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Zero Sequence Current Compensation for Distance Protection applied to

Series Compensated Parallel Lines

Conference Paper · September 2005

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 Study Committee B5 Colloquium
2005 September 14-16
Calgary, CANADA
316

Zero Sequence Current Compensation for Distance Protection applied to

Series Compensated Parallel Lines

TAKAHIRO KASE* PHIL G BEAUMONT

Toshiba International (Europe) Ltd.

United Kingdom

SUMMARY
The effects of zero sequence mutual coupling on the performance of distance protection installed on
parallel transmission lines can be significant. It is well understood and documented that the effects of
mutual coupling can cause distance relays to over-reach or under-reach depending on the operational
status of the adjacent line. In principle, this problem can be solved by introducing the zero sequence
current from the parallel line to the relay on the faulted line. Nevertheless, manufacturers and users have
adopted a variety of coping strategies in order to compensate for these effects in cases where the adjacent
current is not available. However, recent experience has shown that there is another problem that must be
considered when distance relays are applied to series compensated parallel lines.
When a fault occurs on a series compensated transmission line, a transient oscillating current will flow
between the L and C components. This oscillation has a sub-synchronous frequency. Generally speaking, it
is difficult to remove the sub-synchronous frequency completely from the measured current and voltage,
hence the sub-synchronous components will affect distance measurement. In this paper, the undesirable
effect of mutual coupling on distance measurement is discussed theoretically together with practical
simulation cases and the benefit of introducing zero sequence compensation on parallel transmission lines
for distance calculation is also demonstrated using simulation studies.

Keywords: Distance relay – Series capacitor – Zero sequence compensation – Parallel line – Mutual
impedance – sub-synchronous frequency – EMTP – ATP

1. INTRODUCTION
Series compensated lines provide significant advantages in terms of improvements in power system
stability, an increase in the capacity of transmission lines etc. However, from a line protection perspective,
series compensated lines can cause many difficulties, particularly for distance protection relays. In order to
overcome problems numerous studies have been undertaken [1]-[4]. The main problems for distance
protections applied to compensated lines are overreach, directional element errors and oscillation of
impedance measurement. In previous studies, it has been recognized that problems occur in the case of
faults beyond the series capacitor. Therefore studies have focused on phenomena which were apparent for

*[email protected] 316 - 1
faults occurring beyond the series capacitor and solutions have been proposed. In these studies, it would
appear that distance protections were able to calculate the impedance correctly for faults up to the series
capacitor.
Meanwhile, many studies in the application of distance relays to parallel lines have also been undertaken
[5], [6]. The main problem in the application of distance relays to parallel lines is the effect of the mutual
impedance of the parallel line on the phase-to-ground impedance measurement for earth faults.
Theoretically, it is apparent that the introduction of the residual current of the adjacent line is the easiest
and the most effective way of overcoming this problem. Many alternative methods have been proposed
because sometimes it is neither possible nor preferred to introduce the residual current of the adjacent line.
Our studies have revealed that the combination of parallel lines and series capacitors has caused new
problems for impedance measurement even when the fault occurs before the series capacitor. In this paper,
the new problems are introduced both theoretically and by simulation. It is shown that the introduction of
the residual current of the adjacent line is the solution to the problem.

2. MUTUAL ZERO SEQUENCE COMPENSATION

Firstly, the principle of distance measurement when distance protection is applied to parallel lines with
mutual impedance is shown in Fig.2.1 for a typical parallel line model with double end infeed.

P term I0M Z1, Z0 Q term

EP EQ

～ ZP IA ,I0
Z0M ～
ZQ
VP
VTs CTs

Z1F, Z0F
IF
Relay

Fig.2.1 Typical parallel line model with double end infeed

In Fig.2.1 it is assumed that an A-phase-to-ground fault occurs. The A phase voltage at the relay can then be
calculated as follows.
Z 0 F − Z 1F Z
V PA = Z 1F I A + ( Z 0 F − Z 1F ) I 0 + Z MF I 0 M = Z 1 ( I A + I 0 + 0 MF I 0 M )
Z 1F Z 1F (2.1)
= Z 1F ( I A + k s I 0 + k m I 0 M )
where,
VPA : A-phase voltage at P term, IA : A-phase current of faulted line
I0 : zero sequence current of faulted line, I0M : zero sequence current of adjacent line
Z1F : positive sequence impedance from relay to fault point
Z0F : zero sequence impedance from relay to fault point
Z0MF : zero sequence mutual impedance from relay to fault point
k s = ( Z 0 − Z1 ) / Z1 , k m = Z 0 M / Z 1
Therefore the impedance to the fault point can be calculated as follows.
V PA
Z 1F = (2.2)
I A + k s I 0 + k m I 0M
If the zero-sequence current of the adjacent line is not available, distance relays must calculate the
impedance as follows.
V PA
Z '1F = (2.3)
I A + ks I0
Examining (2.2) and (2.3), it is apparent that Z’1F is larger than Z1F when I0m is positive (i.e. in the same

316 - 2
direction) and that Z’1F is smaller than Z1F when I0m is negative (i.e. opposite direction). When faults occur
towards the far end of the line I0m is generally positive and distance relays may underreach. Overreach for
near faults is not so serious a problem for distance protection. Therefore one possible solution to this
problem is to use a larger value of ks than the calculated value. However, the direction of zero sequence
current can vary with the operational condition of the adjacent line, for example, the adjacent line may be
in operation or open or earthed. An alternative idea for adjusting the setting of ks is to introduce the status
of the adjacent line to the relay.
It is well known that the distance relay on the healthy line can overreach because of mutual zero sequence
compensation, and one solution to this problem is to block the mutual zero sequence compensation for
faults on the adjacent line. This can be detected by comparing the zero-sequence current of the protected
line to the zero-sequence current of the adjacent line. This solution has been applied for many years in
Japan.

3. SERIES COMPENSATED PARALLEL LINE

It is well recognized that faults beyond the series capacitor, as shown in Fig.3.1 cause two main problems
for distance measurement. The first problem is the overreach caused by the reduction in impedance by the
insertion of the capacitor in the line. The other problem is that sub-synchronous frequencies are
superimposed. This can be understood by solving the differential equation (3.1), and the fault current can
be given by (3.2) generally:-
di 1
dt C ∫
E P sin ωt = Ri + L + idt (3.1)

I F = I m sin(ωt + φ ) + e −αt ( I m sin φ cosωC t + I n sin ωC t ) (3.2)

where,
ω : System angular velocity I m = EP / R 2 + (ωL − 1/ ωC ) 2 , α = R / 2L ,

ωC = 1/ LC − ( R / 2L) 2 , φ = tan −1 ( ωL − 1 / ωC ) , I n = − α + ωC I m cosφ + α I m sin φ

2 2

R ω ⋅ ωC ωC
Therefore the sub-synchronous frequency component, which is expressed by ωC, is superimposed on the
fundamental frequency component. Generally speaking, it is difficult to remove this frequency using a
digital filter, because the long data window required will cause a delay in operation. Hence the algorithm
for distance measurement must be immune to this lower frequency [7].
Fig.3.2 shows the parallel series compensated line model. In this model series capacitors are installed at
one end. It is clear that the zero-sequence current of the adjacent line will flow to the fault point through the
series capacitors for faults located up to the series capacitor. The influence of mutual impedance includes
the sub-synchronous frequency caused by the series capacitor. Furthermore the zero sequence current of the
adjacent line can be capacitive if the total capacitive reactance is larger than the line reactance. This
phenomenon is more likely to happen when the fault point is close to the series capacitor.

R, L P term I0M Z 1 , Z0 Q term

VTs CTs C
EP EQ
SC
EQ
EP
Relay
IF
～ ZP IA ,I0
Z0M ～
ZQ
～ ～ VP
VTs CTs

SC
xZ1, xZ0 (1-x)Z1,
(1-x)Z0
Relay IF SC : series capacitance
0 ≤ x ≤1

Fig.3.1 Fault at series compensated line Fig.3.2 Parallel series compensated line

316 - 3
 2ZP1 xZ1 (1-x)Z1 C1 2ZQ1
xZ1 (1-x)Z1 C1
ZP1 ZQ1 EP EQ

EP
xZ1 (1-x)Z1
C1 ～ ～
EQ
positive-sequence 1st circuit

～ ～ xZ1 (1-x)Z1 C1
Relay
positive-sequence circuit
positive-sequence 2nd circuit

xZ2 (1-x)Z2 C2 2ZP2 xZ2 (1-x)Z2 C2 2ZQ2

ZP2 ZQ2

xZ2 (1-x)Z2
C2
negative-sequence 1st circuit

xZ2 (1-x)Z2 C2
Relay negative-sequence circuit
negative-sequence 2nd circuit
xZ0 (1-x)Z0 C0 2ZP0 xZ01 (1-x)Z01 C0 2ZQ0
ZP0 ZQ0
xZ0 Z0M (1-x)Z0
C0
zero-sequence 1st circuit

xZ00 (1-x)Z00 C0

Relay
zero-sequence circuit
zero-sequence 2nd circuit

Fig.3.3 Equivalent circuit using sequence Fig.3.4 Equivalent circuit using sequence component
components by 2-phase component method

Fig.3.3 shows the equivalent circuit using sequence components in the case of an A-phase-to-ground fault.
In Fig.3.3, the mutual impedance in the zero-sequence circuit complicates the calculation. It is well known
that by applying the 2-phase component method [8], the mutual impedance in the zero-sequence circuit can
be decoupled. The calculation method of conversion to 2-phase components is shown in (3.3) and the
method of re-conversion to normal sequence components is shown in (3.4). By means of the 2-phase
component method, Fig.3.3 is modified to Fig.3.4.

⎡V k1 ⎤ 1 ⎡1 1 ⎤ ⎡ Vk ,1L ⎤ ⎡ I k 1 ⎤ 1 ⎡1 1 ⎤ ⎡ I k ,1L ⎤
⎢V ⎥ = 2 ⎢1 − 1⎥ ⎢V ⎥, ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ (3.3)
⎣ k2 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ k , 2 L ⎦ ⎣ I k 2 ⎦ 2 ⎣1 − 1⎦ ⎣ I k , 2 L ⎦
⎡V k ,1L ⎤ ⎡1 1 ⎤ ⎡ V k1 ⎤ ⎡ I k ,1L ⎤ ⎡1 1 ⎤ ⎡ I k1 ⎤
⎢V ⎥=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥, ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ (3.4)
⎣ k , 2 L ⎦ ⎣1 − 1⎦ ⎣V k 2 ⎦ ⎣ I k , 2 L ⎦ ⎣1 − 1⎦ ⎣ I k 2 ⎦
where,
k=1, 2, 0 (positive, negative, zero sequence component respectively)
1, 2 : converted value of first circuit and second circuit respectively
1L, 2L : measured value of Line 1 and Line 2 respectively
For example, V02 is the zero sequence voltage of the second circuit shown in Fig.3.4 and I1,2L is
the positive sequence current of Line 2.
It should be noted that the mutual impedance is eliminated in Fig.3.4, and consequently it becomes easier to
see how the fault current flows. In Fig.3.4, Z00 and Z01 can be calculated as follows using the conversion
above.
Z 00 = Z 0 + Z 0 M , Z 01 = Z 0 − Z 0 M (3.5)

The fault current flows to P-term side and Q-term side dependent on the ratio of the impedances of both
sides. The I0 of each line can be calculated as follows if If is assumed to be the total fault current, for
example:-
I 0,1L = I 01 + I 02 , I 0, 2 L = I 01 − I 02 (3.6)
where,

316 - 4
 (1 − x) Z 0 + 2Z Q 0 − j (1 / ωC0 ) (1 − x) Z 0 − j (1 / ωC 0 )
I 01 = I f , I 02 = If (3.7)
Z 0 + 2Z P 0 + 2Z Q 0 − j (1 / ωC0 ) Z 0 − j (1 / ωC 0 )

As described before, when the direction of I0,2L is different from the direction of I0,1L relays can overreach
when using (2.3) instead of (2.2) for impedance calculation. It is apparent that the relay would cause
overreach when the value of ‘x’ is close to 1, which means that the fault is near to the series capacitor. It can
also be seen that the phase angles of I0,2L and I0,1L can be different, and this difference causes phase errors
in the impedance measurement.
In addition to the above, it is clear that the sub-frequency component can vary between I0,1L and I0,2L.
Furthermore they can be different from Ia, which is calculated from I0+I1+I2. Therefore the sub-frequency
component can vary between “Ia+ksI0” and “Ia+ksI0+kmI0m”, which are the denominators of (2.2) and (2.3)
respectively, although their respective voltage is the same.

4. PRACTICAL SIMULATIONS AND ANALYSIS

Problems predicted in the application of distance protection to series compensated parallel lines have
been described theoretically in previous sections. In this section, simulations using EMTP/ATP have been
undertaken in order to understand the influence of mutual impedance. The model system used in the
simulation is shown in Fig.4.1. Parameters used in simulations are shown in Table 4.1.

CTs SC
P-term Q-term

Z1,Z0
MOV
I0m
～ Z0M ～
ZP1,ZP0 ZQ1,ZQ0
CTs F0 F8 SC ZC
VTs

xZ1, xZ0 (1-x)Z1, (1-x)Z0

MOV SC : Series Capacitors
DZ MOV : Metal Oxide Varistors

Fig. 4.1 Simulation model

Table.4.1 Simulation parameters Table.4.2 Fault points

Name Value Fault
Distance from A
Line length [km] 200 reactance
point x [%]
[ohms]
Voltage [kV] 275
F0 0 0
Frequency [Hz] 50
F1 12.5 9.5
Positive sequence impedance (Z1) 10 + j76
Line impedance F2 25 19
Zero sequence impedance (Z0) 40 + j184
[ohms] F3 37.5 28.5
Mutual zero sequence impedance (Z0M) 30 + J84
F4 50 38
Term-P source Positive sequence impedance (ZP1) j136
F5 62.5 47.5
impedance Zero sequence impedance (ZP0) 2+j72
F6 75 57
Term-Q source Positive sequence impedance (ZQ1) j47
F7 87.5 66.5
impedance [ohms] Zero sequence impedance (ZQ0) j37
F8 100 76
Series capacitor (ZC) [ohms] -j46

Fault points checked in the simulations are shown in Table 4.2. From the results four cases have been
shown in this paper, (Figs. 4.2 to 4.5 inc.) with wave forms of I0 and I0m (the respective zero-sequence
currents of the protected and adjacent lines) together with the results of distance measurement. The figures
show the comparison between two methods of zero sequence compensation, one in which only the self
zero-sequence compensation is calculated using (2.3), and the other one in which the self and mutual
zero-sequence compensation is calculated using (2.2).

316 - 5
 3000 3I0
3I0m
2000

Current [A
1000

0
0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30
-1000

-2000

-3000
Tim e [s]

90 90
85 85
80 80
75
Actual Reactance
75
70
70
65
Measured Reactance 65
60
60
55 55 Measured Reactance
50
45
Actual Reactance 50
45
40 40
35 35
30
25
Actual Resistance 30
25
20 20
15 Measured Resistance 15 Actual Resistance
10 10
5 5
0 0 Measured Resistance
-50.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 -50.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30
-10 -10
Tim e [s] Tim e [s]

Fig.4.2 Fault point F8(100%) (Upper: Waveform, Left: With mutual compensation, Right: Only self compensation)

The following can be identified from Fig.4.2.

- The phase difference between I0 and I0m is almost 150 degrees.
- The impedance measurement using I0m and I0 is very stable and precise
- A significant oscillation and overreach by about 15% of impedance measurement can be seen for the case
where only I0 is used.

2000 3I0
1500 3I0m
1000
Current [A

500
0
-5000.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30
-1000
-1500
-2000
-2500
Tim e [s]

70 70
65 65
60 60
55 55
50 Reactance 50 Reactance
45 45
40 40
35 35
30 30
25 25
20 20
15 15
10 Resistance 10
5 5
0 0
Resistance
-50.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 -50.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30
-10 -10
Tim e [s] Tim e [s]

Fig.4.3 Fault point F6(75%) (Upper: Waveform, Left: With mutual compensation, Right: Only self compensation)

The following observations can be made upon examining Fig.4.3.

- The phase difference between I0 and I0m is almost 90 degrees.
- The impedance measurement using I0m and I0 is very stable and precise
- A significant oscillation whose amplitude is 10% of the theoretical impedance of impedance measurement
can be seen for the case where only I0 is used.
- Overreach of resistance measurement can be seen for the case using only I0, although the reactance
measurement is close to the theoretical value. This is the phase error in the impedance measurement.

316 - 6
 3000 3I0
3I0m
2000

Current [A
1000

0
0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30
-1000

-2000

-3000
Tim e [s]

50 50
45 45 Reactance
40
Reactance 40
35 35
30 30
25 25
20 20
15 15
10 10
Resistance Resistance
5 5
0 0
0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30
-5 -5
Tim e [s] Tim e [s]

Fig.4.4 Fault point F4(50%) (Upper: Waveform, Left: With mutual compensation, Right: Only self compensation)

The following can be identified from Fig.4.4.

- The phase difference between I0 and I0m is almost 60 degrees.
- The impedance measurement using I0m and I0 is very stable and precise
- A significant oscillation of impedance measurement can be seen for the case where only I0 is used.
- Underreach of reactance element and overreach of resistance measurement can be seen for the case where
only I0 is used.

4000 3I0
3000 3I0m
2000
Current [A

1000
0
-10000.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30
-2000
-3000
-4000
-5000
Tim e [s]

30 30

25 25

20 Reactance 20 Reactance

15 15

10 10

5 Resistance 5 Resistance
0 0
0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30
Tim e [s] Tim e [s]

Fig.4.5 Fault point F2(25%) (Upper: Waveform, Left: With mutual compensation, Right: Only self compensation)

The following can be identified from Fig.4.5.

- The magnitude of I0m is almost zero, 100ms after the fault.
- The impedance measurement using I0m and I0 is very stable and precise
- The impedance measurement using only I0 is stable and precise

According to these results, it is expected that the following problems will be experienced in distance
measurement if I0m is not used in the calculation.

316 - 7
- The sub-synchronous frequency component can cause significant oscillations in distance measurement.
- Overreach for faults towards the far end of the line can occur due to the effect of mutual impedance,
which is not seen by the relay unless compensation for the parallel line is applied.
- The angular difference between I0 and I0m can be seen and can be considered as the reason for the error in
distance measurement.
- The effect of mutual impedance on distance measurement varies significantly with the fault point.

In order to compare the frequency components of the zero-sequence current in the protected line and the
adjacent line, the A-phase current, the denominator of (2.2) and (2.3) and the A-phase voltage, the results of
the FFTs(Fast Fourier Transform) of these waveforms are shown below. The data window is 100 ms from
fault inception. The fault point is F6, which is the same as that shown in Fig.4.3. The horizontal axis of the
following graph is f/f0, (f0 is the system frequency), and the vertical axis is the contribution of each
frequency component, in which the value of the basic frequency component is normalized to 1.

1
1
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1
0.1
0
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
0 2 4 6 8 10

Fig.4.6 Frequency diagram (I0) Fig.4.7 Frequency diagram (I0m)

1 1
0.9 0.9
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10

Fig.4.8 Frequency diagram (Ia) Fig.4.9 Frequency diagram (Ia+ksI0)

1 1
0.9 0.9
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10

Fig.4.10 Frequency diagram (Ia+ksI0+kmI0m) Fig.4.11 Frequency diagram (Va)

On examining Figs. 4.6 to 4.10 inc., it can be seen that a large sub-synchronous component exists in I0
and I0m, compared to the sub-synchronous component which is smallest in (Ia+ksI0+kmI0m), the
compensated current. Hence, the introduction of the zero-sequence current of the adjacent line effectively
reduced the sub-synchronous component. If it is considered that the DC component in the current can be

316 - 8
 eliminated almost completely by using a digital filter, it can be said that the frequency component in
“Ia+ksI0+kmI0m” is similar to that of the voltage. This fact can be considered as the main reason why the
introduction of the zero-sequence current of the adjacent line enables stable and precise distance
measurement.

5. CONCLUSION
This paper describes the problems associated with distance measurement when distance protection is
applied to series compensated parallel lines. The following points are confirmed both theoretically and by
practical simulation.
- Faults up to the series capacitor can cause problems such as oscillation, overreach for remote end faults
and phase error in distance measurement.
- These problems are caused by the mutual zero-sequence impedance. Sub-synchronous frequency
components in the zero-sequence current of the adjacent line cause oscillation in the measurement. The
angular difference between the zero-sequence current of the protected line and the zero-sequence current
of the adjacent line can cause overreach, underreach and phase error in the impedance measurement.
- The relationship between I0 and I0m varies with the fault point. This means that the effect of mutual zero
sequence impedance on distance measurement also varies with fault point.
- These problems can be solved completely by using mutual zero-sequence compensation by the
introduction of the zero-sequence current of the adjacent line.

6. REFERENCES
[1] T.Maekawa, Y.Obata, M.Yamaura, Y.Kurosawa and H.Takani “Fault location for series compensated
parallel lines,” IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exhibition 2002, Conference
Proceedings,2,pp.824-829
[2] M.M.Saha, B.Kasztenny, E.Rosolowski and J.Izykowski “First zone algorithm for protection of series
compensated lines,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery Vol.16, No.2, pp.200-207 Apr.2001.
[3] “Application guide on protection of complex transmission network configuration,” CIGRE materials,
CIGRE SC-34 WG-04, Aug. 1990
[4] D.Novosel, A.Phadke, M.M.Saha and S.Lindahl “Problems and solutions for microprocessor protection
of series compensated lines,” Sixth International Conference on Developments in Power System
Protection, Conference Publication no.434, pp.18-23
[5] Yi Hu, D.Novosel, M.M.Saha and V.Leitloff “An adaptive scheme for parallel-line distance protection,”
IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery Vol.17, No.1, pp.105-110 Jan.2002.
[6] A.G.Jongepier and L.van der Sluis “The behavior of distance relays applied to double-circuit lines in
practice and the need for adaptive protection,” CIGRE SC34 –205 Stockholm June,1995
[7] Y.Ohura, T.Matsuda, M.Suzuki, M.Yamaura, Y,Kurosawa and T.Yokoyama,”Digital distance relay with
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[8] Y.Hase “Practical theory hand book for power system techniques”, MARUZEN, 2004 (in Japanese)

316 - 9

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