LEARNINGO BJE CTIVES

After reading this chapter, you will be able to:

3.1 Discuss the origins of, and the key technology concepts behind, the Internet.
3.2 Explain the current structure of the Internet.
3.3 Understand how the Web works.
3.4 Describe how Internet and web features and services support e-commerce.
3.5 Understand the impact of mobile applications.
THE INTERNET: TECHNOLOGY BACKGROUND

• Internet an interconnected network of thousands of networks and millions

of computers linking businesses, educational institutions, government
agencies, and individuals

• Web is one of the Internet’s most popular services, providing access to

trillions of web pages
THE INTERNET: TECHNOLOGY BACKGROUND
Table 3.1 summarizes some of the most important developments in e-commerce
infrastructure for 2022–2023
THE INTERNET: TECHNOLOGY BACKGROUND
Table 3.1 summarizes some of the most important developments in e-commerce
infrastructure for 2022–2023
THE INTERNET: TECHNOLOGY BACKGROUND
Table 3.1 summarizes some of the most important developments in e-commerce
infrastructure for 2022–2023
THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET: 1961–THE PRESENT
The history of the Internet can be segmented into three phases
(see Figure 3.1)
THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET: 1961–THE PRESENT
• See Table 3.2 for a closer look at the development of the Internet from 1961 on
THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET: 1961–THE PRESENT
• See Table 3.2 for a closer look at the development of the Internet from 1961 on
THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET: 1961–THE PRESENT
THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET: 1961–THE PRESENT
THE INTERNET: KEY TECHNOLOGY CONCEPTS

• Packet switching: a method of slicing digital messages comprised of bits into

packets, sending the packets along different communication paths as they
become available, and then reassembling the packets once they arrive at their
destination
• Packets: the discrete units into which digital messages are sliced for
transmission over the Internet
• Router: a special-purpose computer that interconnects the computer networks
that make up the Internet and routes packets to their ultimate destination as
they travel the Internet
• routing algorithm: a computer program that ensures that packets take the
best available path toward their destination
THE INTERNET: KEY TECHNOLOGY CONCEPTS
THE INTERNET: KEY TECHNOLOGY CONCEPTS

• Protocols rules and standards for data transfer Transmission Control

Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) core communications protocol for the
Internet
• TCP establishes connections among sending and receiving computers and
handles assembly and reassembly of packets
• IP provides the Internet’s addressing scheme and is responsible for the
delivery of packets
• UDP: provides an alternative to TCP when the error-checking and correction
functionality of TCP is not necessary
• Network Interface Layer responsible for placing packets on and receiving
them from the network medium
THE INTERNET: KEY TECHNOLOGY CONCEPTS

• Protocols rules and standards for data transfer Transmission Control

• Internet Layer responsible for addressing, packaging, and routing messages
on the Internet
• Transport Layer: responsible for providing communication with other
protocols within the TCP/IP suite
• QUIC: implements basic transport services within an encrypted envelope and
uses UDP to traverse the Internet
• Application Layer includes protocols used to provide user services or
exchange data
• Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) enables the exchange of routing
information among systems on the Internet
• IPv4 Internet address Internet address is expressed as a 32-bit number that
appears as a series of four separate numbers marked off by periods, such as
64.49.254.91
 THE INTERNET: KEY TECHNOLOGY CONCEPTS
The Internet protocol suite is divided into four separate layers, with each layer handling a
different aspect of the communication problem (see Figure 3.4)
 THE INTERNET: KEY TECHNOLOGY CONCEPTS
Figure 3.5 illustrates how TCP/IP and packet switching work together to send data over
the Internet.
• IPv6 Internet address
Internet address is
expressed as a 128-bit
number

• According to Akamai,
in the United States
about 40% of Internet
traffic now occurs over
IPv6. (Akamai, 2022)
THE INTERNET: KEY TECHNOLOGY CONCEPTS

Figure 3.6 illustrates

the Domain Name
System
THE INTERNET: KEY TECHNOLOGY CONCEPTS

• Domain name: IP address expressed in natural language

• Domain Name System (DNS): a system for expressing numeric IP addresses in
natural language
• Uniform Resource Locator (URL): The address used by a web browser to
identify the location of content on the Web
• Client/Server Computing: a model of computing in which client devices
are connected in a network together with one or more servers
• Client: a device that can request access to services or resources on a network
• Server: a networked computer dedicated to common functions that the client on the
network needs
THE INTERNET: KEY TECHNOLOGY CONCEPTS
THE INTERNET: KEY TECHNOLOGY CONCEPTS

Table 3.3 summarizes the important components of the Internet addressing scheme
 THE MOBILE PLATFORM
THE INTERNET “CLOUD COMPUTING” MODEL: HARDWARE AND
SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE

Figure 3.8 illustrates the cloud

computing concept. View the Figure
3.8 video in the eTextbook for an
animated and more detailed
discussion of this figure
Cloud computing: A model of
computing in which computer
processing, storage, software, and
other services are provided as a shared
pool of virtualized resources via the
Internet
 THE MOBILE PLATFORM
THE INTERNET “CLOUD COMPUTING” MODEL: HARDWARE AND
SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE

On-demand self-service: Consumers can obtain computing capabilities such as

server time or network storage as needed automatically on their own.
• Ubiquitous network access: Cloud resources can be accessed using standard network and
Internet devices, including mobile platforms.
• Location-independent resource pooling: Computing resources are pooled to serve
multiple users, with different virtual resources dynamically assigned according to
user demand. The user generally does not know where the computing resources are
located.
• Rapid elasticity: Computing resources can be rapidly provisioned, increased, or
decreased to meet changing user demand.
• Measured service: Charges for cloud resources are based on the amount of resources
actually used.
 THE MOBILE PLATFORM
THE INTERNET “CLOUD COMPUTING” MODEL: HARDWARE AND
SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS): Customers use processing, storage, networking, and

other computing resources from third-party providers called cloud service providers (CSPs)
to run their information systems. For example, Amazon used the spare capacity of its
information technology infrastructure to develop Amazon Web Services (AWS), which offers
cloud environment for a myriad of different IT infrastructure services
Software as a service (SaaS): Customers use software hosted by the vendor on the vendor’s
cloud infrastructure and delivered as a service over a network
Platform as a service (PaaS): Customers use infrastructure and programming tools
supported by the CSP to develop their own applications. For example, IBM offers IBM
Cloud for software development and testing on its cloud infrastructure
 THE MOBILE PLATFORM
THE INTERNET “CLOUD COMPUTING”
MODEL: HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
AS A SERVICE

Public cloud: third-party

service providers that
own and manage large,
scalable data centers that
offer processing, storage,
networking, and other
computing resources to
multiple customers who
pay for only the resources
they use
 THE MOBILE PLATFORM
THE INTERNET “CLOUD COMPUTING” MODEL: HARDWARE AND
SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE

Table 3.5 compares

the three cloud
computing models.

Private cloud: provides similar options as a public cloud but only to a single organization
Hybrid cloud use of both a public cloud and a private cloud
Edge computing optimizes cloud computing by shifting some of the processing and data
storage load to servers located closer to end users, at the so-called “edge” of the network, thus
improving response time and saving bandwidth
THE MOBILE PLATFORM
THE INTERNET “CLOUD COMPUTING” MODEL: HARDWARE AND
SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE

OTHER INTERNET PROTOCOLS

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) the Internet protocol used for transferring web pages
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) the Internet protocol used to send e-mail to a server
Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3) a protocol used by the client to retrieve e-mail from an Internet server
Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) a more current e-mail protocol that allows users to
search, organize, and filter their e-mail prior to downloading it from the server
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) protocol that permits users to transfer files from the server to their
clientcomputer, and vice versa
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) original protocol enabling secure communications between a client
and a server over the Internet
Transport Layer Security (TLS) updated, more secure version of SSL
INTERNET INFRASTRUCTURE AND
ACCESS

Network Technology Substrate layer: a

layer of Internet architecture that is
composed of telecommunications networks
and protocols.
Transport Services and Representation
Standards layer: a layer of Internet
architecture that houses the TCP/IP protocol
Applications layer: a layer of Internet
architecture that contains client applications
Middleware Services layer: a layer of
Internet architecture that ties the
Applications layer to the other layers
THE INTERNET BACKBONE

Backbone high-bandwidth
fiber-optic cable networks
that transport data around the
world
Fiber-optic cable consists of
up to hundreds of strands of
glass or plastic that use light
to transmit data
THE INTERNET BACKBONE

• Tier 1 Internet Service Providers (Tier 1 ISPs) own and control the major
long-haul fiber-optic cable networks comprising the Internet’s backbone
• Bandwidth measures how much data can be transferred over a
communications medium within a fixed period of time
• Redundancy multiple duplicate devices and paths in a network
INTERNET EXCHANGE POINTS

Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) (see Figure 3.11

TIER 3 INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS

Tier 3 Internet Service Provider

(Tier 3 ISP) a firm that provides the
lowest level of service in the multi-tiered
Internet architecture by leasing Internet
access to homeowners, small businesses,
and some large institutions
Narrowband
traditional telephone modem connection
operating at 56.6 Kbps
Broadband
refers to any communication technology
that permits clients to play streaming
audio and video files at acceptable
speeds
TIER 3 INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS

T1
an international telephone standard for
digital communication that offers
guaranteed delivery at 1.54 Mbps
T3
an international telephone standard for
digital communication that offers
guaranteed delivery at 45 Mbps
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
delivers high-speed access through ordinary telephone lines found in homes or businesses
FiOS (fiber-optic service) is a form of DSL that provides speeds of up to 940 Mbps
Cable Internet piggybacks digital access to the Internet on top of the video cable providing
television signals to a home
Satellite Internet high-speed broadband Internet access is provided via satellite
MOBILE INTERNET ACCESS

Telephone-based versus Computer Network-based Wireless Internet Access

• 5G cellular standard for high-bandwidth mobile broadband
• Wi-Fi wireless standard for local area networks
MOBILE INTERNET ACCESS

Bluetooth
technology standard for short-
range wireless communication
under 30 feet

THE INTERNET OF
THINGS

Internet of Things (IoT)

use of the Internet to connect a
wide variety of devices,
machines, and sensors

WHO GOVERNS THE

INTERNET?
WHO GOVERNS THE INTERNET?

• The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), which coordinates
the Internet’s systems of unique identifiers: IP addresses, protocol parameter registries, and the
top-level domain systems. ICANN was created in 1998 as a nonprofit organization and manages
the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), which is in charge of assigning IP addresses.
• The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), which is an open international community
of network operators, vendors, and researchers concerned with the evolution of the
Internet architecture and operation of the Internet. The IETF has a number of working groups,
organized into several different areas, that develop and promote Internet
standards, which influence the way people use and manage the Internet.
• The Internet Research Task Force (IRTF), which focuses on the evolution of the Internet.
The IRTF has a number of long-term research groups working on various topics such
as Internet protocols, applications, and technology.
• The Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG), which is responsible for technical
management of IETF activities and the Internet standards process.
WHO GOVERNS THE INTERNET?

• The Internet Architecture Board (IAB), which helps define the overall architecture of the
Internet and oversees the IETF and IRTF.
• The Internet Society (ISOC), which is a consortium of corporations, government
agencies, and nonprofit organizations that monitors Internet policies and practices.
• The Internet Governance Forum (IGF), which is a multi-stakeholder, open forum for
debate on issues related to Internet governance.
• The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which is a largely academic group that sets
HTML and other programming standards for the Web.
• The Internet Network Operators Groups (NOGs), which are informal groups that are
made up of ISPs, IXPs, and others that discuss and attempt to influence matters related to
Internet operations and regulation.