910220, INTEGRATED WASTE

MANAGEMENT FOR SMART CITY

Dr. Prachi Singh

Assistant Professor,
Civil Engineering Department
MITS Gwalior

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil

Engg. Deptt.
 COURSE OBJECTIVES

1) To provide broad knowledge on various aspects of

planning & implementation of waste management system
in a smart city/town.
2) To understand the principles applied in waste
management.
3) To understand various ways to collect, treat & disposal of
waste.
4) To understand various methods of energy recovery from
waste.
5) To understand various aspects of hazardous waste
management, E-waste management, biomedical waste
management etc.

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 SYLLABUS
Unit I:
• Introduction to waste management, classification of solid waste, objective of solid waste
management, principles of integrated waste management, 3R policy, various laws & rules of
waste management (MSW Rules, hazardous waste management rules, E-waste rules etc.), role
of various agencies in planning of waste management system, swachh bharat mission and
smart cities program – implementation, current status, challenges and future trend of waste
management.
Unit II:
• Municipal solid waste – generation, composition, characterization, handling of waste at source,
collection of waste – collection system, collection routes, collection equipments, transportation
of waste, transfer stations, segregation and recycling of waste, disposal of waste through
landfills – types of landfills, planning & operation of landfills, leachate management & control
of gases in landfills, environmental monitoring of landfills.
Unit III:
• Energy recovery from municipal solid waste - thermal conversion technologies, incineration,
pyrolysis, gasification, environmental control system, biological & chemical conversion
technologies, aerobic composting, anaerobic digestion, refuse derived fuels, other biological
and chemical transformation methods.
Unit IV:
• Hazardous waste management – characteristics, source, health effects, physiochemical
treatment methods of hazardous waste, disposal of hazardous waste, Biomedical waste
management – sources, health effects, issues in India, challenges, handling of biomedical
waste.
Unit V:
• E-waste management – sources, heath effects, issues in India, challenges, handling of E-waste.
Plastic waste management – Dr. Prachiof
types Singh, Assistant Professor,
plastics, sourcesCivil
of plastic waste, impacts of plastic
Engg. Deptt.
waste, plastic waste management practices. Management of construction & demolition wastes.
 COURSE OUTCOMES

Upon completion of the course, the students will be able to:

• CO 1: Explain the principles & concepts of waste
management.
• CO 2: Apply various techniques of handling the waste.
• CO 3: Apply various techniques of energy recovery from
waste.
• CO 4: Plan an effective & efficient waste management
system.

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 SUGGESTED READINGS
Text Books:
1. Text Book of Solid Wastes Management, Iqbal H. Khan and Naved
Ahsan, CBS Publishers, 1st edition 2012
2. Integrated Solid Waste Management, Hilary Theisen and Samuel A, Vigil,
George Tchobanoglous, McGraw Hill Yew York, 1993
Reference Books:
1. Environmental Engineering, Rowe, Peavy & Tchobanogolous, Tata
McGraw Hill Publications, 2017
2. CPHEEO, Manual on Municipal Solid Waste management, Central Public
Health and Environmental Engineering organization, Government of
India, New Delhi, 2016
3. Solid Waste Engineering, Vesilind P.A., Worrel H. W. and Reinhard,
Thomson Learning Inc, 2003
SWAYAM COURSE AVAILABLE FOR HELP:
1. 12 WEEKS ONLINE SWAYAM/NPTEL Course on INTEGRATED WASTE
MANAGEMENT FOR A SMART CITY, IIT KHARAGPUR.
Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.
 Collection Routes
 Collection Routes must be laid so that both the work force and
equipment are used effectively, also cost of whole collection system
is an important part of whole budget of waste management system,
hence the collection route must be optimized from both
environmental & economic point of view.
 Routes may be optimized on basis of experience & intuition or by
observing some rules/guidelines. Also nowadays GIS based model
studies are being done for route optimization based on time travel
data.
 For planning & laying of collection routes, basic information with
regards to traffic, speed etc. must be available.
 A no. of possible alternative routes can be identified for waste
collection and then based on various constraints, the best possible
environmental and economical option may be selected.
 There is no universal set of rules available for selection & laying out
of routes that can be applied to every situation. In general layout of
routes involve series of trials
Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.
 Collection Routes
 The following guidelines should be taken into consideration in the
selection of routes:
1. Existing company policies and regulations such as the point of
collection and frequency of collection should be followed.
2. Existing system conditions such as crew size and vehicle types
should be commensurate to the requirements.
3. Routes should be laid out so that they begin and end near arterial
streets, using topographical & physical barriers as route
boundaries.
4. In hilly areas, routes should start at the top of hill and should
proceed downhill as vehicle becomes loaded.
5. Route should be laid out so that the last transfer station to be
emptied is located nearest to disposal facility.
6. Wastes from congested areas should be collected either early in
morning or late at night.
Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.
 Collection Routes
7. Sources at which larger quantity of wastes is generated should be
serviced during the first part of the day and if required more than
once also per day.
8. Scattered transfer stations, where small quantities of solid wastes
are collected should be serviced during one trip.
Layout of Routes:
The layout of collection routes is a four step-process.
• First, prepare location maps on a relatively large scale map of the
area to be served, the following data should be plotted for each
solid-waste pick-up point: location, number of containers,
collection frequency.
• Second, prepare data summaries. Estimate the quantity of waste
generated from pick-up locations serviced each day. Where the
stationary system is used, the number of pick up cycle must also be
determined
Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.
 Collection Routes
• Third, lay out preliminary collection routes starting from the
dispatch station. A route should be laid out that connects all the
pickup locations to be served during each collection day. The rout
should be laid out so that the last location is nearest the disposal
site.
• Fourth, develop balanced routes. After the preliminary collection
routes have been laid out, the haul distance for each route should be
determined. In some cases it may be necessary to readjust the
collection routes to balance the work load and the distance traveled.
After the balance, routes have been established they should be
drawn on the master map.

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Collection Routes
Collection Scheduling :
 After routes are laid out, proper collection schedule is made for
each route, wherein the data pertaining to daily collection route is
entered. This schedule is generally maintained in the form of
register or log book.
 A copy of this schedule is made available to vehicle drivers and
other administrative and monitoring authorities.
 The drivers are required to maintain the schedule and enter the daily
data in the log book or register and submit the data to the authorities
time to time.
 Any major deviation from planned schedule is to be answerable by
the drivers.
 The authorities may review the schedule once in a while depending
upon the local conditions and also response received from the
drivers etc. in that case new revised schedule is prepared for a route
and followed.
Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.
 Transfer Stations
 It is either open or closed structures built by local civil authorities at
various locations in the city.
 Transfer stations receive waste from various small collection
vehicle and then from here waste is transported further in larger
vehicles'.
 In addition to this loading & unloading of waste, transfer station
can also be designed in such a way that it can be used for storage
and waste processing too.
 Transfer station have facilities for waste separation, size and
volume reduction as well.
 Sometimes they may also be waste treatment facilities available.
 Transfer station serves best when distance between collection area
and disposal/processing facility is very large and also its
uneconomical to transport the waste in small collection vehicle.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OqTbxxIUH-g
Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.
 Transfer Stations
 The major limitation of transfer station includes additional cost of
building structures which will be used as transfer stations & labor
cost.
 It also consumes high energy for waste transfer, segregation, etc.
 Other problems include attraction of flies, odours, traffic noise &
public aesthetics too.
 Hence generally transfer stations are not located nearby residential
areas and should be easily accessible by road.
 Need & Selection of proper transfer station is based on 5 criteria's
 Type of waste received.
 Process required in recovering materials from waste.
 Required capacity & amount of waste storage desired.
 Type of collection vehicles & transfer vehicles.
 Site topography & access.
Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.
 Transfer Stations
 Benefits of transfer station include's:
 Minimizes the cost of collection.
 Minimizes the fuel cost of vehicles and labor.
 Recovery of recyclables.
 Increased flexibility.
 Reduces the no of collection vehicles.
 Reduces the load on collection vehicles and improves the efficiency
of these vehicles and overall collection system.
 Opportunity to inspect and process waste.
 Disposal site can be chosen far away from city.

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Transfer Stations
Classification
Based on size, the transfer station are classified into three types –
population, population density & frequency of collection determines
the size of transfer station
1. Small transfer station: Hold waste upto 100 tons per day, it does
not have intermediate storage area, depending upon site
conditions, these can be either indoor or outdoor, they do not have
processing & treatment facilities.
2. Medium transfer station: It is similar to small transfer station
except that the capacity here is about 100 tons to 500 tons per day.
In few cases some processing units may be made available here.
3. Large transfer station: They have large capacity more than 500
tons per day and are constricted outdoors, it contains all the
facilities of material handling, recovery, treatment etc.

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Transfer Stations
Classification
Based on the method of operation at transfer station are classified into
three types –
1. Direct loading transfer station: The waste in collection vehicles are
directly emptied into the vehicle to be used for transport or in
some cases may be unloaded on an unloading platform and then
pushed into a transfer vehicle after recycling materials have been
removed.
2. Storage loading transfer station: In this waste from collection
vehicles in unloaded into storage area/ pits from where they are
loaded into transport vehicles. Generally designed in such a way
that waste can be stored upto 3 days. Various facilities are
available like segregation, recovery, processing etc.

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Transfer Stations
3. Combined Direct loading & discharge loading transfer station :
Both the methods of direct loading and storage discharge loading
are used. Various multipurpose facilities are available like
segregation, recovery, processing etc.

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Transportation of Waste
Transportation System
1. Motorized Transportation/Road Transportation: Most common
form of transportation as well as collection, various motorized
vehicles can be used for collection as well as transportation of
waste, generally motorized tricycles are used for short distance
only, and tractor trailers or truck trash trailers of large sizes are
used for transportation of solid waste.
2. Rail Transportation: Very rarely used but along with help of road
transport, so generally called as rail – road transportation. In this
waste is transported by rail to those sites which are not accessible
by road. An eg. is waste line express run in Virginia.
3. Sea/River/Ocean Transportation: Transportation of waste from one
country to other or from one area to other using ships etc. used
where disposal sites are located far away from area or in other
country etc. sometimes done illegally.
Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.
 Transportation of Waste
Transportation System
4. Hydraulic Transportation: Generally used for transportation of
sewage etc, but can also be used for transportation of solid waste
too but which are of fine nature, use of sewer lines can be done.
5. Pneumatic Transportation: Recent concept late 1990s but
nowadays used at various places and specially in new
developments. Eg. Walt Disney park.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sg4Bwj3NsnA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uk53yruMCBc

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Segregation of Waste
 Segregation and separation of reusable/recyclable components of
solid waste is best carried out at source.
 However, special equipment's may be installed and facilities
provided at the certain locations, i.e. transfer stations/processing
sites for segregation of recyclable items.
 Various techniques used for separation:
Density separation: materials separated by their respective densities.
Air classifiers are used to separate lighter particles from heavy
particles. Like plastics from glass. In this waste is passed through a
strong air current, lighter particle moves with air and heavier particles
fall down.
Inertial separation in this materials separated by applying vibrations,
heavy materials due to high inertial force settles down and lighter
material remains on top.

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Segregation of Waste
Floatation used generally for separation of construction debris. The
materials are placed in a large tank filled with water for sedimentation.
Heavier components settle at the bottom of tank and then lighter
components follow
Electric & magnetic Field Separation: used for separation of ferrous
materials from waste. Magnetic separator based on conveyor belt
mechanism can be used or separators with overhead magnetic system
may also be used.
Optical sorting: separation of glass products, but equipment used is
very costly. Also glass shredders can be used.
Size Separation: various types of screens are used for size separation,
used for separation of undersized particles from oversized particles.
Separation of paper, plastic and other lighter materials from heavier
materials.

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Segregation of Waste
Size Separation : various types of screens that can be used are
Reciprocating Screens also known as vibrating screens are used for
removal of undersized materials from municipal solid wastes. In
general inclined reciprocating screens which move vertically are used.
Trommels also known as rotary screens are used to segregate
municipal solid waste into various size fractions.
Disc Screen
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=veHV5u5nI7w
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8gE93Q_5DY4

Generally separation is followed by size reduction in which shredders,

hammer mills etc are used to reduce the size of waste. This helps in
further processing of waste and educes the cost of transportation of
waste, also improves the landfill capacity.
Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.
 Recycling of Waste
 Recycling of waste helps in reducing the stress on new resources
which will be used for manufacture of a product and there by
conserves the resources as well as landfill space.
 Waste is segregated at source and at processing facilities to recover
the materials which can be recycled.
 Components of MSW which can be recycled includes aluminum,
tin cans, paper, plastics, glass, cardboard etc.
 The waste is recycled to produce a similar type of product or may
be any other new form of product.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6R8YObQbE88
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zyF9MxlcItw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-0w61b6wppg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KmMP67eC2tg

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Landfill Disposal of Waste
 Concept of Landfill fostered around 20th Century.
 Landfill is An area of land that has solid waste deposited on it in
such a quantity to noticeably change the surface elevation.

 Modern Landfills are engineered structures designed to contain

leachate and minimize release of pollutants from the landfill.

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Landfill Disposal of Waste

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wzo5sv4IrIw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-ps_0UFmfI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=slUHDeSCmB4

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

Landfill Disposal of Waste

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Landfill Disposal of Waste
 Decomposition of solid waste in a landfill takes place either
aerobically, anaerobically or facultative decomposition takes place.
Requirements of Engineered Landfill
Location: Site should be located away from community areas, easily
accessible, water table is deep.
Capacity: Sufficient capacity available to handle wastes, generally
large depressions are used. Natural depression if available is best
otherwise barren land is used.
Separation & Shredding: Waste reaching the landfill should ideally
undergo separation & shredding operation. This operation reduce the
load on landfill.,
Compaction & Levelling: Helps in minimizing the waste volume and
increases the landfill capacity.
Environmental Monitoring system: Mandatory requirement to
control air, water & soil pollution due to landfill operations.
Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.
 Landfill Disposal of Waste
Rodent Control: Regular inspection and proper control measures like
use of pesticides need to be adopted.
Aesthetics: Many times aesthetics issue arises due to bird etc
hovering around waste, hence provision of daily cover should be
available.
Management: Efficient administration is important.
Site Selection of Landfill
Important considerations in site selection involves;
• Landfill should be located away from community areas but should
be approachable. No traffic congestion should be there.
• Sufficient land area should be available
• Groundwater table should be deep in the area
• Soil for daily cover should be easily available
• Local climate should be taken into account
Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.
 Landfill Disposal of Waste
Site Selection of Landfill
Apart from these considerations, specifications for development of
landfill are contained in MSW rules under Schedule – 1.

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Landfill Disposal of Waste
Types of Landfill
Trench landfill: Most commonly used method of landfilling. In this
solid waste is disposed off in trenches or depression below the ground
level. Suitable where natural or man made depressions are easily
available and water table is very deep. Suitable excavations are done
where natural depression are not available. Proper lining is provided
with impermeable material on sides and base of landfill

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Landfill Disposal of Waste
Types of Landfill
Area landfill: on ground landfills. These are provided where natural
or man made depressions are not available and excavation is difficult.
Waste materials is disposed on ground surface and waste is suitably
covered with cover material

Slope landfill: Landfills provided in hilly areas. Solid wastes are

disposed on local foothills are providing suitable liner & leachate
drainage system. Stability of slopes is most imp. factor here.
Generally a waste slope of 30 to 35 degree is considered to be ok for
disposal. Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.
 Landfill Disposal of Waste
Components of Landfill
Cell: Volume of waste deposited in a landfill site during one day. Size
of cell hence depends upon daily volume of wastes received at landfill
site. Cell needs to be covered the same day.
Daily Cover: Waste material is covered with daily with usually a 15
to 30 cm thick layer of soil. Other materials like yard wastes,
composts can also be used as cover materials. Cover material
prevents runoff from entering into wastes, also controls the breeding
of flies etc over landfills.
Lift: Height of cell generally 2 to 4 m.
Bench: Provided in above ground landfills when the height of waste
deposited is more than 20 m. It increases the stability of landfill slope
and also facilitate landfill drainage
Leachate & Gas collection systems
Liner: Layer of impermeable material provided along the base &
sides of landfill for sound environmental of landfill
Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.
 Landfill Disposal of Waste
Components of Landfill
Final Cover: The final cover is provided after landfill site is filled to
the full capacity. It is provided to minimize infiltration of surface
runoff, prevent release of gases, prevent hovering of birds & animals,
and serve as suitable layer for planting trees. Cover should be able to
withstand climatic changes, resistant to water & wind erosion etc.

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Landfill Disposal of Waste
Landfill operations
Landfill should operate 24 hours all around the year. Various
operations in landfill include.
Weighing of Waste: Wastes received at landfill site should be first
weighed over a weigh bridge.
Waste Deposition in Cell: Waste disposal in landfill is carried out in
a phased manner. The entire landfill area is divide into no. of cells.
Waste are deposited on daily basis in each cells.
Spreading, Leveling & Compaction: Waste is spread in cell with
help of bulldozers or any other machinery. Wastes is then leveled and
compacted. Usually waste is compacted in layers of 30 to 50 cm
thickness.
Providing Daily Cover: Waste in cell is covered daily with help of
locally available soil.

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Landfill Disposal of Waste
Landfill operations
Safety & Security: Landfill should be provided with suitable fencing
for security and safety. Also health of workers at the site should be
looked into and for that it is necessary to keep a check on type of
waste received daily. Hazardous waste if any received should be
properly managed and handled, proper protective gears should be
provided to onsite workers.
Record Keeping: Necessary to keep detailed records of waste
received at site.
Closure of Landfill with proper final cover: This is done after
landfill has completely got full. After the laying of final cover,
landfills can be developed for recreational purposes too with planting
of trees, proper tracks etc.

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Landfill Disposal of Waste
Landfill Site Management
• Construction of approach roads, etc for movement of trucks &
other equipment's.
• Proper surface drainage system
• Planting large tees around the site to prevent littering of waste
• Leachate Management
• Management of Gas Collection systems.
• Health checkup of workers at the site time to time.
• Proper arrangement of safe drinking water.
• Ensuring proper pollution control measures are taken to reduce the
pollution arising out of landfill operations.

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Landfill Disposal of Waste
Environmental Monitoring of Landfill Site
• Air Quality Monitoring: Monitoring of ambient air quality and
monitoring of landfill gas. Ambient air quality is monitored so as to
detect any gas leakage into environment from landfill. This can be
done by various sampling & monitoring devices. Also SPM is
measured. Monitoring of landfill gas is done to determine the
composition of gas, this will be useful in deciding whether gas is
useful for energy recovery or not.
• Groundwater Monitoring: to detect any contamination of
groundwater due to leakage of leachate or gas. Samples all along
the landfills and from nearby water sources are taken and analysed
for different water quality parameter.

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Landfill Disposal of Waste
Issues of Landfill

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Landfill Disposal of Waste
Leachate Management
• Leachate: Leachate is liquid (waste water) that forms when water
(rainfall, groundwater) travels through solid waste. Water is also
squeezed out of waste during compaction etc. Leachate so formed
is highly contaminated and can contain many different chemicals in
it depending upon the what is in the solid waste.
• Fresh Leachate: Generated in first few years of landfill deposition,
primarily has high biodegradable organic matter present in it. This
leachate is very harmful
• Old Leachate: as landfill matures, or after 10 – 15 years of closure
of landfill, in both the cases concentration of most of contaminants
decreases and the leachate is less harmful.

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Landfill Disposal of Waste
Leachate Management
 Leachate Minimization: Control of surface runoff and ground
water percolation into landfill, minimizing exposure of waste to
rainfall.
 Containment: By providing suitable liner. It helps in controlling of
escape of leachate.
 Collection: Proper collection system is built in landfill
 Recirculation: Recirculation of leachate in landfill increases the
moisture content of wastes, thereby increasing the biodegradability
of wastes.
 Treatment: Proper physical, chemical & biological treatment of
leachate is done depending upon the concentration of pollutants.
 Disposal: Proper disposal of leachate after treatment and
recirculation.
 Monitoring & Leak Detection: Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.
 Landfill Disposal of Waste
Leachate Quantity
 Water Balance Method
 HELP Model (Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill performance)
Liners
Liners are provide to prevent the flow of leachate. Liners are provided
at the bottom & sides. Usually clay/ geomembranes are used.
Single Liner system : Only one layer of impermeable material is
used. Material is usually clay, soil and sometimes geomembrane are
also used.
Single Composite Liner System : Consists of two or more layers of
impermeable materials, generally geomembrane underlain by a layer
of clay is provided. This is most suitable for MSW landfill sites.

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Landfill Disposal of Waste
Double Composite Liner System : This is most suitable for
hazardous waste landfill sites, in this two different liners are provided
one over the other with a sand layer in between them. Sand layer is
provided with network of pipes to collect any leachate.

Liner should be designed in a way to prevent migration of leachate to

soil, liner material should be resistant to damage due to vehicular
movement etc.

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Landfill Disposal of Waste
Geosynthetic Materials: Use of geotextile, geomembrane, geonet
and geogrid are common.
Geotextile: A geosynthetic textile is used in many civil engineering
applications. It separates fine granular materials from coarse granular
materials, plus it allows water to flow through. They can be used as
filters in landfills.
Geomembrane: Flexible sheet of polymer material which is almost
impermeable. No. of membranes are available like HDPE membrane
which is most commonly used.
Geonet: It is a synthetic material used for drainage of liquids.
Leachate Collection System :
It is designed to avoid accumulation of leachate and is provided at
bottom of landfills above liner. It included series of pipe netwroks
alongwith proper channels. Along with the pipe a sump well is
installed to pump out the collected leachate.
Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.
Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil
Engg. Deptt.
 Landfill Disposal of Waste
Leak Detection :
Lysimeters are used for checking leakage, if leakage is there proper
remediation measures are to be taken.
Leachate Treatment :
Biological Treatment: Aerobic Treatment involves use of aerated
lagoons, Activated Sludge Process, Rotating Biological Contactors,
Trickling Filters. Anaerobic Treatment involves UASB process,
Physiochemical Treatment: Flocculation, Sedimentation, Filtration,
Adsorption, Chemical Oxidation, Reverse Osmosis, Air Stripping &
Ion Exchange.
Leachate Disposal:
Leachate disposed off through evaporation or disposal on sewers or
land. Evaporation of leachate can be done through or cascading.
Disposal of leachate into sewers or ground conforms to the std. laid
down by MOEF.
Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.
 Landfill Disposal of Waste
Landfill Gas Management

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Landfill Disposal of Waste
Landfill Gas Management

Factors Affecting the Landfill Gas Generation

Moisture Content: Higher M.C., higher gas production rate.
Type of Waste: Affects the type of gas produced.
Nutrient Content: More nutrients more is generation rate.
pH: 6.5 to 8.5 is optimal for methane production
Temperature: 35 to 45 deg C is optimal for methane production
Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.
 Landfill Disposal of Waste
Landfill Gas Collection
Gas migration in landfill poses serious hazards like fire, explosion etc
in landfills. But gas is also potential source of energy. Hence gas
needs to be collected and converted into useful energy form.
Gas collection system involves:
• Vertical Gas wells placed within the wastes.
• Header system to connect the wells to gas pumping unit
• Flare system for burning the gas if required.
• Gas purification system
• Energy recovery plant (electricity generator)

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Landfill Disposal of Waste
Landfill Gas Collection
Gas Extraction Well: Generally vertical wells are used. Size of wells
is around 300 to 500 mm provided by vertical pipe most commonly
used during landfill closure, during landfill progress, horizontal pipe
system is used mainly. Gas collection system can be used in
combination with leachate collection system.

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Landfill Disposal of Waste
Landfill Gas Collection

Methods of Gas collection system:

1. Passive pressure method: pressure of gas inside the landfill is main
driving force for movement of gases. If gas is not generated in
sufficient quantity than energy recovery may not be economically
feasible.
2. Active Pressure Method: In this negative pressure generated by
blower which is connected with gas well through pipe and header
helps in drawing out the gas.
Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.
 Landfill Disposal of Waste
Numerical Problems:

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Landfill Disposal of Waste
Numerical Problems:

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Landfill Disposal of Waste
Numerical Problems:

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Biological Treatment of Waste
What is Biological Treatment?
Conversion of organic matter in the solid waste into a more stabilized
form through the use of biological organisms.
This technique is becoming more and more popular these days even at
individual household level
End products include compost, methane, proteins, etc.
Organic Matter generally constitutes of 30 – 80 % of MSW.
Principle components of organic matter include proteins, amino acids,
lipids, carbohydrates, fats etc.

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Biological Treatment of Waste
Aerobic Composting
Most commonly used process for decomposition of organic matter of
MSW.
Aerobic composting involves decomposition of organic matter in
presence of oxygen either naturally or artificial supply of oxygen is
given.
Aerobic decomposition results in production of humus like material
called compost.

Organic Part of MSW + Oxygen + Nutrients (N, P etc) +

Microorganisms Compost + New Cells + Dead Cells +
CO2 + H2O + SO4 + Heat.

Microorganisms are mainly responsible for conversion of MSW into

compost.
Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.
 Biological Treatment of Waste
Aerobic Composting
A small quantity of sewage sludge is also sometimes added to
accelerate the conversion process.
New cells which are produced become part of active biomass which is
ultimately converted into compost.
Design Factors affecting composting process
1. Particle Size: Smaller size particles increases the biochemical
conversion rate. Size or particles should vary between 25 to 75
mm for optimum results. If required shredding can be carries out
for reducing the size of particles.
2. Moisture Content: Should be maintained between 50 to 60 %. If
the content is less than 40 %, the biological conversion process
becomes slow. For controlling moisture content, water can be
added to wastes.

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Biological Treatment of Waste
Design Factors affecting composting process
3. C/N ratio: Carbon to Nitrogen ratio is most critical parameter.
Ideally should be between 25 to 50, In general all the nitrogen
available in waste will be available for biodegradation, but all may
carbon may not be biodegradable. C/N ratio for food waste is 30-
35, paper is 500 - 1000. C/N ratio can be adjusted by blending of
wastes of high C/N ratio (saw dust, paper) with wastes of low C/N
ratio
4. pH Control: pH during composting varies with time. Initially
organic component of waste are broken down biologically they
convert into organic acids and bring down the pH to less than 5.
desirable value of pH during composting is 7 to 7.5. if pH is less
than 4.5, it reduces the rate of biological conversion, if it rises to
more than 8.5, some nitrogen is lost as ammonia.

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Biological Treatment of Waste
Design Factors affecting composting process
5. Temperature: Control of temperature is necessary as it affects the
growth of cell and rate of composting. If temperature increases
beyond 60°C, microorganism die out and biological activities
reduce significantly.
6. Blending & Seeding: Blending is carries out to achieve the
required M.C. & C/N ratio. Generally small quantity of sewage
sludge is blended with wastes for increasing the rate of
composting. Seeding is process of adding microorganisms to the
wastes.
7. Air Requirement: Most important requirement. Air is naturally
available and sometimes supplied through aeration system.
Quantity of oxygen of air required depends upon the composition
of wastes.

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Biological Treatment of Waste
Design Factors affecting composting process
8. Mixing & Turning: Mixing is done to obtain homogeneous
mixture of biodegradable components. It also helps in uniform
distribution of nutrients & microorganism in waste so as to
accelerate the whole biological process. The wastes are turned at
regular intervals to provided sufficient amount of air required for
aerobic conversion of waste.
9. Pathogen Control: presence of pathogens is a health hazard in
composting system. Most of pathogens die off at 55°C.
10. Odor Control: This is necessary so as to avoid odour nuisance in
the neighborhood, odour is produced due to insufficient supply of
oxygen to wastes during biological degradation. Lack of oxygen in
wasts result in formation of other gases like ammonia, etc and
creates anaerobic conditions.

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Biological Treatment of Waste
Design Factors affecting composting process

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Biological Treatment of Waste
Types of composting process:
There are 2 principle method of composting:
Agitated – the material is agitated periodically to introduce air.
Static – the material remains static and air is blown through compost
1. Windrow Composting
2. Aerated Static Pile Method
3. In-Vessel method

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eCrCGWwBZIg
Engg. Deptt.
 Biological Treatment of Waste

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VZEB_6XKUk

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

Biological Treatment of Waste

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt.

 Biological Treatment of Waste
Anaerobic Digestion process:
In this process organic waste are fermented in absence of air,
depending upon the concentrations of solid in the waste, system can
be classified as low solid digestion and high solid digestion.
Anaerobic system is suitable for production of biogas from wastes like
cow-manure, agricultural wastes.
Anaerobic digestion of wastes is carried out in 3 steps:
a. Preparation of organic fraction of wastes for anaerobic digestion.
Includes receiving, sorting, separation & size reduction.
b. Addition of moisture & nutrients, blending, adjustment of pH
around 6.5, continuous flow of waste is maintained for proper
missing the contents of waste for about 5 to 10 days.
c. Collection, storage and if necessary separation of gas components
evolved during digestion process.
Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil
Engg. Deptt.
 Biological Treatment of Waste
Anaerobic Digestion process:
To maintain anaerobic system, the non-methanogenic & methanogenic
bacteria must be kept in state of dynamic equilibrium.
Methane production due to anaerobic digestion can be estimated using
the equation:

Bangalore Method
Most commonly used method for anaerobic biological conversion of
waste in India.
Alternate layers of waste and soil are filled in pit. Final layer of soil is
provided at the top to control the odor and breeding of flies and
Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil
hovering of stray animals. Engg. Deptt.
 Biological Treatment of Waste
Bangalore Method
Waste is initially stabilized aerobically as there exist some air in voids
of waste and soil. After oxygen is completely utilized, anaerobic
decomposition starts and waste gets stabilized. Complete stabilization
takes place in 4 to 6 months depending upon the type of waste.

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil

Engg. Deptt.
 Biological Treatment of Waste
Vermicomposting – A startup
It is the process of composting biodegradable wastes into worm
castings using selected species of worms such as earthworm, red
wrigglers and white worms.
It is the nature’s way of recycling organic nutrients from dead tissues
back to living organisms.
The organic waste is broken down or decomposed into vermicompost
or humus or worm manure.
The vermicomposting process takes place in long troughs where the
temperature is maintained below 35ºC.
The vermicompost produced contains water soluble nutrients and
serves as an excellent nutrient rich organic fertilizer and soil
conditioner. They contain reduced levels of contaminants and a higher
saturation of nutrients than the organic waste before vermicomposting.
Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil
Engg. Deptt.
 Biological Treatment of Waste
Vermicomposting – A startup
• The vermicomposting process relies on the earthworms to mix,
aerate and fragment the waste combined with the biodegradation
process of the microorganisms.
• Vermicomposting is practised in small-scale or home systems for
wastes from kitchen and garden such as vegetable and fruit peels,
coffee grounds and filters, tea bags, grains such as moldy and stale
bread, cracker and cereal, eggshells, leaves and grass clippings etc.
• In large-scale or commercial vermicomposting is practiced for
wastes that include cattle wastes, sewage sludge, brewery waste,
cotton mill waste, agricultural waste, food processing and grocery
waste, cafeteria waste, grass clippings and wood chips.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y0ux7mYJXcs
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xALvCCq58GI
Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil
Engg. Deptt.
 Biological Treatment of Waste
Vermicomposting – A startup
Phase of vermicomposting
Vermicomposting is carried out in several phases as described below
• Collection and separation : This phase involves the collection of wastes from various
sources. It includes mechanical separation of the metal, glass and ceramics, segregation,
storage of organic wastes.
• Digestion of organic wastes: The organic wastes must be pre-digested for a period of
twenty days by heaping the waste along with cattle dung slurry. Digestion partially digests
the wastes, making it suitable for earthworm consumption. Dried cattle dung and biogas
slurry can also be used. Wet dung is usually avoided in vermicomposting process as they
generate too much heat during decomposition.
• Preparation of earthworm bed: Earthworm bed is very essential as they act as nesting and
breeding grounds of the worms. Loose soil is a suitable bed for the earthworms. The
earthworm drags the waste to the bed and consumes them in its burrow built in the bedding
material.
• Collection of the vermicompost: The completely composted material is separated by
sieving. The uncomposted or partially composted material will be once again put into
vermicomposting pit bed for further composting.
• Storage of the compost: The vermicompost obtained after sieving are stored in proper cool
and shady place to maintain moisture andAssistant
Dr. Prachi Singh, allowProfessor,
the growth
Civil of beneficial microorganisms.
Engg. Deptt.
 Biological Treatment of Waste
Vermicomposting – A startup
Selection of suitable earthworm: Epigeic or surface dwelling earthworm are
suitable for vermicomposting process. Of about 350 species of earth worms found
in India with varied food and burrowing habits, the Red worms (Eisenia fetida),
African earthworm (Eudrilus eugeniae) and composting worm (Perionyx
excavates) are some of the species that are reared to convert organic wastes into
manure. The African worms (Eudrillus eugenial) are much preferred over the
other two types, because it produces higher production of vermicompost in short
period of time and produces more young ones in the composting period.
Selection of suitable location: The earthworms should be cultured in an sheltered
environment to protect the worms from excessive sunlight and rain.
Vermicomposting process requires shaded place with high humidity and a cool
environment. Abandoned cattle shed, poultry shed, basements, back yards or
unused buildings are used. If composting is to be carried out in an open area,
shady place is selected and provided with thatched roof to protect the process
from direct sunlight and rain. The waste layered or heaped in vermicomposting pit
can be covered with moist gunny bags to avoid dryness and maintain moisture.
Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil
Engg. Deptt.
 Biological Treatment of Waste
Vermicomposting – A startup
Selection of Containers: Cement tanks of dimensions 2½ x 3 feet height and
breadth, respectively are used for vermicomposting process. However, the
length of the tank depends upon the size of the room. The tank should be well
drained with a sloppy bottom to drain the excess water from vermicomposting
unit. The drained water is collected in a small sump built next to
vermicomposting tank. Vermicomposting can also be performed in wooden
boxes, plastic buckets or in any containers at a smaller scale. Care should be
taken to provide drain hole at the bottom of the wooden containers.
Vermicompost production Process
• Biodegradable wastes such as cattle dung, farm wastes, crop residues,
vegetable market waste, flower market waste, agro industrial waste, fruit
market waste etc are suitable for vermicompost production. Before
vermicomposting, cattle dung should be dried in open sunlight and all other
wastes should be pre-digested with cow dung for twenty days.
• The predigested waste material is mixed with 30% cattle dung and then
placed into the container.Dr.Moisture
Prachi Singh, Assistant
level
Engg. Deptt.
Professor,
is Civil
maintained at 60%.
 Biological Treatment of Waste
Vermicompost production Process
• Selected earthworms are placed uniformly over the material that has to be
composted. There is no need to put the earthworms inside the waste as they move
inside on their own. Roughly for one-meter length, one-meter breadth and 0.5-
meter height of the vermibed, 1 kg of worm (1000 Nos.) is needed.
• Moisture should be maintained to 60% throughout the composting process. Hence,
daily watering of the vermibed is not required but water should be sprinkled over
the bed if necessary.
• Harvesting of the castings formed on the top layer are done periodically i.e., may
be once in a week. Watering should be stopped before the harvest of
vermicompost. The casting are scooped out with hand and placed as heap in a
shady place. Periodical harvesting is necessary to retain the quality of compost or
else the finished compost get compacted when watering is done to maintain
moisture.
• After the vermicompost production, the earthworm present in the bed should be
harvested. Simple trapping method can be used wherein small, fresh cow dung
balls are made and inserted inside the bed in five or six places. After 24 hours, the
cow dung balls are removed. The balls with the worms are put in a bucket of water
Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil
to separate the worms. The collectedEngg. worms
Deptt. are used in next batch of composting.
 Biological Treatment of Waste
Nutritive value of vermicompost
• The nutrients content of the vermicompost depends on the waste materials
used for compost preparation. If the waste materials are heterogeneous one,
there will be wide range of nutrients available in the compost. If the waste
materials are homogenous one, there will be only certain nutrients are
available. The common available nutrients in vermicompost are as follows
organic Carbon (9.5-17.98%), Nitrogen (0.5-1.5%), Phosphorus (0.1-
0.3%), Potassium (0.15-0.56%), sodium (0.06-.3%), Calcium and
Magnesium (22.67-47.6 meq/100g), Copper(2-9.5 mg/kg),Iron(2-9.3
mg/kg), Zinc(5.7-11.50 mg/kg) and Sulphur (128-548 mg/kg).

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil

Engg. Deptt.
 Biological Treatment of Waste
Numerical Examples

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil

Engg. Deptt.
 Biological Treatment of Waste
Numerical Examples

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil

Engg. Deptt.
 Chemical Treatment of Waste
Chemical transformation involves conversion of organic fraction of
waste into various useful compounds such as glucose, synthetic oils,
gases etc.
Glucose is recovered from wastes containing cellulose, eg paper. For this
hydrolysis of waste with a weak acid is carried out. The suspension thus
obtained is heated at temperature of 180 to 200°C under a small pressure.
Cellulose + H2O + acid = glucose.
Methanol often used as alternative fuel can also be obtained from wastes
through chemical processing. Methane gas can be converted into methanol by
catalysis. The process involves conversion of methane by reacting with steam
in presence of catalyst to form CO & H2. which further react to form
methanol.
CH4 + H2O + Catalyst = CO + 3H2
CO + 2H2 + Catalyst = Methanol

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil

Engg. Deptt.
 Thermal Treatment of Waste
Thermal conversion of wastes includes transformation of wastes into
gaseous, liquid and solid conversion products.
The process also generates energy and also helps in reduction of
volume of wastes.

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil

Engg. Deptt.
 Thermal Treatment of Waste
Thermal Conversion Processes include:
1. Combustion – Thermal processing in presence of oxygen
(incineration)
2. Pyrolysis - Thermal processing in absence of oxygen
3. Gasification – Partial combustion to generate a gas.
4. Plasma Arc – Superheating a gas to an ionized state.
The role of thermal treatment include:
1. Waste volume reduction, preservation of landfill space.
2. Energy recovery from solid waste stream
3. Destruction of contaminants
4. Reducing of waste transportation requirements

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Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil
Engg. Deptt.
Thermal Treatment of Waste

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil

Engg. Deptt.
Thermal Treatment of Waste

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil

Engg. Deptt.
 Thermal Treatment of Waste
Combustion process involves thermal processing of solid waste by
oxidation.
Various gases and non combustible residues are obtained as end
products.
Energy can be recovered by heat exchange from these gases.
Burning of solid wastes is usually accomplished by incinerators.
Various types of Combustion technologies / Incinerators includes:
1. Mass fired incinerator: Very commonly used, incinerate the
municipal solid waste without or with very little processing. Energy
produced depend upon composition of solid waste.

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil

Engg. Deptt.
 Thermal Treatment of Waste
2. Fluidized Bed incinerator: Fluidized bed incinerator includes a steel
vertical cylinder, lined inside with refractory bricks and has a send bed.
Air nozzles are provided to inject air at high pressure, solid waste is fed
into the cylinder. Auxillary fuels may be used to increase temperature
upto operational level i.e. 1450 to 1750 F. this system can be used for
burning of sewage sludge and chemical wastes.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pd9zCb-exkU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KjBEq4GTcRk

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil

Engg. Deptt.
 Thermal Treatment of Waste
3. Rotary Kiln Incinerator: Consists of 2 chambers, waste is charged
into the primary combustion chamber, which is refractory lined rotary
kiln that is sloped slightly downhill, the kiln is turned slowly (1 RPM),
the material is burned as it tumbles down the kiln, the secondary
combustion chamber is used for gas phase combustion. Generally used
for hazardous & medical wastes, not used for municipal solid wastes.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iVJHbDiSGEA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_c0yzHpWDkA

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil

Engg. Deptt.
 Thermal Treatment of Waste
Factors Affecting Efficiency of Incinerators / Design of Incineration
system
1. Combustibility of Wastes: Ease with which waste can be oxidized,
measured in terms of calorific value or heat produced during
incineration. 2500 kcal/kg or more than this is preferred for
incineration. This limit increases if more excess air is required for
proper contact with waste (non homogeneous mixture). Waste with
lower calorific value & also higher moisture content requires
addition of auxiliary fuel to maintain adequate temperature.
2. Temperature: Temperature is maintained in such a way that all the
components in waste gets ignited and all contaminants should be
completely oxidized. If less than 790C then odorous compounds are
released. If greater than 980C then reduction in VOCs, dioins
happens.

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil

Engg. Deptt.
 Thermal Treatment of Waste
Factors Affecting Efficiency of Incinerators / Design of Incineration
system
3. Turbulence: Proper mixing of air with solid wastes is necessary
for complete combustion. Turbulence is created by applying a
high current of air in form of swirling motion. Generally in rotary
kilns, movement of kiln itself provides turbulence. For others,
raking is required at regular intervals for creating turbulence.
4. Residence Time: Crucial factor to ensure complete oxidation of
combustible matters. It can be maintained by adjusting the
frequency of ash removal. In rotary kiln incinerator, speed is
adjusted to allow sufficient residence time.

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil

Engg. Deptt.
 Thermal Treatment of Waste
Problems / Issues associated with incineration
1. Excessive stack emissions: various reasons - excessive
infiltration air, overcharging of wastes, low temp in secondary
chamber. Control over temperature and air infiltration can help in
reducing this problem.
2. Black Smoke: Indicates presence of unburnt carbon, due to result
of incomplete combustion of waste. Reason could be poor
temperature conditions in chamber, overcharging of wastes, less
amount of air available than what is required for combustion and
large amount of plastics, rubber present in solid waste.
3. White Smoke: Aerosols present in emission may result in white
smoke, presence of finely divided non combustible materials in
waste also result in white smoke. Proper air & temperature
control in the chambers can reduce the problem.
Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil
Engg. Deptt.
 Thermal Treatment of Waste
Problems / Issues associated with incineration
4. Leakage of Smoke from Charging Door: Due to excessive air
pressure inside the primary chamber, overcharging of wastes and
excess amount of highly volatile matter in waste also can be the
reason.
5. Excessive auxiliary fuel combustion: Overcharging of waste,
excessive air infiltration, improper flame distribution are the
reasons. Proper control of air may reduce this problem.
6. Incomplete burning & Poor Ash Quality: Overcharging of wastes,
non uniform distribution of air along with partial blockage of
primary burner, leakage of fuel etc. result in incomplete burning
which result in poor ash quality. Proper maintenance of air inlets,
burners etc is required time to time to reduce the problem.
Other issues involve requirement of skilled labour to operate, high
capital cost, air pollution Dr.issues, public aesthetics.
Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil
Engg. Deptt.
Thermal Treatment of Waste

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil

Engg. Deptt.
 Thermal Treatment of Waste
Pyrolysis
- Involves partial combustion of waste in absence of oxygen
- Also known as thermal decomposition where external source of
heat is employed – endothermic process.
- Also called as destructive distillation.
- Yield includes –
Gas fraction – Hydrogen, Methane, CO & CO2
Liquid fraction – Tar or oil stream containing acetone, acetic acid and
methanol.
Solid fraction – char.
The proportion of gases, liquid and char obtained depend upon the
temperature at which pyrolysis is carried out. As temperature
increases, the amount of gaseous component increases while others
gets reduced.
Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil
Engg. Deptt.
 Thermal Treatment of Waste
Pyrolysis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jnxs09MqWV4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_VTCtYxgjrM

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil

Engg. Deptt.
 Thermal Treatment of Waste
Gasification
- Partial combustion is carried out in presence of oxygen but in
lesser amount than that is stoichiometrically required for complete
combustion.
- Gases obtained from gasification involves CO & Hydrogen (Major
component), CO2 and Methane and some other trace gases are
also formed.
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vVvCEkKxWs0&t=188s

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil

Engg. Deptt.
 Thermal Treatment of Waste
Plasma Arc

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil

Engg. Deptt.
 Thermal Treatment of Waste
Plasma Arc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-RuWleEX6NY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBqx8t-YLrw

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil

Engg. Deptt.
 Thermal Treatment of Waste
RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel)
- Conversion of domestic solid waste into small pellets of 3 inches
length and 1 inch diameter. These pellets are called RDF. The
process through which RDF is manufactured is called
pelletization.
- Recyclable & non combustible fraction of MSW is separated out,
the remaining combustible materials is dried and shredded,
binding ingredients like lime etc is mixed to the shredded material
and fuel pellets are made.
- Avg RDF production is around 15 – 20 tons/ 100 tons of MSW.
- RDF find it applications in cement kilns, RDF based power plants,
Coal fired power plants, Industrial Steam/heat boilers, pellet
stoves.
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rM-_SQpU1Fc
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=go5ZhyxK-EE
Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil
Engg. Deptt.
 Thermal Treatment of Waste
RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel)

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil

Engg. Deptt.
 Thermal Treatment of Waste
RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel)
- In RDF fired combustion system, RDF is burnt and energy is
recovered from gases which are released on combustion of RDF.
- Advantages of RDF include waste is utilize to generate electricity,
RDF is one of the alternative & renewable resources of fuel which
is derived from municipal solid waste, saves the landfill space.
- Disadvantages include cost associated with manufacturing of RDF
and unit yield of energy in case of RDF is less than that of MSW.
- RDF is considered to be one of the green fuels and leads to green
environment.

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil

Engg. Deptt.
 Thermal Treatment of Waste
Numerical Problems:

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil

Engg. Deptt.
 Thermal Treatment of Waste
Numerical Problems:

Dr. Prachi Singh, Assistant Professor, Civil

Engg. Deptt.