CONTENT

1. Introduction
2. Experiment
3. Theory
4. Procedure
5. Observation
6. Conclusion
7. Bibliography
 1.INTRODUCTION

DYEING is the process of adding colour to textile products like fibres, yarns and fabrics.

Dyeing is normally done in a special solution containing dyes and particular chemical
material.

After dyeing, dye molecules have uncut chemical bond with fibre molecules
The temperature and time controlling are two key factors in dyeing:

 Natural
 Man-made

The primary source of dye, historically, has generally been nature, with the dyes being
extracted from animals and plants.

Since the mid-19th century, however humans have produced artificial dyes to achieve a
border range of colors and to render the dyes more stable to resist washing and general
use.

Different classes of dyes are used for different types of fibre and at different stages of the
textile production process, from loose fibres through yarn and cloth to complete
garments.

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Acrylic fibres are dyed with basic dyes.

Nylon and protein fibres such as wool and silk are dyed with acid dyes

Polyester yarn is dyed with dispersed dyes

Cotton is dyed with a range of dye type, including vat dyes, and modern synthetic
reactive and direct dyes.

Dyeing of Cotton Dyeing of Acrylic Fibres

Dyeing of Polyester Yarn Dyeing of Silk Fibres

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 Types of dyes (Major Types)

Acid dyes:

These are azo dyes and are characterized by the presence of acidic groups

Basic dyes:

These dyes contain organic basic groups such as NH2 or NR2

Direct dyes:

These are also azo dyes and are used to dye the fabrics directly by placing in
aqueous solution of dye.

Dispense dyes:

These dyes are applied in the form off a dispersion of minute particles of the dye in
soup solution in the presence of phenol or benzoic acid

Vat dyes:

These dyes are water insoluble and before dyeing these are reduced to colourless
compound in wooden vats by alkaline reducing agents

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 2.EXPERIMENT

AIM:

To dye wool and cotton clothes with malachite green.

REQUIREMENTS:

 500 ml beakers, tripod stand, wire gauze, glass rod, wool cloth and cotton cloth
 Sodium carbonate, tannic acid, tartaremetic acid and malachite green dye

500 ml beaker Tripod stand Wire gauze Glass rod

Sodium Carbonate Tannic Acid Tartaremetic Acid Malachite Green

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 3.THEORY

 Cotton fibres show good durability and utility.

 It is a stable material; it stays undamaged even in the conditions of high exposure of
weak acids and alkalis.
 It has high water absorbing capacity.
 Cotton fabrics are easy to dye; they have very low elasticity characters.
 They are easy washable and can be ironed even at very high temperature.

 Woollen fibres are high moisture absorbers too.

 They take up moisture in vapour form. It generates heat when it absorbs moisture.
 Each wool fibre is a molecular coil-spring, making the fibre remarkably elastic.
 They have highly durability and resilience.
 Nature has folded and chemical polypeptide chains back upon themselves in such a
way that they act like a coiled spring which elongates when it is extended and extracts
when it is released.

 Malachite Green is an organic compound that is used as a dye stuff and

controversially as an antimicrobial in agriculture.
 Malachite green is traditionally used as a dye for materials such as silk, leather and
paper.
 Although called malachite green.

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Chemical formula: [C6H5C(C6H4N(CH3)2)2]Cl

Common name: TRIARYLMETHANE DYE.

Structure:

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 4.Procedure

o Preparation of sodium carbonate solution:

 Take about 0.5g of solid sodium carbonate ad dissolve it I 250ml of water.

o Preparation of tartaremetic solution

 Take about 0.2g of tartar emetic and dissolve it in 100ml of water by

stirring with the help of glass rod.

o Preparation of tannic acid solution

 Take 100ml of water in a beaker and add about 1.0g of tannic acid to it.
Heat the solution. On heating a clear solution of tannic acid is obtained.

o Preparation of dye solution

 Take about 0.1g of malachite green dye and add to it 400ml of water.
Warming results in a clear solution of the dye.

o Dyeing of wool

 Take about 200 ml of dye solution and dip in it the woollen cloth to be
dyed. Boil the solution for about 2 minutes. After that remove the cloth
and wash it with hot water 3-4 times, squeeze and keep it for dyeing.

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 o Dyeing of cotton

 Cotton does not absorb malachite green readily, therefore it requires the
use of a mordant. For dyeing a cotton cloth dip it in sodium carbonate
solution for 10 minutes and then rinse with water. Then put the cloth in
hot tannic solution for about 5 min. Now take out the cloth and squeeze
it with spatula to remove most of the solution now place the cloth in
boiling solution of the dye for about 5 minutes, remove and wash the
dyed cloth thoroughly with water, squeeze and keep it for dying

o Dyeing of cotton directly

 Take another piece of cotton cloth and put it directly into boiling solution
of the dye. Keep it dipped for about 2 minutes. Remove the cloth, wash it
with water, squeeze and keep it for dyeing.

Cotton White Cloth Wollen White Cloth Malachite Green Solution

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 Boiling of Malachite Green Solution

Dyed Cotton Cloth Dyed Wollen Cloth

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 5.OBSERVATION

 The color of wool cloth directly by dipping in hot solution of malachite green dye is
fast.

 The color of cotton cloth dyed directly (without using mordant) by dipping in hot
solution of malachite green is not fast to washing and is of low intensity.

 The colour of cotton cloth dyed idirectly by using mordat and then by dipping in hot
solution of malachite green is fast to washing and is of high intensity.

PRECAUTIONS

 Let the malachite green solution boil property for about 8-10 minutes to get better
results.

 While dyeing cotton directly, let the cotton cloth be present in the in the dye for
more than or equal to 2 minutes but not less.

 Using of solutions such as tartare metic solution, tannic acid solution must be
eminent.

 Usage of gloves is preferable to ensure tidiness.

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 6.CONCLUSION

DYE FRABRIC RESULT

Malachite green Wool Fast
Malachite green Not fast to washing.
Cotton
Low intensity.
Sodium Carbonate solution+
Tartaremetic solution+ Cotton Fast to washing.
Tannic Acid solution+ High intensity.
Malachite green

The above table clearly shows the variation in results by using various
mordant dyes (indirect dyeing) or by using only malachite green (directs
dyeing)

This gives the conclusion to the experiment:

"Dyeing of wool and cotton cloths with malachite green"

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 7.BIBLIOGRAPHY

• CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL

• www.gxxc.com
• www.chomshusky.com
• www.bing.com
• www.seminarsonly.com
• www.archive.org

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