Industrial A C Machines 22523 U R N UNREPEATABLE MIRACLE

Unit No 02
Single Phase Induction Motor
Teaching hours: 12 Marks: 14
Unit Unit Outcomes (UOs) Topics and Sub Topics
Single 2a Explain with sketch working of single phase 2.1 Double field revolving theory, principle of making these
Phase induction motor motors self-start
Induction 2b Explain with sketch construction of single phase 2.2 Construction and working: Resistance start induction run,
Motors induction motor capacitor start induction run, capacitor start capacitor run,
2c Suggest the relevant single phase induction motor for shaded pole, repulsion type, series motor, universal motor,
the specified different application hysteresis motor.
2d Describe the procedure to maintain given type of 2.3 Torque-speed characteristics for all of the above motors.
single phase induction motor 2.4 Motor selection for different applications as per the load
torque-speed requirements.
2.5 Maintenance of 1phaseinduction motors.

Course Outcome: Use the relevant Single Phase IM in the specified different applications

INTRODUCTION

Types of Single phase motors

Q 01) State types of single phase motors

Depending on the method of construction and method of starting single phase motors are classified as

a. single phase induction motors b) Repulsion motors c) A C Series motors d) Un-excited

synchronous motors

Q 02) Classify single phase induction motor

a) Resistance Split-phase induction motor b) Capacitor start Induction run motor c) Capacitor
Start and Run motor d) Shaded Pole Induction motor

SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

From construction point of view, this motor is nearly similar to a poly-phase induction motor, the only
difference is that

(i) Its stator is provided with a single-phase winding

(ii) A centrifugal switch is used in some types of motors to cut out a winding which is used
only for starting purposes.
(iii) It has distributed single phase stator winding and a squirrel-cage rotor.

PROF S V ALI 1
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 U R N UNREPEATABLE MIRACLE

Other performance difference is that the stator magnetic field is single phase that’s why it is not
rotating magnetic field. It’s an alternating magnetic field, which alternates along one space axis only.

DOUBLE FIELD REVOLVING THEORY:

Q 03) State the double field revolving theory of single phase induction motor. (W 14, W 15, S 16)

According to this theory an alternating uni-axial quantity can be represented by two oppositely
rotating vectors of half magnitude.

So, an alternating sinusoidal flux can be represented by two revolving fluxes, each equal to half the

value of the alternating flux and each rotating synchronously ( )in opposite direction.

Let the alternating flux have a maximum value of . As shown in figure (a) its component fluxes A
and B will each be equal to revolving in anticlockwise and clockwise directions respectively.

After some time, when A and B would have rotated through angle and , as in figure (b), the
resultant flux would be;

PROF S V ALI 2
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 U R N UNREPEATABLE MIRACLE

After a quarter cycle of rotation, fluxes A and B will be oppositely-directed as shown in figure (c) so
that the resultant flux would be zero.

After half a cycle, fluxes A and B will have a resultant of

After three-quarters of a cycle, again the resultant is zero, as shown in figure (e) and so on.

If we plot the values of resultant flux against θ between

limits , then a curve similar to the one
shown in figure below is obtained. That is why an alternating
flux can be looked upon as composed of two revolving fluxes,
each of half the value and revolving synchronously in opposite
directions.

Q 04) Give the reason why single phase induction motors are not self-starting. (S 15, 16)

Reason for single phase induction motors is not self-starting:

 When single phase AC supply is given to main winding it produces alternating flux.
 According to double field revolving theory, alternating flux can be represented by two opposite
rotating flux of half magnitude.
 These oppositely rotating flux induce current in rotor & their interaction produces two opposite
torque hence the net torque is Zero and the rotor remains standstill.
 Hence Single-phase induction motor is not self-starting.

OR

Single phase induction motor has distributed stator winding and a squirrel cage rotor.

When fed from a single-phase supply, its stator winding produces a flux (or field) which is only
alternating i.e. one which alternates along one space axis only. It is not a synchronously revolving (or
rotating) flux as in the case of a two or a three phase stator winding fed from a 2 of 3 phase supply.

Now, alternating or pulsating flux acting on a stationary squirrel-cage rotor cannot produce rotation
(only a revolving flux can produce rotation). That is why a single phase motor is not self-starting.

MAKING SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR SELF-STARTING

Q 05) what is split phase technique of starting? Why is it necessary to adopt such a technique in
single phase induction motors? (S 14)

PROF S V ALI 3
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 U R N UNREPEATABLE MIRACLE

Q 06) Discuss about the split-phasing principle used in the starting of single phase induction motor

Necessary to adopt split phase technique in single phase induction motors

 1-phase induction motor is having only one main winding.

 When 1-ph AC Supply is given, only alternating magnetic field will be produced which does not
rotate.
 For induction principle, the basic requirement of the motor is the production of rotating magnetic
field. Due to absence of rotating magnetic field, 1-ph induction motor is not having “self-starting”
property.
 To overcome this drawback and make the motor self-starting, it is temporarily converted into a
two-phase motor during starting period.
 For this purpose, split phase technique of starting is used.

Split phase technique of starting

 In this type of technique, another winding called as starting / auxiliary winding is used.
 Starting winding is having high resistance and low reactance and main / running winding is
having low resistance and high reactance.
 The resistance of the starting winding may be increased either by connecting a high resistance
R in series with it or by choosing a high-resistance fine copper wire for winding purposes.
 When current passes through these two windings, two separate fluxes having phase difference
about 600 to 900 elec. will be produced,
 The interaction between these two AC fluxes having phase difference creates rotating
magnetic field.
 The rotor rotates according to induction principle.
 The capacitor can also be adopted for Split phase technique.

RESISTANCE SPLIT-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Q 07) Explain working of resistance split phase single phase induction motor with vector diagram
(W19)
Q 08) Explain the construction and working of resistance split phase induction motor in detail. (W 15)

PROF S V ALI 4
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 U R N UNREPEATABLE MIRACLE

1) This motor consists of two windings in stator, first is main winding which is more inductive
and less resistive, hence current drawn by this winding of is much more lagging behind the
applied voltage V as shown in vector diagram.
2) Second is the starting or auxiliary winding connected in series with resistor and centrifugal
switch which is in ON position at the time of starting, so draws lagging current by small
angle with V as shown in phasor diagram.
3) The main winding and starting winding are connected in parallel with each other. So splitting
of the current is achieved here and the starting torque, obtained is very
much sufficient to accelerate the motor and motor starts rotating.
4) Phase angle between and is made as large as possible because the starting torque of a
split-phase motor is proportional to sin α.
5) After acquiring 75% of rated speed the starting or auxiliary winding is cut out of circuit with
opening of centrifugal switch. Then motor continues to run with only main winding in the
circuit.

Q 09) State any two characteristics of resistor split-phase motors

CHARACTERISTICS:
(i) The sinning torque is 15 to 2 times the full-loud torque mid (starting current is 6 to 8 times the full-
load current.
(ii) Due to their low cost, split-phase induction motors are most popular single phase motors in the
market.
(iii) Since the starting winding is made of fine wire, the current density is high and the winding heats
up quickly. If the starting period exceeds 5 seconds, the winding may burn out unless the motor is

PROF S V ALI 5
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 U R N UNREPEATABLE MIRACLE

protected by built-in-thermal relay. This motor is, therefore, suitable where starting periods are not
frequent.
An important characteristic of these motors is that they are essentially constant-speed motors.
The speed variation is 2-5% from no-load to full-load

Q 10) Draw torque speed characteristics of resistance start induction motor

Q 11) State applications of resistor split-

phase motors

APPLICATIONS:
These motors are suitable where a moderate
starting torque is required and where starting
periods are infrequent e.g., to drive:
a. Fans
b. washing machines
c. oil burners
d. Small machine tools etc.

(II) CAPACITOR-START INDUCTION-RUN MOTORS

Q 11) Explain working of capacitor start Induction run single phase Induction motor. Draw Phasor
diagram.

PROF S V ALI 6
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 U R N UNREPEATABLE MIRACLE

1) This motor consists of two windings in stator,

first is main winding which is inductive and hence
current drawn by this winding is lagging behind
the applied voltage V by an angle .
2) Second is the starting winding, also called
auxiliary winding, connected in series with a
capacitor and centrifugal switch which is in ON
position at the time of starting, so draws leading
current by an angle with respect to applied
voltage as shown in phasor diagram.

3) The main winding and starting winding are connected in parallel with each other. Value of
capacitor is so chosen that should lead by almost 90.
4) Consequently, the starting torque, obtained is very much sufficient to
accelerate the motor and motor starts rotating.
5) After acquiring 75% of rated speed the starting winding is cut out of circuit with opening of
centrifugal switch. Then motor continues to run with only main winding in the circuit.
6) The pulsating magnetic field produced by main winding can be represented by two equal but
oppositely rotating magnetic field components as per double field revolving theory. The
component which rotates in the same direction as that of rotor produces torque sufficient to
rotate the rotor with load. Thus rotor continues its rotation.

CHARACTERISTICS

Q 12) State any two characteristics of capacitor start induction motors

(i) Although starting characteristics of a capacitor-start motor are better than those of a resistor split-
phase motor, both machines possess the same running characteristics because the main windings are
identical.

(ii) The phase angle between the two currents is about 80° compared to about 25° in a resistor split-
phase motor. Consequently, for the same starting torque, the current in the starting winding is only
about half that in a resistor split-phase motor.

Therefore, the starting winding of a capacitor start motor heats up less quickly and is well suited to
applications involving either frequent or prolonged starting periods.

Q 13) Draw torque speed characteristics of capacitor start induction motor

PROF S V ALI 7
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 U R N UNREPEATABLE MIRACLE

CAPACITOR-START AND CAPACITOR-RUN MOTORS:

Q 14) Explain working of capacitor start capacitor run induction motor

This motor is identical to a capacitor-start motor except that starting winding is not opened after
starting so that both the windings remain connected to the supply when running as well as at starting.
Two designs are generally used.

(i) In one design, a single capacitor C is used for both starting and running as shown in figure (a).This
design eliminates the need of a centrifugal switch and at the same time improves the power factor and
efficiency of the motor.

(ii) In the other design, two capacitors C1 and C2 are used in the starting winding as shown in figure
(b). The smaller capacitor C1 required for optimum running conditions is permanently connected in
series with the starting winding. The much larger capacitor C2 is connected in parallel with C1 for
optimum starting and remains in the circuit during starting. The starting capacitor C1 is disconnected
when the motor approaches about 75% of synchronous speed. The motor then runs as a single-phase
induction motor.

PROF S V ALI 8
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 U R N UNREPEATABLE MIRACLE

Figure (a) Figure (b)

Characteristics

(i) The starting winding and the capacitor can be designed for perfect 2-phase operation at any load.
The motor then produces a constant torque and not a pulsating torque as in other single-phase motors.

(ii) Because of constant torque, the motor is vibration free.

Q 15) Draw torque speed characteristics of capacitor start capacitor run induction motor

Applications:

Q 16) State applications of capacitor start capacitor run induction motor

a. Hospitals
b. Studios and
c. Other places where silence is important.

Q 17) Compare resistance split phase and capacitance split phase induction motor (W 15, S 16)

PROF S V ALI 9
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 U R N UNREPEATABLE MIRACLE

SN Points Resistance split phase motor Capacitor split phase motor

01 Output Low High
02 Starting torque Low High
03 Power factor Low High
04 Applications Washing machine, Fans, Grinder, compressors,
Blowers, centrifugal pump, Refrigerator, Air conditioners,
small electrical Tools drill machines etc

SHADED-POLE MOTOR:
Q 18) State construction and working of shaded pole single phase induction motor. (S 14, W 15, S15,
16)
Q 19) Explain phase shifting (production of rotating magnetic field) in shaded pole induction motor
with neat diagram. W 19

1) The shaded-pole motor is very popular for ratings below 0.05 H.P. (~40 W) because of its
extremely simple construction.
2) It has salient poles on the stator excited by single-phase supply and a squirrel cage rotor as
shown in figure below.
3) In such motors, the necessary phase-splitting is produced by induction. A portion of each pole
is surrounded by a short-circuited turn of copper strip called shading coil.

4) One laminated pole of such a motor is shown separately. It has a slot cut across the
laminations that is approximately one-third distance from one edge.
5) A short circuited highly inductive Cu coil known as shading coil is placed around the small
part of pole. This part of the pole is known as shaded part and the other as un-shaded part.
6) When single phase supply is applied across the stator winding, an alternating field is created.
The flux distribution is non-uniform due to shading bands on the poles. The shading band acts

PROF S V ALI 10
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 U R N UNREPEATABLE MIRACLE

as a single turn coil and when links with alternating flux, emf is induced in it. The emf
circulates current as it is simply a short circuit.
7) The current produces the magnetic flux in the shaded part of pole to oppose the cause of its
production which is the change in the alternating flux produced by the winding of motor.
8) Now consider three different instants of time , , of the flux wave to examine the effect
of shading band as shown in the figure below.

a) At instant : The flux is positive and rising; hence the shading band current produces its own
flux to oppose the rising main flux. Due to this opposition, the net flux in shaded portion of
pole is lesser than that in un-shaded portion. Thus the magnetic axis lies in the un-shaded
portion and away from shaded portion.
b) At instant : The flux is the maximum; the rate of change of flux is zero. So the shading band
emf and current are zero. Thus the flux distribution among shaded and un-shaded portion is
equal. The magnetic axis lies in the center of the pole.
c) At instant : The flux is positive but decreasing, hence according to Lenz’s rule, the shading
band emf and current try to oppose the fall in the main flux. So the shading band current
produces its own flux which aids the main flux. Since shading band produces aiding flux in
shaded portion, the strength of flux in shaded portion increases and the magnetic axis lies in
the shaded portion.

PROF S V ALI 11
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 U R N UNREPEATABLE MIRACLE

Thus it is seen that as time passes, the magnetic neutral axis shifts from left to right in every half
cycle, from non-shaded area of pole to the shaded area of the pole. This gives a rotating field effect
which is sufficient to provide starting torque to squirrel cage rotor and rotor rotates.

CHARACTERISTICS

Q 20) State any two salient features of shaded pole induction motor

(i) The salient features of this motor are simple in construction, extremely rugged, reliable and
cheap, and absence of centrifugal switch.

(ii) Starting torque, efficiency and power factor are very low

DISADVANTAGES:

(i) Low starting torque (ii) very little overload capacity and (iii) low efficiency

APPLICATIONS:

Q 21) State any two applications of shaded pole induction motor

Because of its low starting torque, this motor is only suitable for low power applications e.g., to
drive: such as a. small fan b. Toys c. Hair driers d. Desk fans e) electric clocks etc.

The power rating of such motors is up to about 30 W.

TORQUE / SPEED CURVE

Q 22) Draw a typical torque speed characteristics of shaded pole motor

A typical torque / speed curve for such a motor is shown in figure above.

PROF S V ALI 12
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 U R N UNREPEATABLE MIRACLE

Q23) Write any two applications of each of the following:

i) Shaded pole IM ii) Capacitor start induction run iii) Resistance start induction run iv)
Capacitor start capacitor run. (S 15)

SN Type of 1- Applications
Induction motor
01 Shaded pole motor Recording Instruments, Record Player, Gramophones, toy
motors, Hair dryers, Photo copy machine, Advertising
display
02 Capacitor start Fans, Blowers, Grinder, Drilling Machine, Washing
induction motor Machine, Refrigerator, Air conditioner, Domestic Water
Pumps, Compressor
03 Resistance start Washing Machine, Fans, Blowers, Domestic Refrigerator,
induction motor Centrifugal Pump, Small electrical Tools, Saw machine
04 Capacitor start Fans, Blowers, Grinder, Drilling Machine, Washing
capacitor run Machine, Refrigerator, Air conditioner, Domestic Water
Pumps, compressors.

Q 24) Compare resistance start with capacitor start 1- Phase induction motor on any four points.
(W 13)

SN Resistance start 1-Ph Induction Motor Resistance start 1-Ph Induction

01 Low starting torque High Starting torque
02 Low power factor High power factor
03 Poor efficiency Better efficiency
04 Applicable for light loads Applicable for moderate load
05 Less maintenance more maintenance
06 More heating Less heating
07 low performance High performance

SERIES MOTORS

Q 25) What problems will occur if an ordinary DC series motor were connected to an AC supply?

PROF S V ALI 13
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 U R N UNREPEATABLE MIRACLE

If an ordinary DC series motor were connected to an AC supply, it will rotate and exert
unidirectional torque because the current flowing both in the armature and field reverses at the
same time. But the performance of such a motor will not be satisfactory for the following reasons

1. The alternating flux would cause excessive eddy current loss in the yoke and field cores which
will become extremely heated.

2. Sparking will occur at brushes because of the huge voltage and current induced in the short-
circuited armature coils during their commutation period.

3. Power factor is low because of high inductance of the field and armature circuits.

A DC series motor will rotate in the same direction regardless of the polarity of the supply. One
can expect that a DC series motor would also operate on a single-phase supply. It is then called an
AC series motor. However, some changes must be made in a DC motor that is to operate
satisfactorily on AC supply.

Q 26) State the modification to be done in dc series motor to work satisfactorily as ac series
motor. State applications of ac series motor. W 19

Q 27) Practically if D.C. series motor has to be supplied with single phase A.C., what
modification and refinements will have to be done on D.C. series motor? (W 15)

Modifications are necessary in a dc series motor so that it operates satisfactorily on ac supply. The
modifications are as follows:

1) AC series motor is built with a few field turns as possible in order to reduce series field
impedance.

2) A.C series motor is provided with a large number of poles with less flux per pole.

3) The motor is provided with large number of armature conductors to compensate the reduced
field and to develop the required torque.

4) The air gap is made very small because of weak field.

5) All parts of the magnetic circuit of an a.c series motor must be laminated to reduce the eddy
current losses.

6) A.C series motors are designed to operate on low frequency, low voltage supply.

7) The armature coils are single turn coils and brushes of less width are used.

PROF S V ALI 14
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 U R N UNREPEATABLE MIRACLE

8) The compensating winding is provided in the pole faces of an a.c series motor to neutralize the
armature reaction effect.

9) The motor is suitable for low voltage. It requires transformer to operate it.

10) Inter poles are provided for good commutation, high efficiency and high output.

11) Use of high resistance carbon brushes is made.

12) Width of brushes is kept small to avoid sparking.

Application of A C Series Motor:

1) Electric traction

2) Stone crushing machine

3) Washing machine

4) Mixers and grinders

5) High speed vacuum cleaners

6) Sewing machines

7) Food processors

8) Drilling machine

Q 28) Explain working principle of AC series motor. Draw speed-torque characteristics of AC

series motor. S 15

Working Principle of AC Series Motor

1) AC series motors are also known as the modified dc series motor as their construction is very
similar to that of the dc series motor.
2) An AC supply will produce a unidirectional torque because the direction of both the currents (i.e.
armature current and field current) reverses at the same time.
3) Due to presence of alternating current, eddy currents are induced in the yoke and field cores
which results in excessive heating of the yoke and field cores.
4) Due to the high inductance of the field and the armature circuit, the power factor would
become very low.

PROF S V ALI 15
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 U R N UNREPEATABLE MIRACLE

5) There is sparking at the brushes of the dc series motor.

6) In this type of motor, the compensating winding has no interconnection with the armature circuit
of the motor.
7) In this case, a transformer action will take place as the armature winding will act as primary
winding of the transformer and the compensation winding will acts as a secondary winding.
8) The current in the compensating winding will be in phase opposition to the current in the armature
winding.

TORQUE SPEED CHARACTERISTICS

HYSTERESIS MOTORS

Q 29) Explain with neat sketches working of Hysteresis motor (W 19, S22)

PROF S V ALI 16
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 U R N UNREPEATABLE MIRACLE

Working:

The operation of this motor depends on the presence of a continuously-revolving magnetic flux.
Hence, for the split-phase operation, its stator has two windings which remain connected to the single-
phase supply continuously both at starting as well as during the running of the motor.

The rotor is a smooth chrome-steel cylinder having high retentivity so that the hysteresis loss is high.
(Rotors of ceramic permanent magnet material are used whose resistivity approaches that of an
insulator. Consequently, it is impossible to set up eddy currents in such a rotor. Hence, there is no
eddy current loss but only hysteresis loss.)

When stator is energized with single phase ac supply, rotating magnetic field is produced because of
starting (auxiliary) and main windings, which remain in circuit permanently.

The rotor, which is hysteresis ring, cuts this flux, so emf is induced and eddy currents start circulating
in rotor as it is a shorted ring. Thus eddy current torque is developed along with the hysteresis torque
in the rotor.

Hysteresis torque in the rotor is developed because the rotor magnetic material has high hysteresis
loss property and high retentivity.

Now the rotor starts rotating initially as induction motor with speed somewhat less than synchronous
speed and rotor pole axis lagging behind the axis of rotating stator field.

When the speed of the rotor reaches near about the synchronous speed, then rotor poles are locked
with stator field poles and then rotor starts rotating with synchronous speed.

At the condition of synchronism, the relative motion between stator rotating magnetic field and rotor
vanishes, hence no eddy current are induced & no eddy current torque is produced on rotor. In this
condition the rotor continues to rotate because of hysteresis torque only.

PROF S V ALI 17
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 U R N UNREPEATABLE MIRACLE

This torque is constant at all speeds and motor runs with perfect synchronous speed. Due to the
principle of magnetic locking this motor rotates at synchronous speed.

However if due to some reason the rotor falls out of synchronism, the relative speed appears between
stator rotating magnetic field and rotor, so eddy currents are induced, eddy current torque is produced
and rotor is speed up.

Q 30) State some unique features of a hysteresis motor.

(i) Since its hysteresis torque remains practically constant from locked rotor to synchronous speed, a
hysteresis motor is able to synchronize any load it can accelerate–something no other motor does.

(ii) Due to its smooth rotor, the motor operates quietly and does not suffer from magnetic pulsations
caused by slots/salient-poles that are present in the rotors of other motors.

UNIVERSAL MOTOR

There are small capacity series motors which can be operated on DC supply or single phase
alternating supply of same voltage with similar characteristics, called universal motors. The general
construction of such motor is similar to that of AC series motor as discussed in last article. It is
manufactured in two types.

Non-compensated, low HP

Compensated type, high HP

Non-compensated type pole has 2 poles, having entire magnetic path as laminated. Armature is
wound type similar to the normal d.c. motor. Such non compensated construction is shown in the
following figure.

While in compensated type, the motor has

distributed field winding consisting of main
field and compensating winding. This is
somewhat similar to the stator of split phase
single phase induction motor type construction.
This also has a wound armature similar lo the
normal dc motor.

Following figure shows the connection diagrams for both the types of universal motor.

PROF S V ALI 18
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 U R N UNREPEATABLE MIRACLE

The speed - torque characteristics for both the types of universal motor are shown in following figure.

Compensated type universal motor have better speed-torque characteristics i.e. the characteristics are
same for the operation of motor on ac or dc supply. The motors are generally designed for full load
operating speeds ranging between 3000 to 20000 rpm

APPLICATIONS:

Though compensated type characteristics are better, the non-compensated types are more preferred for
low HP applications.

While compensated type of universal motors are preferred for high HP applications. High starting
torque is the important feature of universal motors.

The universal motors are used for domestic applications like vacuum cleaners, food processors and
mixers, hair driers, coffee grinders, electric shavers etc.

Their other applications are blowers, portable tools like drilling machines and small drives.

Q) Draw and explain torque speed characteristics of Universal motor and state applications of the
same. W 22

PROF S V ALI 19
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 U R N UNREPEATABLE MIRACLE

Torque-Speed characteristics:
In electric motor, the torque is produced due to interaction
between conductor current (armature current, Ia) and magnetic
flux . Therefore TIa

Universal motor is basically series motor i.e armature winding

and field winding are in series, so field current

Therefore, the magnetic flux produced by field winding is proportional to field current i.e armature
current. Ia
Thus
Speed is inversely proportional to flux, N (1/).
Comparing dependence of torque and speed on flux, it is clear that N √ .
Therefore torque-speed characteristics of universal motors for both AC and DC are inverse
characteristics as shown in the figure.
The speed of the universal motor is the lowest at full load and the highest at no load.
Applications of Universal Motor:
1) Mixer and Food processor
2) Heavy duty machine tools
3) Grinder
4) Vacuum cleaners
5) Drills
6) Sewing machines
7) Electric Shavers
8) Hair dryers
9) Cloth washing machine

Q) State suitable single phase motor for following applications: W 19

(i) Table fan (ii) Mixers and Grinders

SN Application Suitable Single Phase Motor

1 Table Fan 1) Capacitor split phase motor
2) Capacitor start capacitor run motor
2 Mixers and Grinders 1) Universal motor
2) A.C. Series motor

PROF S V ALI 20
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 U R N UNREPEATABLE MIRACLE

2.4 Motor selection for different applications as per the load torque-speed requirements.

The type of motor chosen for an application depends on the characteristics needed in that application
which include:

a) The power supply

b) System requirements,
c) Motor Duty Cycle,
d) Bearing type,
e) Method of mounting the motor,
f) The cost and size of the motor,
g) Method of speed control,
h) Environmental conditions.

1- The Power Supply

The power supply is distinguished by its number of phases, rated voltage and frequency as follows:

No of phases: Generally for domestic use, single phase motors are preferred as the supply is single
phase. But for industrial purposes more output, more torque and more efficiency are the requirements;
generally three phase motors are preferred.

Rated voltage: The machines are designed to work for some rated voltages and they work properly at
their rated voltages. The selection of motor is done according to the voltage of installation.

2- System requirements:

This includes:

i) Rated Speed (Speed measured in shaft revolutions per minute (RPM)).

ii) Torque.
iii) Horsepower.
iv) Torque - Speed performance of a motor.

2.1 Rated speed

The speed at which an induction motor operates is dependent upon the input power frequency and the
number of electrical magnetic poles for which the motor is wound.

The higher the frequency, the faster the motor runs. The more poles the motor has, the slower it runs.

PROF S V ALI 21
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 U R N UNREPEATABLE MIRACLE

2.2 Torque

Torque is one key motor characteristic (in addition to horsepower) that determine the size of motor for
an application. Torque is merely a turning effort or force acting through a radius.

2.3 Horsepower

Horsepower take into account how fast the motor shaft is turned. Turning the shaft rapidly requires
more horsepower than turning it slowly. Thus, horsepower is a measure of the rate at which work is
done.

2.4 Duty Cycle:

The duty cycle of an electric motor is closely related to the duty type of the electric motor.

The duty cycle may be continuous duty cycle, short time duty cycle, intermittent duty cycle,
continuous with intermittent duty cycle,

2.5 MAINTENANCE OF 1PHASEINDUCTION MOTORS.

Q) Why the electrical equipment’s maintenance is necessary? State different categories’ of

maintenance

Maintenance of electrical equipment’s is necessary because of following points;

1. It prevents minor faults from developing into major breakdown.

2. It prevents premature failure.

3. It reduces breakdown period.

4. It reduces breakdown to a minimum and increases the efficiency of equipment’s and machinery.

5. It keeps the machine in good working condition by reducing wear and tear.

6. It provides greater safety & protection to the workers.

7. It uses less standby equipment’s.

8. It increases life of machine/equipment.

9. It avoids inconvenience.

10. It increases productivity.

11. It determines the need for major & minor repairs.

PROF S V ALI 22
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 U R N UNREPEATABLE MIRACLE

12. It develop maintenance schedule at low cost.

Different categories’ of maintenance:

1. Preventive Maintenance

2. Routine Maintenance

3. Periodic Maintenance

4. Maintenance on Fault or Corrective or Breakdown Maintenance

5. Overhaul

Q) State any four objectives of preventive maintenance of electrical equipment. (W 15)

Objective of preventive maintenance of electrical equipment:

1. To prevent minor faults from developing into major breakdown.

2. To reduce breakdown period.

3. To keep the machine in good working condition by reducing wear and tear.

4. To provide greater safety & protection to the workers.

5. To use less standby equipment.

6. To increase life of machine.

7. To avoid inconvenience.

8. To increase productivity

9. To determine the need for major & minor repairs.

10. To develop maintenance schedule at low cost.

Q) Explain preventive maintenance of induction motor. (S 15)

Explanation of preventive maintenance of induction motor:

1. General: - The machine should be stopped and isolated from all supplies before any maintenance
work is done. The frequency of maintenance required depends to a large extent upon the site
conditions.

2. Clean the winding of motors against affected due to surrounding atmosphere condition.

3. Air passage for ventilation blown out regularly to avoid interference with cooling system.
PROF S V ALI 23
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 U R N UNREPEATABLE MIRACLE

4. Renew switch-gear & fuse worn-out contacts i.e. starter.

5. Brushes:

 Replace worn out brushes of similar grade.

 Adjust the brush pressure properly.
 Free movement of brushes in the respective box must be ensuring.
 Check that the brushes are sitting properly on the slip ring & tension is uniform.
 Care should be taken that brushes should be vibrating in holders when motor is running.
 Replace if brushes are worn out within 3 mm of their supports arm.
 Brushes should be checked after every 100 hours running.
6. Slip-ring:

 Replace slip-rings if it is uneven wear.

 Clean the slip-ring dust.
 Tight the connections from winding to Slip lings.
7. Bearing:

 Replace worn-out bearings by equipment bearings of similar type.

 Clean & recharge the bearings after every 3000 hours of running.
 Use sand paper to clean the contacts between brushes & Slip-ring by manually rotating
armature and finally clean with dry cloth in the direction of rotation only.
 Do not use different grade of grease.
 Add lubricating oil, if necessary in case of lubricating motors.
 In case of indirect drive, check the belt tension & if found excess, it should be reduced.
 Make alignment proper.
8. The air gap: should be periodically checked with a feeler gauge to ensure against a worn bearing
that might permit the rotor to rub against the stator core. Even slight rubbing of the rotor against the
stator will generate enough heat to destroy the coil insulation. This check is needed particularly for
sleeve-bearing motors.

9. Do properly maintenance of cooling system.

10. Check the insulation resistance & polarization Index (P.I) if it is not satisfactory than machine
should cleaned & drying test is conducted to improve the insulation resistance

11. Check continuity of earth conductor if found open correct it.

12. Tight all the connections in terminal box & starting unit.

13. Check the condition of foundation and found any defect rectify it.
PROF S V ALI 24
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 U R N UNREPEATABLE MIRACLE

14. Checking of base plate fixing on foundation.

OR

(Any four activity from following is expected and not all: 1 Mark each)

Activities of preventive Maintenance:

 Inspect plant under working condition and also when it as rest.

 It includes visual inspection, cleaning, minor repairs such as replacement of small parts and
adjustment of equipment.
 Routine maintenance includes all work required in cleaning of electrical equipment from dust
& dirt.
 Periodic visual inspection of various equipment to locate initial condition leading to
breakdown.
 Up keep of equipment and plant & repair defects at their initial stage.
 Cleaning of the fitting, tank cover, bushing of power transformers.
 Cleaning the fixed & moving contacts of starters and replacement of burnt contacts.
 Routine maintenances of electric motors involve washing and lubrication of bearing, checking
of control equipment and replacement of carbon brushes.
 Checking of stationary parts.
 Checking of movable parts.
 Checking of safety measures.
 Checking of protective device
 Checking of working condition of equipment or machinery.
 Checking of surrounding in which the machinery or equipment has to work i.e. atmospheric
condition.
OR

(Any four activity from following is expected and not all: 1 Mark each)

i) Daily maintenance:-

 Dust & dirt is the principle cause of electrical breakdown. So as possible machine should be
kept clean & dry both internally & externally.
 Ensure that supply voltage & frequency is within tolerance band specified in the catalog of
machine.
 The insulation temperature and body temperature must be recorded frequently. It should be
within permissible limits so that machine can run smoothly.

PROF S V ALI 25
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 U R N UNREPEATABLE MIRACLE

 Ensure that all terminals are clean & tight.

 Check the security of all fixing bolts, coupling grounds etc.
 Check the accessories like starter, relays & control equipment.
 Checking of cooling arrangements
 Air passage for ventilation blown out regularly to avoid interference with cooling system.
 To check the motor earthing connection.
 In case of indirect drive, check the belt tension & condition.
 To check the vibrators, checking whether motor is operating smoothly.
ii) Weekly Maintenance:-

After completing activities during daily schedule following activity are necessary during weekly
schedule.

 Examine contacts of starting equipment.

 Air gap between stator and rotor be checked in case of sleeve bearing motor.
 Alignment should be thoroughly checked.
iii) Monthly Maintenance:-

After completing activities during daily & weekly maintenance schedule following activities are
necessary during monthly schedule.

 Overhaul controllers.
 Renew lubricating oil
 Clean winding by vacuum pump
 Check the winding for their proper insulation.
 Check the bearing condition.
iv) Half Yearly Maintenance:-

After completing activities during all activities mention above following activities are necessary
during half yearly schedule.

 Cleaning of windings of motors against affected due to surrounding atmosphere condition.

 Varnishing and Baking is carried out if found necessary.
 Check grease in ball and roller bearings.
 Check Slip-rings against unusual wearing.
 Drain all oil, wash bearings with kerosene.
 Flush with fresh oil and refill with fresh and clean lubricating oil.
v) Yearly (Annual) Maintenance:-

PROF S V ALI 26
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 U R N UNREPEATABLE MIRACLE

After completing all activities mention above following activities are necessary in yearly maintenance
schedule.

 Over-haul the motors.

 Check bearing against worn-out.
 Check the bearing & brushes against worn-out.
 Check the condition of foundation.
 Check the insulation resistance.
 Check the earth resistance.
OR

Any well planned Preventive maintenance program /function/maintenance schedule should possess
following basic aspects

1. Inspection: What to inspect and how to inspect?

2. Frequencies: How often to inspect?

3. Schedules: When to inspect?

4. Records: What to record and how to record?

Planning of Maintenance:-

 The maintenance engineer should be inspect the plant periodically under working conditions
and also when it is at rest with good planning and preparation.
 Mainly tests can be made during lunch time recess.
 The maintenance schedule is usually in the form of log sheets on which days, weeks, months
of the year are tabulated.
 The planning of maintenance should be categorized in following ways:
1. Routine maintenance

2. Periodically Maintenance (weekly, fortnightly, monthly, quarterly or half yearly)

3. Maintenance of fault as and when the fault occurs.

PROF S V ALI 27