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E9 Procedures Functions (2)

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14 views

E9 Procedures Functions (2)

Uploaded by

jayasimhareddy5991
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Experiment No – 9 (Procedures and Functions in SQL)

Procedures in PL/SQL
A PL/SQL procedure is a reusable block of code that contains a specific set of
actions or logic.
The procedure contains two parts:
1. Procedure Header
 The procedure header includes the procedure name and optional parameter
list.
 It is the first part of the procedure and specifies the name and parameters
2. Procedure Body
 The procedure body contains the executable statements that implement the
specific business logic.
 It can include declarative statements, executable statements, and exception-
handling statements

Create Procedures in PL/SQL


To create a procedure in PL/SQL, use the CREATE PROCEDURE command:
Syntax

CREATE PROCEDURE syntax is:


SET ANSI_NULLS ON
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
CREATE PROCEDURE procedure_name
@Parameter1 INT,
@Parameter2 VARCHAR(50) = NULL,
@ReturnValue INT OUTPUT
AS
BEGIN
END
GO

Note: Procedures in PL/SQL without parameters are written without parentheses


after the procedure name
Example
In this example, we will create a procedure in PL/SQL

SET ANSI_NULLS ON
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
GO

CREATE PROCEDURE GetStudentDetails


@StudentID int = 0
AS
BEGIN
SET NOCOUNT ON;
SELECT FirstName, LastName, BirthDate, City, Country
FROM Students WHERE StudentID=@StudentID
END
GO
Parameters in Procedures
In PL/SQL, parameters are used to pass values into procedures. There are three
types of parameters used in procedures:
1. IN parameters
 Used to pass values into the procedure
 Read-only inside the procedure
 Can be a variable, literal value, or expression in the calling statement.
2. OUT parameters
 Used to return values from the procedure to the calling program
 Read-write inside the procedure
 Must be a variable in the calling statement to hold the returned value
3. IN OUT parameters
 Used for both passing values into and returning values from the procedure
 Read-write inside the procedure
 Must be a variable in the calling statement

PL/SQL Function
The PL/SQL Function is very similar to PL/SQL Procedure. The main difference between
procedure and a function is, a function must always return a value, and on the other hand a
procedure may or may not return a value. Except this, all the other things of PL/SQL procedure
are true for PL/SQL function too.

Syntax to create a function:

1. CREATE [OR REPLACE] FUNCTION function_name [parameters]


2. [(parameter_name [IN | OUT | IN OUT] type [, ...])]
3. RETURN return_datatype
4. {IS | AS}
5. BEGIN
6. < function_body >
7. END [function_name];
Here:

o Function_name: specifies the name of the function.


o [OR REPLACE] option allows modifying an existing function.
o The optional parameter list contains name, mode and types of the parameters.
o IN represents that value will be passed from outside and OUT represents that this
parameter will be used to return a value outside of the procedure.
o The function must contain a return statement.

o RETURN clause specifies that data type you are going to return from the function.
o Function_body contains the executable part.
o The AS keyword is used instead of the IS keyword for creating a standalone function.

PL/SQL Function Example


Let's see a simple example to create a function.

1. create or replace function adder(n1 in number, n2 in number)


2. return number
3. is
4. n3 number(8);
5. begin
6. n3 :=n1+n2;
7. return n3;
8. end;
9. /
Now write another program to call the function.

1. DECLARE
2. n3 number(2);
3. BEGIN
4. n3 := adder(11,22);
5. dbms_output.put_line('Addition is: ' || n3);
6. END;
7. /
Output:

Addition is: 33
Statement processed.
0.05 seconds

Another PL/SQL Function Example


Let's take an example to demonstrate Declaring, Defining and Invoking a simple PL/SQL function
which will compute and return the maximum of two values.

1. DECLARE
2. a number;
3. b number;
4. c number;
5. FUNCTION findMax(x IN number, y IN number)
6. RETURN number
7. IS
8. z number;
9. BEGIN
10. IF x > y THEN
11. z:= x;
12. ELSE
13. Z:= y;
14. END IF;
15.
16. RETURN z;
17. END;
18. BEGIN
19. a:= 23;
20. b:= 45;
21.
22. c := findMax(a, b);
23. dbms_output.put_line(' Maximum of (23,45): ' || c);
24. END;
25. /
Output:

Maximum of (23,45): 45
Statement processed.
0.02 seconds

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