is divided into two parts by a vertical partition i.e.
outdoor part and indoor part.
The indoor part fitted in to the room which consists of evaporator, motor driven fan, expansion device and
control planet, an air filter, power connection and tray. Condenser is connected to evaporator by capillary
tube through filter. Evaporator is connected to compressor by suction pipe line and compressor is connected
to condenser by discharge pipe line.

Explain in brief central Air conditioning system.

In central air conditioning system all the components are group together in one central room and conditioned
air then distributed from central room to the required places through the extension duct system. The main
components of central system are compressor with motor drive, condenser with cooling coil, throttling
devices. This system used large capacity units. (above 25 tons).
The central air conditioning either direct or indirect type.
Direct Expansion: air from the space to be conditioned is circulated over the cooling coil (liquid refrigerant)
of the refrigeration plant. So called Direct Expansion type system. Indirect Expansion System: Chilled water
or brine is circulated through the cooling coil to cool and humidify the room air.
It can be located away from the air conditioned place. Noise and vibration problems are eliminated.

The commercial applications of air conditioning system.

1.Laboratories: to make precise measurements

2. Printing : to control temperature and humidity
3.Textile manufacture :greatly depends on moisture control
4.Pharmaceutical: industry needs refrigeration to reduce air borne bacteria and dirt to preserve products
5.Photographic: products deteriorate rapidly at high temperatures and high humidity
6. Manufacture of Precision Parts:
7. Farm Animals
8.Computer Rooms:
Extended Plenum System:

In the extended plenum systems, a large main supply trunk of equal size is connected directly to the air
handler. Smaller branch ducts and run-outs are connected to the trunk. The arrangement provides airflows
that are easily balanced and can be easily designed to be located inside the conditioned space of the
building.
The principal design limitation of the extended plenum is the maximum length of the main supply trunk (of
single size), which is usually limited to about 24 feet. When this length is exceeded, pressure tends to build
up toward the end of the duct, resulting in too much air flow near the ends and insufficient air flow in
branches closer to the air handler.

Explain with sketch summer air conditioning system

This system is used in summer air conditioning

applications. In this system air is cooled and
generally dehumidified. Schematic diagram is
shown in figure. The outside air flows through
damper and mixes up with recirculated air .which is
obtained from air conditioned space. The mixed air
passes through a filter to remove dirt, dust and other
impurities. The air now passes through cooling coil.
The coil has a temperature much less than required
dry bulb temperature of the air in the conditioned
space. The cooled air passes through a perforated
membrane and loses its moisture in the condensed
form which is collected in a sump. Air now passes
through a heating coil which heats up the air
slightly, in order to bring air to requisite DBT and
relative humidity. Now conditioned air passes to
conditioned space by a fan. From the conditioned
space the part of air is exhausted to atmosphere by
exhaust fans or ventilators.
Flooded Evaporator
A flooded evaporator type with float control valve shown in fig. the liquid flow on low passages passes
the tubes upwords, and boils due to heat adsorption from the warmer substance, which is cooled. The
resulted vapor so formed on boiling bubbles up in flash chamber, where separates liquid from vapor.
Separated vapor passes to compressor, and liquid flows back to the evaporator. The flash chamber
collects the vapor formed by liquid refrigerant boiling in the evaporator, and vapor obtained in the
expansion device. In a flooded type evaporator refrigerant liquid level is maintained. Float valve is used
as throttling device. The heat transfer efficiency increases because the entire surface is in contact with
the liquid refrigerant. But the refrigerant charge is relatively large as compared to dry expansion type.
The accumulator or flash chamber is used to prevent liquid Cray over to compressor. The evaporator
coil is contacted to accumulator and the liquid flow from the accumulator to the evaporator coil is
generally by gravity. The vapor formed by the vaporizing of the liquid in the coil being lighter rises up
and passes on to the top of the accumulator from where it enters the suction line.
In some cases liquid eliminators are provided in the accumulator top to prevent the possible carry over
of liquid to suction line. Also a liquid suction heat exchanger is used on the suction line to superheat the
suction vapor.
Explain with neat sketch year round air conditioning system.

The arrangement of year round air conditioning system is as shown in fig. The amount of
outdoor fresh air and recirculated air is controlled by motor. The air conditioner designed
such that when outdoor air temperature is either above or below a certain selected value, it
assume the season as summer or winter respectively. In summer season, by pass damper is
almost closed and most of air passes through cooling coil. The cooling coil may be
evaporator of refrigeration system or coil through which chilled water is passed. All air is
passed through heating coil. In winter season, by pass damper is in almost open position.
Most of the air is directly passed to heating coil by passing cooling coil.
Working of Steam Jet Refrigeration System.

Boiling point of water changes as per the pressure. Water boils at 1000c at 1 atm pressure. This boiling
temperature of water can be decreased by reducing pressure on it. If the pressure on water surface is
reduced to 5 cm of water column the temperature of evaporation can be reduced to 60c. This principle
of boiling water at 1000 temperature is adopted in steam jet refrigeration.

The main components of the steam jet refrigeration system, as shown in above fig. are the flash
chamber or evaporator, steam nozzles, ejector and condenser.
The flash chamber or evaporator is a large vessel and is heavily insulated to avoid the rise in The
temperature of water due to high ambient temperature. It is fitted with perforated pipes for high
spraying water. The warm water coming out of the refrigerated space is sprayed into the flash
water chamber where some of which is converted into vapours after absorbing the latent heat,
there by cooling the rest of water.

pressure steam from the boiler is passed through the steam nozzles there by increasing its velocity.
This high velocity steam in the ejector would entrain the water vapours from the flash chamber
which would result in further formation of vapours. The mixture of steam and water vapour passes
through the venturi-tube of the ejector and gets compressed. The temperature and pressure of the
mixture rises considerably and fed to the water cooled condenser where it gets condensed. The
condensate is again fed to the boiler as feed water. A constant water level is maintained in the flash
chamber and any loss of water due to evaporation is made up from the make-up water line.