NEHRU WORLD SCHOOL

2024-2025
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
(TRANFORMER)

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Mr. BK Shukla Sir Madhav Rajbhar
Class-XII-PCM
Roll No. 14
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that
Madhav Rajbhar
Has successfully completed his Physics
Project titled
Transformer
Under the supervision and guidance of
Mr. BK Shukla Sir
in the partial fulfillment of the physics
practical
assessment conducted during the
academic year
2024-2025
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude to my physics
Teacher Mr. BK Shukla Sir for the help and
Guidance he provided for completing this project

I also thank my parent who gave their ideas and

Inputs in making this project most of all I thank
Our school management for providing us the
Facilities and opportunities to do this project.

Lastly I would like to thank my classmate who have

Helped me in this project. Their support made this
Project fruitful.

INDEX
 CONTENT PAGE NO.
Certificate 02
Acknowledgement 03
Topics 05
Introduction 06
Principle 07
Construction 08
Theory 9-12
Working 13-14
Material Required 15
Procedure 16
Observation 17-18
Application 19
Conclusion 20
Precaution 21
Bibliography 22

TOPIC
 -Investigatory Project on
Transformer

INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage
to a high alternating voltage or a high alternating voltage into a
low alternating voltage. It is a static electrical device that transfers
energy by inductive coupling between its winding circuits.Transformers
range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a
stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used in power
plant substations or to interconnect portions of the power grid. All
operate on the same basic principles,although the range of designs is wide.
While new technologies have eliminated the need for transformers in
some electronic circuits, transformers are still found.in many electronic
devices. Transformers are essential for high-voltage electric power
transmission, which makes long-distance transmission economically
practical. A transformer is most widely used device in both low and high
current circuit. In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one
circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts. A
transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-up transformer.
A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-down
transformer. Transformer 1s, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus
both for high and low current circuits.

PRINCIPLE
The electric transformer works on the fundamental principle of
electromagnetic induction, a concept first discovered by Michael
Faraday in the 19th century. The transformer consists of two coils
Of wire, known as the primary and secondary windings, which are
Usually wound around a common magnetic core. When an
alternating current (AC) flows through the primary winding, it
generates a changing magnetic field around the coil. According to.
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, this changing magnetic
field induces an electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the
secondary winding. The key principle here is that the transformer
relies‘on the mutual induction between the primary and secondary
windings through the magnetic flux linkage.

CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of
laminated sheets, well insulated from one another. Two coils
P1 & P2, and S2, & S2 are wound on the same core, but are well
Insulated with each other. Note that the both the coils are
insulated from the core, the source of alternating e.m.f is
connected to P1,P2, the primary coil and a load resistance R is.
connected to S1,S2, the secondary coil through an open switch S.
thus there can be no current through the sec. coil so long as the
switch is open. For an ideal. transformer, we assume that the
resistance of the primary & secondary winding is negligible.
Further, the energy loses due to magnetic. the iron core is also
negligible. For operation at low frequency, we may have a soft
iron. The soft iron core is insulating by joining thin iron strips
coated with varnish to insulate them to reduce energy losses by
eddy currents. The input circuit is called primary. And the output
circuit is called secondary.

THEORY
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1 p2, an
alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering
voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a
good transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary
is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f.
induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in
each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous
values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the secondary
and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils
of the transformer and dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each
turnoff the coil at this instant, we have,

Ep = -Np dф/dt _______________ (1) and

Es = -Ns dф/dt _______________ (2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant,
so by dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the

primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is due
to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the
applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance, p1p2 coil,
then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be
neglected so therefore,
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as,
Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

In Step Up Transformer:

As, k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip i.e. current in secondary is weaker

when secondary voltage is higher. Hence, whatever we gain in
voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio. Similarly it can be
shown, that in a step down transformer, whatever we lose in
voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio. Thus a step up
transformer in reality steps down the current & a step down
transformer steps up the current.

In Step Down Transformer:

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np
If Ip = value of primary current at the same instant And
Is = value of secondary current at this instant, then
Input power at the instant = Ep Ip and
Output power at the same instant = Es Is
If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then
Input power = output power Or
Ep Ip = Es Is or Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
 WORKING
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction
according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux
linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the
neighbouring coil that is if a varying current is set-up in a
circuit induced e.m.f. is produced in the neighbouring circuit.
The varying current in a circuit produce varying magnetic
flux which induces e.m-f. in the neighbouring circuit.

The transformer consists of two coils. They are insulated

Witheach other by insulated material and wound on a
common core. For operation at low frequency, we may have
a soft iron. The soft iron core is insulating by joining thin iron
strips coated with varnish to insulate them to reduce energy
losses by eddy currents. The input circuit is called primary.
And the output circuit is called secondary
 EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power
to the input power. i.e.
η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses,

η = 1. But in actual practice, there are many power losses;
therefore the efficiency of transformer is less than one.
 MATERIAL REQUIRED

 Iron Rod

 Voltmeter

 Ammeter

 Copper Wire

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a
large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60).
This constitutes primary coil of the transformer

2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively
smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This
constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.

3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and
current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively

4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through S 1and

S2.

5. Now connect S1and S2to A.C main and again measure voltage and
current through primary and secondary coil of step up
transformer.

6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by changing

number of turns in primary and secondary coil.

OBSERVATION
 I. We will find that ratio of V, and V, across the two coils is equal to
the ratio of number of turns in the coil P to that in the coil S
i.e. Vp/Vs = Np/Ns -------(1)

II. The coil P (to which AC voltage is applied) is called the

primary and coil S Gm which AC is induced) is called the
secondary.

III. Since coil S is placed very close to the coil P, the power in the
primary is transferred into the secondary through mutual
induction.

IV. It is clear from equation 1, that by appropriate choice of the

turn ratio i.e., Np/Ns, we can obtain a higher voltage or lower
Lower voltage in S compared to P.

ENERGY LOSS
In practice, the output energy of a transformer is always less than
 the input energy, because energy losses occur due to a number of
reasons as explained below.

o Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the coils is

seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux produced by the
primary coil is not linked up with the secondary coil

o Iron Loss : In actual iron cores in spite of lamination, Eddy

currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy current may,
however be small. And a part of energy is lost as the heat
produced in the iron core.

o Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of the transformer possess

resistance. So, a part of the energy is lost due to the heat
produced in the resistance of the coil.

o Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil tapes the

iron core through complete cycle of magnetization. So, Energy
is lost due to hysteresis.

o Magneto Loss: The alternating current in the Transformer may be

set its parts in to vibrations and sound may be produced.
It is called humming. Thus, a part of energy may be lost due to
humming

USES OF TRANSFORMER
Electric Power Transmission: Transformers are crucial in power
transmission networks to step up voltage for efficient long-distance
transmission and step-down voltage for distribution to end-users.
Voltage Regulation: Transformers help maintain a stable voltage
level by adjusting the voltage.as needed, ensuring consistent and
reliable electrical supply.

Power Distribution: They are used in power distribution systems

to provide various voltage levels suitable for residential,
commercial, and industrial applications.

Power Supply Units: Transformers are employed in power

Supply units of electronic devices, converting AC power from outlets to
the DC power needed by devices like computers and chargers.

Voltage Transformation: Transformers change the voltage levels,

allowing electricity to be transmitted at high voltages to reduce
energy losses and then be distributed at lower voltages for use.

Industrial Applications: Transformers power various industrial

machinery and equipment by adapting electrical voltage to meet
specific operational requirements.

Electrical Appliances: Many electronic devices and appliances

use transformers to convert electricity to the required voltage
for their operation.

CONCLUSION

 The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary

Coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input
 voltage.

 The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary

coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input
voltage.

 There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a

transformer.

PRECAUTION
 Ensure proper insulation between primary and secondary coils
to prevent short circuits.

 While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C should
 remain constant

 Use appropriate safety measures when working with AC mains,

including insulated tools and gloves.

 Securely fasten all connections to prevent accidental

disconnections during the experiment.

 Verify the insulation on the iron rod to avoid electrical shocks

and ensure a safe working environment.

 Double-check the circuit connections before applying AC

mains to avoid potential hazards.

 Keep the experimental setup well-ventilated to dissipate any

heat generated during the experiment.

 Have firefighting equipment nearby and follow emergency

procedures in case of unexpected events.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 NCERT Textbook Class-12th

 NCERT Physics Lab Manual

 www.google.com