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Transport Layer_ Notes_ U-4

NOTES

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8 views

Transport Layer_ Notes_ U-4

NOTES

Uploaded by

anshultyagi42261
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Transport Layer: Easy Notes for Students

1. Introduction to Transport Layer

The Transport Layer is the fourth layer in the OSI model and the second layer in the TCP/IP
model. It is responsible for ensuring that data is transferred between applications
(process-to-process) on different systems over a network.

Key Responsibilities:

● End-to-End Communication: It provides communication between applications running


on different machines.
● Data Segmentation: The Transport Layer divides large chunks of data into smaller
packets for transmission.
● Error Handling & Flow Control: Ensures reliable data transfer by handling errors and
controlling data flow.

2. Process-to-Process Delivery

● Definition: The Transport Layer ensures that data is delivered from one application
(process) on a source system to the correct application (process) on a destination
system.
● Port Numbers: Each application or process is assigned a unique port number. This
allows the Transport Layer to deliver data to the correct application on the destination
system.

3. Reliable and Unreliable Connections

● Reliable Connection (TCP):


○ Ensures that data is delivered without errors, in the correct order, and without
loss.
○ Mechanisms like acknowledgment, retransmission, and sequencing are used.
● Unreliable Connection (UDP):
○ Data may be lost, out of order, or arrive with errors.
○ No guarantees are provided, but it is faster as there is less overhead.

4. Port and Socket Addressing


● Port Addressing:
○ A port number is used to identify processes on a device.
○ A source port and destination port are used to ensure that data reaches the
correct process.
● Socket Addressing:
○ A socket is a combination of an IP address and a port number.
○ It uniquely identifies a communication endpoint on a device (e.g.,
192.168.1.1:8080).

5. Transport Layer Protocols with Packet Formats

● User Datagram Protocol (UDP):


○ Connectionless protocol.
○ No error checking or correction.
○ Packet Format:
■ Source Port (16 bits)
■ Destination Port (16 bits)
■ Length (16 bits)
■ Checksum (16 bits)
○ Used for: Streaming, DNS, video/audio calls where speed is more important than
reliability.
● Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):
○ Connection-oriented protocol.
○ Provides reliable data transfer through error checking, acknowledgments,
retransmissions, and sequencing.
○ Packet Format:
■ Source Port (16 bits)
■ Destination Port (16 bits)
■ Sequence Number (32 bits)
■ Acknowledgment Number (32 bits)
■ Flags, Window Size, Checksum, etc.
○ Used for: Web browsing (HTTP), file transfer (FTP), email (SMTP).
● Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP):
○ Similar to TCP but with added features.
○ Provides message-oriented communication with support for multihoming
(multiple network interfaces).
○ Used for: Telecommunication networks, VoIP (Voice over IP), and video
streaming.

6. Congestion Control
Congestion occurs when there is too much data in the network, slowing down transmission
speeds or causing packet loss.

Techniques for Congestion Control:

● Windowing:
○ In TCP, the sender adjusts the size of the data window to control how much data
is sent before waiting for an acknowledgment.
● Slow Start:
○ When a connection is first established, the sender starts by sending a small
amount of data and gradually increases the amount as the network's capacity is
confirmed.
● Additive Increase, Multiplicative Decrease (AIMD):
○ Additive increase: Slowly increases the transmission rate.
○ Multiplicative decrease: Rapidly reduces the rate when congestion is detected.
● Redundancy and Retransmission:
○ Retransmitting lost packets and avoiding congestion by reducing transmission
rates during high traffic.

7. Quality of Service (QoS)

Quality of Service (QoS) refers to techniques that prioritize certain types of traffic to improve
the performance of critical applications (e.g., video conferencing, online gaming).

Key Flow Characteristics:

● Bandwidth: The data transfer rate.


● Latency: The time taken for data to travel from source to destination.
● Jitter: Variability in packet arrival times.
● Packet Loss: The number of packets that fail to reach their destination.

Techniques to Improve QoS:

1. Traffic Shaping: Controls the flow of traffic to avoid congestion.


2. Prioritization: Higher priority is given to critical data (e.g., VoIP packets).
3. Resource Reservation: Ensures that enough resources are available for high-priority
traffic.
4. Packet Scheduling: Determines the order in which packets are transmitted to ensure
the timely delivery of high-priority packets.
Summary of Key Concepts

● The Transport Layer ensures reliable and efficient end-to-end communication between
applications on different systems.
● TCP is a reliable connection-oriented protocol, while UDP is fast but unreliable.
● Port numbers and sockets help in process-to-process communication.
● Congestion control techniques manage traffic to prevent delays and packet loss.
● QoS improves the performance of critical applications by prioritizing traffic and
controlling bandwidth, latency, and jitter

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