Introduction to .

NET Framework

Prepared by:
Rajani Khushal K.
 Software Framework
• In computer programming, a software
framework is an abstraction in which software
providing generic functionality can be
selectively changed by user code, thus
providing application specific software.
• It is a collection of software libraries providing
a defined application programming interface
(API).
 Software Framework
• Frameworks contain key distinguishing
features that separate them from normal
libraries:
– inversion of control - In a framework, unlike in
libraries or normal user applications, the overall
program's flow of control is not dictated by the
caller, but by the framework.
– default behaviour - A framework has a default
behaviour. This default behaviour must actually be
some useful behaviour and not a series of no-ops.
 Software Framework
• Frameworks contain key distinguishing features
that separate them from normal libraries:
– extensibility - A framework can be extended by the
user usually by selective overriding or specialized by
user code providing specific functionality.

– non-modifiable framework code - The framework

code, in general, is not allowed to be modified. Users
can extend the framework, but not modify its code
 What Is .NET
• .Net is a new framework for developing
web-based and windows-based
applications within the Microsoft
environment.
• The framework offers a fundamental shift
in Microsoft strategy:
– It moves application development from client-
centric to server-centric.
 What is .NET?
• The .NET Framework (pronounced dot net) is
a software framework that runs primarily on
Microsoft Windows.
• It includes a large library and supports several
programming languages which allows
language interoperability (each language can
use code written in other languages).
.NET – What Is It?

.NET Application

.NET Framework

Operating System + Hardware

 Framework, Languages, And Tools
VB VC++ VC# JScript …

Common Language Specification

Visual Studio.NET
Common Type System

NET Framework Class Library

Windows
ADO .NET ASP .NET Console
Forms

Base Class Library

Common Language Runtime

.NET Framework 3.5
 Components of .NET Framework 3.5
• Common Language Runtime (CLR)
• Common Type System (CTS) and Common
Language Specification (CLS)
• .NET Framework Class Library
• Assemblies and Metadata
• Windows Forms
• ASP .NET and ASP .NET AJAX
• ActiveX Data Object for .NET (ADO .NET)
 Components of .NET Framework 3.5
• Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF)
• Windows Communication Foundation (WCF)
• Windows WorkFlow Foundation (WF)
• Windows CardSpace (WCS)
• Language Integrated Query (LINQ)
 Common Language Runtime (CLR)
• It provides functionalities such as:
– Memory Management
– Exception Handling
– Debugging
– Security
– Thread Execution
– Code Execution
– Code Safety
– Verification
– Compilation
Common Language Runtime (CLR)
• In other words CLR manages the execution of
.NET Code
• The code that is executed by CLR is known as
Managed code
• The code that cannot be directly executed by
the CLR is known as Unmanaged Code
 Working of CLR
• The CLR facilities the interoperability between
different .NET languages such as C#, VB or
Visual C++ by providing a common
environment for the execution of code.
• When we run a .NET application, the language
compiler first complies the source code into
an intermediate code called Microsoft
Intermediate Language (MSIL) code.
 Working of CLR
• The MSIL code is then used by the Just in Time
Compiler to convert the MSIL code into the
native machine code, which is the final
executable code.
 Working of CLR
VB
Visual Basic Source Code Complier

Native
C# JIT
C# Source Code Machine
Complier MSIL Code Complier
Code

Other .NET Language Other

Source Code .NET
language
Complier
 Common Type System (CTS)
• CTS is the component of .NET framework
which provides support for multiple languages
• It contains a set of types and operations,
which are found in most of the programming
languages.
• CTS provides a base set of data types for all
the languages supported by .NET framework
• Each languages uses aliases for the base types
provided by CTS.
 Common Type System (CTS)
• Two CTS compliant languages do not require
type conversion.
• For examples:
– CTS uses the data type System.Int32 to represent
a 4 byte integer value; in Visual C# uses the alias
int for the same.
Common Language Specification (CLS)
• CLS is a set of basic rules, which enables
interoperability between two .NET compliant
languages.
• The rules defined in CLS serves as guidelines
for the third party compiler, designers and
library builders.
• CLS is a subset of CTS.
• Thus the languages supported by CLS can use
each other’s class libraries just like their own
 .NET Framework Class Library
• It is a huge library made up of a hierarchy of
namespaces.
• Each namespace contains classes, structures,
interfaces, enumerations, and delegates.
• The namespaces are logically defined by their
functionality.
• For examples:
– System.Data contains the functionality for
accessing database
 .NET Framework Class Library
• The classes, interfaces, structures and
enumerations are collectively referred to as
types.
• The System namespace is the root for some of
the commonly used types in .NET Framework
• Some important of classes in System
namespace are Console, Math, Object, String,
Array, Enum and Delegate.
 Assemblies and Metadata
• In .NET every application is compiled into
assembly, which forms the unit of
deployment, versioning, code reuse and
security of the application.
• An assembly refers to a portable executable
file.
• The PE file can either be a dynamic linked
library or an executable file which contains the
MSIL code of the compiled application.
 Assemblies and Metadata
• In addition to MSIL, an assembly contains the
files and resources necessary for the
application, assembly metadata, and type
metadata.
• The assembly metadata is the metadata about
the assembly itself and its components.
• The type metadata is the metadata about the
types required for the assembly.
 Assemblies and Metadata
• A metadata describes a program that is in the
form of binary information stored in an
assembly.
 JIT Compiler
• When any .NET application compile , It is not
converted into machine code but It is
converted into MSIL. This code is machine
independent so CLR provide Just In Time
compilation Technology to convert the MSIL
code into platform code (Native machine
code) so that it can be executed.
 Types of JIT
• Pre-JIT COMPILER :
Pre-JIT compiles complete source code into native code
in a single compilation cycle. This is done at the time of
deployment of the application.

• Econo-JIT COMPILER:
Econo-JIT compiles only those methods that are
called at runtime. However, these compiled
methods are removed when they are not required.
 Types of JIT
• Normal-JIT COMPILER:
Normal-JIT compiles only those methods that
are called at runtime. These methods are
compiled the first time they are called, and then
they are stored in cache. When the same
methods are called again, the compiled code
from cache is used for execution.
 Garbage Collection
• Memory Management is one of the
housekeeping duty that takes a lot of
programming time in Developing application.
• We doesn’t like spent a time for programming
related to memory.
• So .NET provides a environment with garbage
collection system.
 Garbage Collection
• Garbage collection runs when application
needs free memory.
• There is no exact time of execution of garbage
collection system.
• When application required more memory and
memory allocator reports that there is no free
memory than garbage collection is called.
 Garbage Collection
• It starts by assuming everything should be
deleted from the memory.
• First it creates the graph of used memory by
application , when it has a complete graph of
memory used by application then it copies
this data and free up the whole memory.
• Garbage Collector also free up the memory for
unused object at regular interval.
 Note
• When the compilation of takes place in a PE
file, the metadata is inserted into one part of
the file, while the code is converted into IL
and inserted into the other part of the file.
• The metadata describes every type and
member.
• At run time, the CLR loads the metadata into
the memory and find information about the
code’s classes, members and so.
 Contents of Metadata
• A metadata contains information about the
code in a language neutral manners
• The meta includes the following information:
– Assembly information such as its identity which
can be name, version, culture and so on.
– Information about types, such as name, visibility,
base class, interface and members.
– Attribute information which modifies the types
and members of the class.
 Windows Forms
• Windows Forms applications allows us to
develop window based desktop applications
• The basic entity of a Windows Forms
Applications is a form, which is an rectangular
area on which we can place various control.
• In this we could add controls to the window
form and develop response to the user
actions.
 ASP .NET and ASP .NET Ajax
• ASP .NET is a Web development model, which
is used to develop interactive, data driven web
applications over the internet
• We can add controls and respective events to
various controls on the forms
• AJAX, formerly code named as Atlas, is an
extension of ASP .NET for developing and
implementing AJAX functionality.
 ASP .NET and ASP .NET Ajax
• ASP .NET Ajax includes both client side and
server side components that allows
developers to create web applications such
that the applications do not require complete
reload of the page.
• It enables us to send only the modified
portions of a web pages to the web server by
making asynchronous calls to the web server.
 ADO .NET
• It is the technology that is used for working
with data and databases of all types.
• It provides access to various data sources such
as MS SQL Server, and data sources exposed
through OLE DB and XML.
• We use ADO .NET to retrieve, manipulate and
update data.
 Windows Presentation Foundation
(WPF)
• WPF provides developers a single and
integrated platform to incorporate 2-D and 3-
D graphics, videos and documents without the
need for any separate APIs.
• WPF supports eXtensible Application Markup
Language (XAML), which is a markup language
by Microsoft.
Windows Communication Foundation
(WCF)
• To enable various applications communicate
with each other in such a way that
applications uses the features and
functionalities extended by another
applications WCF came into existence.
• WCF enables us to build powerful and
interoperable service oriented applications
with Web Services and Web Services Clients.
 Windows Workflow Foundation (WF)
• It is a technology introduced by Microsoft in .NET
framework 3.0 and 3.5.
• It provides a programming model for building
workflow based applications on Windows.
• It includes various components, such as activities,
workflow runtime, workflow designer and a rules
engine.
• WF facilities the separation between the business
process code and the actual implementation code
 Windows Cardspace
• It is client software provided by Microsoft
• It makes the process of securing resources
easier and also makes sharing personal
information on the internet more secure.
• It helps programmers develop web sites and
software that are less prone to identity
attacks.
 Windows Cardspace
• WCS also solves the problems of traditional
online security mechanisms by reducing
dependences on username and passwords
• It uses a separate desktop and
cryptographically strong authentication to
ensure online transactions
Language Integrated Query (LINQ)
• It is a component of .NET Framework 3.5
• It adds native data querying capabilities to
.NET languages using the syntax similar to SQL
• This implies that with LINQ, we can write
statements similar to SQL statements in a .NET
language.
• Also we can query SQL server database,
datasets, objects in a collection and XML
documents.
 Main Features of Visual Studio 2008
• Support for multi targeting
• Support for ASP .NET Ajax and Jscript
Intellisense
• Support for LINQ
• Improved Deployment of .NET applications.
 Types of Visual Studio 2008
Applications
• Visual Studio provides several project
templates to develop different types of .NET
applications.
• By default the project templates includes the
essential files and assemblies in the
applications thus it becomes easy and
convenient.
 Types of Visual Studio 2008
Applications
• Types of Applications:
– Console Applications
– Windows Applications
 Console Applications
• It refer to those .NET applications that do not
have graphical user interface except for a
command line console.
• Users of a console applications can interact
with the applications only through the
command line console.
• Thus data is displayed and read through
command line only.
 Windows Applications
• Windows based desktop applications are
those applications that are installed and run
on user’s computer.
• There are mainly two types of Windows
Applications:
– Windows Forms
– Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF)
• Both these applications have a rich GUI that
facilitates easy and quick user interactivity.