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How to Define a Nonlinear Material for Your Simulations_-1

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Antonio Mateos
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© © All Rights Reserved
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COM

How to Define
a Nonlinear
Material for Your
Simulations?

#BEYONDTHESOFTWARE
How to Define
a Nonlinear Material for Your Simulations?

Let’s review the three steps you need to go through in order to define your
nonlinear material model for your nonlinear material simulations:
Step #1: Define the Yield Criterion
Step #2: Select an Elasto-Plastic Behavior and Define the Material Data
Step #3: Select a Hardening Rule
How to Define a Nonlinear Material for Your Simulations?

Step #1: Define the yield


criterion
The yield stress is the point at which a material begins to permanently
deform.
Yield stress is defined as the stress value that produces the smallest
measurable permanent strain.
In reality, stress is usually not uniaxial, with stresses acting in different
directions. Therefore, it’s essential to determine which combination of
uniaxial stresses will cause yielding and then define a yield criterion.
Each yield criterion is governed by a specific yield function of the
stress state.

Select between the following yield


criteria:

Von Mises – Ideal for ductile


materials.
Tresca – Used for brittle
materials.
Mohr-Coulomb – Suitable for
concrete and soil.
Drucker-Prager – Another
option for concrete and soil.
How to Define a Nonlinear Material for Your Simulations?

Step #2: Select an Elasto-


Plastic Behavior and Define
the Material Data

Select between the following:

Bilinear elasto-plastic material


Multilinear elasto-plastic material
Rigid plastic material
How to Define a Nonlinear Material for Your Simulations?

Step #2: Select an Elasto-


Plastic Behavior and Define
the Material Data
Bilinear elasto-plastic material offers a practical approach for
simulating real material behavior under stress.

Input Guidelines:

Yield Stress: Use specific criteria like von Mises


(for ductile materials) or Tresca (for brittle
materials).
Cohesion Factor: For Mohr-Coulomb and
Drucker–Prager criteria, input twice the cohesion
value.
Work Hardening Slope (H): Define the slope of
the stress-strain curve beyond the yield point.
Use H=0 for perfectly plastic materials or
calculate H for other materials.
How to Define a Nonlinear Material for Your Simulations?

Step #2: Select an Elasto-


Plastic Behavior and Define
the Material Data
Multilinear Elasto-Plastic Material: This method allows for detailed
modeling of material behavior by defining multiple points on the
stress-strain curve.

Input Guidelines:
How to Define a Nonlinear Material for Your Simulations?

Step #2: Select an Elasto-


Plastic Behavior and Define
the Material Data
Rigid plastic material (useful for metal forming)

Input Guidelines:

Only the plastic part of the stress-strain


curve is defined (Hollomon model for
example).
The solver will assume that the material
is rigid in the elastic regime.
How to Define a Nonlinear Material for Your Simulations?

Step #3: Define a


hardening rule
Isotropic hardening for non reverse loading

Kinematic hardening for cycling loading

Combined hardening for cycling loading with better accuracy


How to Define a Nonlinear Material for Your Simulations?

Step #3: Define a


hardening rule
Strain hardening, also known as work hardening, is the strengthening of a material by
plastic deformation.

This strengthening occurs because of dislocation movements and generation within


the crystal structure of the material.

If a material does not exhibit strain hardening, it is called a perfectly plastic material.

Typically, strain Hardening occurs in a metallic part when it is strained beyond the
yield point.

An increasing stress is required to produce additional plastic deformation, then the


material becomes stronger and more difficult to deform.

So, during plastic deformation, the yield surface will expand and/or translate with the
increasing strain.

For a material that strain hardens, the yield surface must change to guarantee
continuous straining.

The change in yield surface is governed by the hardening rules. The hardening rules
describe how the yield surface changes under the plastic deformation.
How to Define a Nonlinear Material for Your Simulations?

Hardening Rules
Isotropic hardening
With the isotropic hardening rule, the loading surface expands uniformly
around the origin in the stress space during plastic flow, maintaining the
same shape, same center, and same orientation as the original yield surface.
How to Define a Nonlinear Material for Your Simulations?

Hardening Rules
Isotropic hardening
According to the isotropic hardening rule, if you permanently deform a
structure, unload it, then reload it, its yield stress increases, compared to
what it was in the first loading cycle.

So, the loading in tension also hardens the material in compression

However, in cyclic loading, an isotropic hardening model provides a poor


representation of the stress-strain response for many metals because the
isotropic hardening rule does not account for Bauschinger effect.
How to Define a Nonlinear Material for Your Simulations?

Hardening Rules
Isotropic hardening
Consequently, the isotropic model is fine for representing a structure that is
only to be loaded at once or only to be reloaded in the same direction
cyclically (tension-zero-tension) but the expansion of the yield surface does
not adequately capture behavior for a reverse loading (like tension-
compression-tension).
How to Define a Nonlinear Material for Your Simulations?

Hardening Rules
Kinematic hardening
With the kinematic hardening rule, the loading surface translates as a rigid
body in stress space during plastic deformation, maintaining the size and the
shape of the yield surface.
How to Define a Nonlinear Material for Your Simulations?

Hardening Rules
Kinematic hardening
Kinematic hardening models the material behaviors better when
components are subjected to cyclic loading because it does account for the
Bauschinger effect which states that when a material has already been
yielded, it yields earlier in the opposite direction.
How to Define a Nonlinear Material for Your Simulations?

Hardening Rules
Kinematic hardening
When a permanently deformed part is unloaded, some residual stresses
remain in the regions where the plastic deformation occurred.
How to Define a Nonlinear Material for Your Simulations?

Hardening Rules
Kinematic hardening
So, if the part was previously loaded in tension, the plastic yielding in
compression will be modified in the plastic region.

The loading in tension will make the material softer in compression.


How to Define a Nonlinear Material for Your Simulations?

Hardening Rules
Kinematic hardening
From an history point of view, the material is loaded in tension and begins
yielding at the point A. The material is then loaded into the plastic region.
How to Define a Nonlinear Material for Your Simulations?

Hardening Rules
Kinematic hardening
The unloading to zero stress will not cause any additional translation of the
yield surface since translation occurs during plastic straining.
How to Define a Nonlinear Material for Your Simulations?

Hardening Rules
Kinematic hardening
When the part is loaded in compression in the opposite direction, the yielding
will occur with a reduced stress, this is the Bauschinger effect.

For many materials, the kinematic hardening model gives a better


representation of loading/unloading behavior than the isotropic hardening
model.
How to Define a Nonlinear Material for Your Simulations?

Hardening Rules
Combined hardening
some metallic materials can exhibit isotropic and kinematic hardening
simultaneously, it is called combined hardening.

The size of the yield surface as well as the location of the yield surface
change concurrently.
How to Define a Nonlinear Material for Your Simulations?

Hardening Rules
Combined hardening
With combined hardening, the compression is in between the isotropic and
kinematic stress

This hardening rule is often considered as the most accurate way to predict
material behavior in case of loading-unloading behavior.
Enroll Now in the
FEA Academy
Nonlinear Course
Master nonlinear finite element analysis
through our expert-led online course. Gain
practical skills and insights for your
engineering projects.

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