Applications of Internet of Things and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

in Smart Agriculture: A Review

Caprio Mistry1, Ahona Ghosh2, Mousumi Biswas3, Bikalpa Bagui4, Arighna Basak5
1
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Brainware University, India
[email protected]
2
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of
Technology, West Bengal, India-700064
[email protected]
3
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Brainware University, India
[email protected]
4
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Engineering and Management, India
[email protected]
5
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Brainware University, India
[email protected]

Abstract
With the rapid advancement of technology and decline in human ability, technology has
become a part of every aspect of our lives. Agriculture and irrigation are two domains in
which man's potential may be exploited to its fullest. To commercialise in the industry, a
variety of sensors and electronics devices are employed to keep prices down in a few
domains. In order to save money and enhance the abilities of agricultural experts, UAVs
(unmanned aerial vehicles) can be used for reconnaissance, pesticide and insecticide
application, and bioprocessing mistake detection. When it comes to this application, both
single-mode and multi-mode UAV systems will work just fine. On the other hand, this
chapter identifies the challenges and limitations of IoT and UAVs connection in remote
locations, demonstrating several use cases of smart agriculture and the advantages and
applications of using IoT and UAVs in agriculture.
X1. Background
An increase in the population has enormously augmented the burden on the agriculture
sector. With the beginning of technology, this era is observing a shift from conventional
methods to the most innovative ones. Regardless of the perception people may have about the
agricultural development, the truth is that today's agriculture industry is data-cantered,
accurate, and smarter than ever. The quick development of the Internet-of-Things (IoT) based
technologies reformed almost every industry including “smart agriculture” which
transformed the industry from statistical to quantitative approaches. Such radical changes are
trembling the present agriculture approaches and generating new chances along a variety of
challenges. Researchers, research institutions, academicians, and most nations across the
globe are poignant towards the preparation and implementation of collaborative projects to
explore the horizon of this field for helping manhood. The tech industry is competing to
afford more optimum solutions. Inclusion of IoT, along with cloud computing, big data
analytics, and wireless sensor networks can offer sufficient possibility to predict, process, and
examine the circumstances and recover the activities in the real-time scenario. The perception
of heterogeneity and interoperability of the devices by providing flexible, ascendable, and
strong methods models are also maiden new areas in this field.
IoT can be used in every mode of life: smart cities, smart homes, smart retail and
many more. Using IoT in agriculture repetitions is the essential of the period, as the global
population will knockout a peak of 9.6 billion by 2050, to chance that kind of demand the
agriculture industry desires to supply at an even faster rate. This is completed by using
modern technology and mainly IoT. IoT makes labour free farms a possibility. In not only
major farming practices but also it can also be used in maintaining livestock, greenhouse
farming, managing farms etc. The most significant apparatus used for IoT is Sensors. Sensors
are devices that collect important data, which is taken to get the anticipated analysis. For
agriculture, sensors are mainly used to acquire readings, determine NPK values, and detect
diseases & moisture content in the soil. Study nad investigation of IOT discovers its
application in the agricultural sectors. Smart agriculture is called precision agriculture as it
practices exact data to reach conclusions. It displays the various sensors, which help IoT and
agriculture, their applications, challenges, advantages and disadvantages.
Therefore, technology is being involved in every stage of our life with the speedy
technological enhancement and decrease in human capacity. Agriculture and irrigation are
two fields where man's ability can be realized. Various sensors and electronics devices are
used to commercialize in the industry while keeping costs down in a few realms. UAVs
(unmanned aerial vehicles) can be used for reconnaissance, pesticide and insecticide
application, and bioprocessing error detection to save money and improve the skills of
agricultural professionals. Both single-mode and multi-mode UAV systems are suitable for
use in this application. The expertise of a single UAV system can be surpassed by the right
cooperation and synchronization of a network of UAV clusters attached to ground
infrastructures, GCS or satellites. Therefore, the major contribution is that the mobility model
and specifications are the most effective routing protocol for each specific agricultural
application.
X2. Introduction
The word `Agriculture' is contingent from the Latin words `Ager' means `Land' and `Culture'
means `Cultivation'. It is the landmark of human development and is one of the benchmark
areas. To progress the agricultural production with fewer properties and efforts, extensive
revolutions have been prepared through human history. Yet, the high population level never
let the demand and supply match throughout all these times. More than 60% of the human
population depends on agriculture for existence and around 12% of the total land area is
under agricultural production as per consideration of the Food and Agricultural Organization
of the United Nations (FAO) [1]. According to the forecasted scenario, in 2050, the world
population is predictable to touch 9.8 billion, an upturn of approximately 25% from the
current situation [2]. Almost the whole declared rise of population is predicted to occur
among the emergent countries [3]. Moreover, on the other side, the trend of development in
urban areas is predicted to stay at an accelerated pace, with about 70% of the world's
populations forecast to be built-up until 2050 [4]. In India, approx. 50% of the population is
dependent on the agriculture region for occupation and approx... 61.5 % of the Indian
population is predominantly dependent on the agriculture region for its livelihood [5-6].
However, throughout the last few decades, agriculture is experiencing a fourth
revolution by assimilating Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) in
traditional farming [7]. Technologies, like Big Data Analytics (BDA) and Machine Learning
(ML), Remote Sensing, Internet of Things (IoT), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are
mostly auspicious and they can bounce an innovation in agricultural systems [8-9]. In smart
farming, a extensive range of agricultural constraints can be observed to expand crop yields,
to ease costs and improve process inputs, such as environmental circumstances, development
status, soil status, irrigation water, pest and fertilizers, weed management, and greenhouse
production environment [10]. Smart farming is a green technology methodology, since it
decreases the environmental footmark of traditional farming [9]. In precision agriculture,
smart irrigation and the negligible usage of fertilizers and insecticides in agricultural crops
can further diminish leaching difficulties and productions, as well as the impact of climate
change [9], [11]. IoT is one of the most radical technologies in contemporary wireless
communications [12]. The basic idea is the communication between a variety of physical
belongings or objects using specific addressing patterns to being connected to the Internet.
IoT technology can be realistic in various vertical markets including transportation,
healthcare, industry, vehicles, smart home, and agriculture [13]. In an agricultural system,
IoT devices offer useful information on a wide range of physical constraints to improve
cultivation process [10]. The part of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) in IoT technology is
of ultimate reputation since the huge majority of IoT applications in numerous marketplaces
is based on wireless data transmission.
The ubiquitous use of the Internet in the last two decades has provided organisations
and people around the world with unrestricted benefits. The main advantage of this
breakthrough was the potential to provide real-time production and customer services. The
Internet of Things (IoT) has recently promised to provide the same benefits with its
revolutionary innovations and to increase customer awareness and capabilities by changing
the operating environment. In the areas of health, shopping, traffic, Défense, intelligent
homes, Smart Cities and agriculture, IoT offers a number of solutions. In agriculture, IoT
implementation is seen as the optimal solution, since continuous monitoring and control is
essential in this sector. IoT is seen on a variety of occasions within the manufacturing chain
of agriculture [14]. The framework built is even more interesting in dealing with node faults
and rearranging the weak connectivity ties on the network on their own. In [15] an IoT
management is proposed that tracks wind, soil, atmosphere and water elements across a wide
range of areas. In addition, IoT-based solutions for agricultural surveillance have been
established based on their subdomains. Sub-domains listed include soil tracking, air
surveillance, temperature monitoring, water monitoring, disease monitoring, location
surveillance, environmental monitoring, insect monitoring, and fertilization surveillance [16-
17]. Precision farming, livestock and greenhouses, which are clustered under various
surveillance areas, are the major applications of IoT in agriculture. The wireless sensor
network (WSN), which helps farmers collect relevant data via detectors, is used to track all
these applications with different IoT-based sensors/devices. Certain IoT-based settings
analyse and process remote data through cloud providers, helping scientists and farmers to
decide better. Today, environmental control systems provide additional management and
decision-making facilities through the development of current technologies. A custom
landslide Risk Management System has been designed to enable fast deployments without
user interference in hostile environments [18]. Data from various environmental parameters
are furthermore conveyed to the user by warnings or by message to the authorities [19].
The aim of smart agriculture is to increase production, yields and profitability and
minimize the environmental performance through the use of various methods such as
effective irrigation, targeted and accurate use of pesticides and fertilizers on crops, etc. The
evolving internet of objects (IoT) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have made
sustainable smart farming possible. IoT brings value to its data by automated collection,
interpretation and access as a major technology for intelligent agriculture by ensuring that
data flows between various devices such as sensors, relays and gateways. This makes
production and management processes in smart farms more cost-effective and timely [20].
In addition, IoT decreases the effects of inherent environment by allowing for
reactions in real time to infestations such as weeds, pest or disease identification, weather
tracking and prevention, soil conditions etc. As a result, UAV and IoT technology make it
easier to adequately exploit commodities like water, nutrients or agro-chemicals. Moreover,
the qualities of crop yield and environmental impacts from agriculture have been improved
with these intelligent technologies. Since some of the main characteristics of IoT and UAV-
based smart farming are [21-23]:
a. Field monitoring: Smart agriculture aims to reduce crop waste by improved
surveillance, precise data collection and data analysis.
b. Smart farming aims to detect the place of animals that graze in open areas in large
stables. Views and tracking: Technology also helps assess the air quality and
ventilation condition of farms and identifies toxic excrement gasses.
c. Greenhouse applications: Smart agriculture monitors micro-climate conditions with
the goal of improving fruit and vegetables production and quality in green houses.
d. Biomass management: Smart farming helps to regulate humidity and temperature in
crops like straw, grass, etc. as a measure for avoiding fungus and other microbial
pollutants.
e. Biomass management: Smart farming helps to regulate humidity and temperature in
crops like straw, grass, etc. as a measure for avoiding fungus and other microbial
pollutants.
f. Offspring Care: Intelligent breeding regulates the raising conditions and wellbeing of
offspring in animal farms.
Moreover, the applications of UAVs are varied, including areas related to inhabitant,
military, commercial, and governmental sectors [13-18]. Examples contain environmental
monitoring (e.g., pollution, health of plants, and industrial accidents) in the civilian sector. In
military and governmental zones, the UAVs are used for surveillance and delivery
applications pointing to obtain information at locations after a disaster or outbreak, and to
distribute medicine or other essential items. Commercial applications are absorbed on
transporting products and goods both in urban and rural areas. UAVs, subsequently they are
dependent on sensors, antennas, and embedded software, are considered as part of the IoT,
obtaining a two-way communication for applications associated to remote control and
monitoring [19]. The IoT creates a quickly emergent cutting-edge environment in which the
principal concept lies in the orchestration of a large range of smart objects in such a way that
these can be exploited and activated globally, either directly by users or by special software
that captures behaviour and ideas. IoT allows objects to develop active participants of
everyday activities, with abundant promising applications through various communication
technologies in the background of the “smart-city” vision [20]. It is projected that around 30
billion uniquely recognizable objects are expected to be part of this global community by
2022. These forecasts are expected to significantly rise with the introduction of 5G
technologies with UAVs.
The goal of UAVs, on the other hand, is to provide more perspectives such as imaging
analysis and agricultural surveillance in intelligent farming [24]. UAVs not only promote
image analysis and agricultural field processing, but also enable a thorough awareness of the
situation by patrolling a field of interest [25]. In addition, UAVs can be used to provide the
grounded tracking stations with valuable information through data transmission. In several
agricultural areas the uses of UAV are extended, including the prospecting and spraying of
insecticides and fertilizers, seed planting, weakening identification, fertility evaluation,
mapping and planting. These recent advances in intelligent IoT and UAV-based agriculture
help the world achieve the '2030 Sustainable Development Agenda' priorities, where United
Nations (UN) and international communities are setting the goal of eliminating hunger by
2030 [26].
X.3. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle is a low-cost substitute element in sensing technology and data
analysis method in the latest years. Fundamentally, remote sensing by electromagnetic energy
measures the belongings of targeted object from a distance and has the advantages of
comprehensiveness, non-invasiveness, timeliness, and flexibility. However, remote sensing
determine soil properties in the farmhouse is far away from actual data for the complex
natures of remote sensing, agricultural production and soils [27-29]. According to
researchers, UAV can be a choice to gather accurate data in the field. It had been recognized
as a possible technology that can produce high spatial resolution imagery (< 1m) and at
temporal frequency suitable for timely responses in the creation of actionable information
about crop and field status [30]. The small UAV fits to Low Altitude Remote Sensing
(LARS), which is less as expensive compared to conventionally manned aircraft is possibly
one of the main reason why the UAV production had been exceeding the market demand
[31].
Although, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is a kind of aircraft that works
without a human pilot on-board. There are dissimilar types of UAVs engaged for different
purposes. Originally, the technology was engaged by the military for anti-aircraft target
practice, intelligence congregation and surveillance of some enemy territories. The
technology has though grown beyond its primary purpose and in recent years has increased
importance in different spheres of human effort. A progression in technology has permitted
for the augmented adaptation of unmanned aerial vehicles for several purposes. Without an
on-board pilot, UAVs are organized either remotely by a pilot at a ground station or
separately, steered by a pre-programmed flight plan. There is a enormous potential for the
application of UAVs in Agriculture [32]. One such application is in accurate and evidence-
based forecasting of farm produce using spatial data collected by the UAV. UAVs also
permit farmers to detect their fields from the sky. This sky-view can expose many problems
on the farm, common among which is irrigation related problems, soil variations, fungal and
pest infestations. Moreover, information connecting to water access, varying climate, wind,
soil feature, the occurrence of weeds and insects, flexible growing seasons, and more can all
be observed with UAVs. From a livestock perspective, UAVs are being used to accomplish
head counts, observing animals and reviewing eating habits and health related patterns.
Utilizing the information gathered, farmers can provide fast and efficient solutions for
detecting problems and issues, make better administration decisions, recover farm
productivity, and ultimately produce higher revenue [33-34].
The advantages of UAV are, it can detention the pictures of the farmer’s crop with a
variation of camera filters that can offer the farmers with multiple spectral imaging, sanction
the image processing and investigation, which gives better information regarding their crop’s
health and at the same time recognising areas of the crops that involve specific forms of
attention. The small UAV can be easily hovered and preserved with little training, production
it a great choice for farmers watching to development their farming by merging agriculture by
the knowledge of remote sensing [33-35].
X.4. Types of UAV
Multiple principles can be used to achieve an unmanned aerial vehicles classification [8],
such as size, Maximum Take-off Weight (MTOW), range etc. Moreover, these will be
considered where UAV flight regulation is examined. The classification has been prepared
with the wing type and autonomy level that could be the most appropriate standards in
agricultural missions [36-39].
 According to the category of wing, two main sets can be observed: rotary and fix
wings. The first group is prepared up of helicopters and multi-rotor (usually known as
drones). The airflow is formed by numerous rotors that produce the suitable trust for lifting.
Their main advantage is the capacity to achieve hovering flights, which is applicable to aerial
photography since it permits increasing the capture time for the cameras and therefore
reimburse poor light situations. Moreover, the airflow demonstrations great performance at
low speeds and agree low altitude flights with minimum risk. Multi-rotors have converted to
more popular owing to their mechanical ease in contrast to helicopters, which rely on a much
more refined plate control mechanism. Therefore, the multi-rotor flight is observed just by
changeable the velocity of several direct current (DC) motors, without any mechanical
moving machinery, in difference to helicopters. Moreover, the reduction in price of brushless
motors, which need no maintenance, as well as their electronic supervisors, has made them an
inexpensive resolution for multiple responsibilities in civil applications. Owing to this, a
significant number of drone producers have appeared in the market for providing a wide
range of systems. The main inadequacy of commercial drones is their inferior payload
capability in comparison with helicopters. But, drone manufacturers have augmented the
number of rotors from 4 to 6 or 8 consequently as to decrease this gap and presently drones
with a maximum payload proficiency of 22 kg [40-43] are presented on the market. Not only
does payload capacity rise with the number of rotors, but there is similarly an development in
safety, subsequently the aircraft typically is capable to fly in depreciate mode when one or
even more rotors is under failure, permitting for arrival in a safe method. Alternatively, fixed
wing aircraft, like planes, require generating airflow to boost by moving their aerodynamic
surfaces (wings and ailerons) at high velocity. Consequently, the aircrafts are not able to
execute static flights. Subsequently the velocity cannot be decreased in the same way as
rotary wings, they usually involve higher altitude to achieve safe flights. Further, the
manoeuvrability exposed by rotary wings (e.g., instant rotations on vertical axis) is a
abundant advantage over those with fixed wings. The maximum range for a secure wing
aircraft can stretch is higher than rotary wings, owing to legal guidelines for flying UAVs, it
does not develop a real benefit in most of the circumstances, and even nevertheless for the
most part, the aircrafts exhibit a advanced payload capacity. Therefore, the analysis agreed
that rotary wings aircrafts are mostly favoured for agricultural responsibilities than those with
fixed wings.
X.5. IoT for smart agriculture
Smart agriculture is a contemporary farming concept with IoT technology to rise the
productivity in agriculture. Using smart farming, farmers can successfully use fertilizers and
other resources to escalation the quality and quantity of their crops. Farmers cannot be
contemporary on the field 24 hours a day. Moreover, the farmers could not have the
information to usage different apparatuses to measure the ideal ecological conditions for their
crops. IoT offers them with the automatic system, which can function deprived of any human
direction and can inform them to make proper conclusion to deal with different kind of
difficulties they might face during farming. It has the ability to spread and inform the farmer
even if farmer is not on the ground, which can allow farmer to achieve more farmland, thus
cultivating their production. it was estimated that the universal population will extent 9
billion mark by 2050 [1-5]. Therefore, IoT applications are must for farming to nourish such
large population and efficiently use the farmland and other possessions, as they are scarcely
available in some places. For Global warming, random weather situations is affecting the
crops and farmers are facing losses thus the IoT Smart Farming application will allow them
to take quick actions to avoid that from happening [44-51].
 However, There are some significant constituents of Agricultural IoT (AIoT), such as
sensor equipped devices, internet connectivity, wireless communication technology, sensed
and transmitted data, etc. The wireless communication technology shows an essential role in
the effective arrangement of IoT systems, which can be characterized based on transmission
distance, spectrum, and application scenarios. As shown in Fig X.1, the construction of IoT is
mainly based on three layers; namely, the Physical layer where the sensing is done, the
network layer which contracts with data transfer, and the application layer where storage of
data and data manipulation are observed [46].

Fig X.1. IoT architecture

X.5.1. Physical Layer
The physical layer comprises of several terminal devices, camera, sensors, Wireless Sensor
Networks (WSN), Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) labels and readers, Near Field
Communications (NFC) devices, etc. [52]. For this layer, sensors are used to assemble
information about wind speed, temperature, humidity, nutrient level, plant diseases, insect
pests, etc. The composed information is being managed by the embedded devices and is
uploaded to a higher layer for additional processing and investigation. This terminal devices
and sensors are recycled to monitor, control, and recognize agricultural and livestock goods.
For example, WSNs are regularly used for controlling and monitoring of storage and logistics
services [52]. Further, on the other side, RFID technologies are the most vital pattern for
interconnected devices. RFID tags are used to store data by Electronic Product Code (EPC),
which are then read, activated and operated by RFID Readers. Therefore, by contribution the
object identification, tracking, monitor, control, and data storage on active or passive devices;
WSN, RFID and NFC technologies are used to play a significant role in the agricultural
domain.
X.5.2. Network Layer
In the network layer, the sensors and devices are essential for connection with the adjacent
nodes and a gateway in order to construct a network. At this layer, the sensor nodes co-
operate and interconnect with other nodes and gateways within a network for forwarding data
towards a remote structure; where the data are kept, further investigated, handled and
dispersed for useful information [53].
X.5.3. Application Layer
The uppermost level of the IoT architecture is the application layer, where the assistances and
advantages of IoT are outward. There are heaps of bright stages or systems in this layer to
control and observe the soil condition, water and nutrition level, plants and animals. These
layers also used to support the initial warning and organisation of diseases and insect pests,
infestation and agricultural creation safety controllability; as an outcome, manufacturing
efficiency can be enhanced
X.6. Communication technologies used in IOT based smart agriculture
Wireless protocols and standards fixed the procedure for wireless communication. For
example, IEEE 802.15.4 is a wireless standard, which is used to allow the connection
between internet-enabled gateways and end-nodes. Further, the other examples are ZigBee,
Sigfox, EC-GSM, ONE-NET, Wireless HART, ISA100.11a, LoRaWAN, Bluetooth Low
Energy (BLE), DASH7, etc. [54]. These standards are classified in terms of transmission
ranges, which are shown in figure [55]:

Fig. X. 2.: Classification of Communication Technologies for IOT based smart agriculture
For short-distance wireless communication applications, IEEE 802.15.4-based protocols are
the ideal choice [53], which is projected for Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs). It
uses a data rate between 20 kbps to 250 kbps, works on different frequency bands like 433
MHz, 868 MHz, 915 MHZ and 2.4 GHz; and helps a maximum outdoor Line of Sight (LoS)
range of 100 m [56]. On the conflicting, IEEE 802.11 standard are appropriate for
applications, which are essential for medium range connectivity. Further, IEEE 802.11p is
another choice for incorporate situations with a high mobility condition. This specific issue
seems to be of large attention in agriculture circumstances because of its large
communication range, maximum legal transmission power of 1W, and the less interfered
band of 5.9 GHz ISM frequency [50]. When coverage is concerned, long- distance
communication technologies are the only dependable and anticipated solutions. Cellular
communication technologies such as 3G, 4G, LTE, and 5G are most appropriate and a
dependable standard for precision agriculture, where a big quantity real-time data
requirements for transmission and processing [57]. Further, the 5G communication
technology is predictable for providing real-time Device to Device (D2D) communication,
which will allow vehicle location. Moreover, a enormous amount of devices can be
maintained per square kilometer [58]. In contrast to LTE, 5G can activate on advanced
frequency bands, and therefore can work on wider channel bandwidths. Mainly in rural areas,
5G communication technology may allow new abilities on farm apparatus by contribution of
higher data rates and larger transmission range under the model of real-time connectivity.
However, the obtainability of the cellular network and the economic possibility of 5G
technology in rural areas is a questionable distress.
IEEE 802.11ah and LoRa/ LoRaWAN are the most consistent among long distance
communication technologies of IoT. Moreover, the first one is an alteration of the IEEE
802.11 family, which was available in 2017 to help IoT setups such as smart monitoring [50].
It uses 900 MHz bands, and delivers wider coverage distance and uses lower energy as
compared to IEEE 802.15.4. It delivers connectivity to thousands of strategies with a single
access point up for a radius of one-kilometer. On the conflicting, LoRaWAN is another most
auspicious LPWAN specifications projected for a system of battery-operated wireless nodes.

Fig X.3. End to end communication for smart farming [44]

Cellular communication approaches from 2G to 4G can be appropriate, dependent on
the purpose and bandwidth necessity; however, the dependability, and even accessibility, of a
cellular network in rural areas is a main apprehension. To overcome this, data transmission
through satellite is another choice, but, here, the price of this communication method is very
high, which creates it not appropriate for small- and medium-sized farms. The superior of
communication mode also be contingent on application requirements, like some farms require
sensors that can activate with low data rate but necessity to work for long periods therefore
requires long battery life. For such situations, a new choice of Low Power Wide Area
Network (LPWAN) is selected as a better resolution for cellular connectivity, not only in
positions of long battery life but also in positions of a larger connectivity choice with
reasonable rates [59]. Presently, crop and pasture management are the key applications where
LPWAN networks are highly appropriate, where it can be exploited in many other farming-
related usages.
Further, for farming UAVs, the Micro Air Vehicle Link (MAVLink) is a shared
communication etiquette permitting UAVs to communicate with Ground Control Station
(GCS). It interconnects between calculating platform, monitoring platform of UAV and
applications platform of GCS [60]. MAVLink is used to transmit directions, location of
global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and velocity of the UAV. The communication
space between the UAV and the GCS depends on conditions of the UAV. Conversely, it can
connect up to 2 km when the UAV is inside LOS [61]. Presently, UAVs are planned to work
at return-to-launch mode, which allows the UAVs to return automatically to its first position
when communication is disturbed. This method is triggered to stop unwanted accidents or
loss of UAVs [47,62-63]. Few additional types of communication systems are also accessible
for communicating between GCS and UAVs like ZigBee, radio-frequency modules, and
other communicating devices. The communication range can be improved with use of
additional technologies, including phone apps. Furthermore, the appearance of 5G cellular
technology abilities to greatly recover infrastructures and data-processing speeds, which will
be valuable for high-definition plotting [64-65].
X.7. UAV for smart agriculture
Now a day, the IoT system has prepared remarkable progress in many industries, comprising
farming regions. but when taking on agriculture, the communication amenities like base
stations or Wi-Fi are very inadequate, which inhibits the development of the IoT in this
sector. Such communication arrangement and associated amenities are even worst in
emerging counties and rural areas, which is one of the main steeplechases when presenting
the IoT in the agriculture industry. The data developed by the wireless sensors cannot be
communicated in the absence of reliable communication arrangement. In such a situation,
UAVs make an alternate way for this purpose. The UAV system connects with the wireless
sensors range over large extents in order to produce data for advance processing and
investigation. One of the best valuable revolutions of smart agriculture are the robots, among
which, UAV, also entitled drones, have been broadly applied [48, 66]. Drones or UAVs are
being extensively used by agriculturalists for farm development observing and controlling.
Some of UAVs are being cast-off to spray water, other insecticides powerfully in the rough
lands were human movement is not easy, and the crops retain dissimilar heights.
Additionally, UAVs, better acknowledged as drones, fixed with high-resolution
cameras and exact sensors, can be hovered over thousands of hectares of farms. The role of
investigation in all agriculture applications is extremely serious, particularly in forestry and
crop observing for necessary to cover large zones [67]. Consequently, a fast, low-cost, actual,
and extensive surveillance maintained with an exact data attainment and broadcast facility is
vital for agriculture manufacture. Presently, mostly two choices are used to find aerial images
of a field or farm zone: satellite and airplanes. Both of the choices are decent for a macro
view of scenery, but the choices face severe problems related to their quality when it comes
to PC views. These images are not decent in resolution and cannot provide quality of the
image, which is mandatory throughout the investigation. Furthermore, the visiting frequency
also face problems and it is not easy to collect images frequently. Moreover, another severe
problem is that these control beyond the cloud level where there is a solid probability that
both are congested in bad climate.

Fig X.4. Different types of agricultural UAVs [47]

However, UAVs is a platform which provides an ``eye in sky'', that overcome or
remove the above stated problems related to the micro views. The value of images occupied
through UAVs depends on the involved cameras resolution usually many times improved
than satellite pictures and, most significantly, regulates according to application desires. More
specifically, UAVs maintenances faster and better NDVI to assess crop circumstances like
weed mapping, leaf assessments, etc., and offer instant response to the farmers for timely
movements. Correspondingly, UAVs are enhanced in terms of frequency, even if desires
multiple times in a single day, and affects by weather conditions, unless it is raining. Owing
to the stated advantages, UAVs are chosen as the future of precision agriculture.
Not only incalculability, but in certain applications of insecticide and fertilizer, UAVs
requirement to transport heavy payloads. Therefore, in such situations, optimum battery
consumption becomes vital to spread the flight time. For this resolution, many parameters can
be measured to enhance the drone efficiency. Initially, when flying, select right conditions
e.g. climate or air direction. Succeeding, attempt to comprise optimum payload and place it
properly. For this condition, it can be supportive to attribute the payload near the field,
improved in smaller numbers and refilling again in its place for putting heavy quantities.
Moreover, depending on area size and visiting frequency, optimum path choice shows a
serious role. For this resolution, many routing arrangements like [259], [260] are projected
particularly for the UAVs so selecting and realizing the right arrangement can deliver clear
modification. As the application of pesticide and UAV based agriculture where drone
essential to fly with weighty payloads then new actions like tethering system can be
supportive. In UAV tethering, a assembly that offer power through the long cable, is
delivered so that it can wing as long as the farmers have power backup on the field, most
significantly it doesn't need to lift heavy batteries. Presently, agriculture is actuality
considered one of the most approving fields where UAVs can propose many solutions to
resolution many leading and long-lasting problems. Some of important applications in which
drones are already playing important roles to support farmers through the system model are
highlighted below.
X.8. Applications of IoT and UAV in Smart Agriculture through system model
IoT and UAVs can be employed in many application areas of smart agriculture. This section
deliberates some applications of IOT and UAV in smart agriculture through system model.
I. Smart crop monitoring
Crop monitoring states the appropriate sensing of different constraints of a farm. Automatic
observing is one of the introductory features of smart agriculture. Advantageously positioned
sensors can spontaneously sense and convey data to a gateway for supplementary
investigation and controlling. Sensors are used to control crop constraints such as leaf area
index [68], plant height, colour, shape, size of leaves [69] etc. IOT and UAV are also
convenient in controlling soil moisture [70-71]; agriculture water constraints like pH level
[72]; and also climate parameters like wind speed, wind direction, rainfall, radiation, air
pressure, temperature, relative humidity, , etc. [73-74]. Additionally, remote sensing is also
presence very efficiently. Owing to the trivial of sensors, remote sensors are connected in
lower altitude UAVs and therefore can control crops efficiently and cost-effectively. Thus,
high-resolution records are being achieved by removing different types of unnatural condition
like weather condition.
II. Smart pest management
Usually, the pest management depends on three features: sensing, evaluating, and treatment.
The advanced infection and pest appreciation methods are established on image processing in
which raw pictures are developed through the crop zone using UAVs, or remote sensing
satellites. Typically, remote sensor protections large extents and, henceforth, provide higher
productivity with lower cost. On the other pointer, UAV IOT sensors are accomplished to
maintenance more functions in assembling data, like environment sampling, plant health, and
pest situations, in each angle through the crop series. For illustration, IoT-based computerised
traps can capture, count, and illustrate insect types, additional uploading statistics to the
Cloud for comprehensive investigation, which is not possible through remote sensing.
III. Smart irrigation
Agricultural UAVs fixed with cameras have the ability to providing wonderful perceptions
into exact concerned zones in the field. Using the cameras, the farmers are capable to regulate
the areas of low soil moisture, dehydrated crops, and waterlogged zones and in overall have a
intellect of the overall health eminence of crops in the farm. Such exact observing were either
not likely with traditional farming, inadequately completed or enormously expensive as
specialists have to be contracted to convey the task and obtain satisfactory solutions.
However, presently UAVs contribute the farmers for provide extra benefit to organize these
themselves.
IV. Livestock monitoring (Animal Husbandry)
Livestock monitoring is nowadays very tough part of agriculture, which engage a very large
number of labor efficiency, which cause drawback of cost effectiveness. In this IOT enable
5g drone it is possible to take remotely surveillance on livestock monitoring. Unmanned
Aerial Vehicle (UAV) as a tool of farming has attracted the interests of an increasing number
of researchers. In this paper, we study the problem of deploying a group of UAVs to track
and monitor the livestock such as cattle and sheep in a pasture. We assume all targeted
animals have been fitted with GPS collars, and the mobility of each targeted animal cannot be
ignored. We further assume the number of UAVs is sufficient for covering the entire pasture,
and we aim to find the optimal UAVs’ deployment for minimizing the average UAV- animal
distance. We first introduce a procedure of performing sweep coverage by UAVs. By
deploying UAVs to achieving sweep coverage for the entire pasture, the initial locations of
all targeted animals can be acquired. Then, determine and update the UAVs’ deployment by
streaming k-means clustering based on the initial locations and received updated locations
from the GPS collars.
V. Forecasting
Forecasting is the main features of smart agriculture that provide real-time data and historical
data to estimate and calculate some important parameters. Scientific demonstrating and
machine learning are samples of apparatuses, which are working for forecasting. UAV
provides different machine learning models like the regression model for approximating
phosphorus amount in the soil [75], forecasting moisture of soil or detection of plant disease
[76], Artificial Neural Networks for forecasting temperatures of the filed [77]; etc.
X.8.1. System model
Internet of Things is the emerging cutting-edge technology, which is dealing with different
multidisciplinary Engineering framework for domestic or commercial Automation library. If
we consider 3 Gateways as such gateway1, gateway2, gateway3… If we follow OSI model
over here network layers are to be more concentrated. Three gateways are enough to optimize
the network traffic for user to UAV band and vice versa. After sensing data transmitted
through gateway to online cloud server and from the client machine (mobile, tablet,
computer) it may be accessed through different portal with real-time readings.

Fig X.5. System model

X.9. Conclusion
This chapter demonstrate different use cases of smart agriculture, the advantages and
application of employing IoT and UAVs in agriculture, the numerous communication
technologies and recognizes the problems and restrictions of connectivity of IoT and UAVs
in remote areas. The chapter outlined the connectivity restrictions in terms of communication
technology and transmission range. Moreover, the chapter demonstrate the application of IOT
and UAV for smart agriculture through system model.
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