Topic 5: Graphs of Functions and

Graphical Solutions
Basis
1. (a) Fig. D
(b) Fig. B
(c) Fig. E
(d) Fig. F
(e) Fig. C
2. (a) y=5 ad +b
Since y=1 is an asymptote, b=1.
2
Substitute x=2 , y=46; 46 ¿ 5 a +1
a2 ¿9
a ¿ 3 or −3( N.A., a> 0)
When x=4 , y=c :c=5 ( 3 4 ) +1∴ y ¿ 5 ( 3 ) +1
3

¿ 406
(b) At y -axis, x=0 : y =5 ( 3∘ )+ 1

¿6
∴ Coordinates of P are (0 , 6).
(c) Since the
46 straight
−6 line passes through P and (2 , 46),
Gradient ¿
2 −0
¿ 20
∴ y -intercept ¿ 6
Equation of straight line is y=20 x +6 .
3. (a) y=2x − 1

When x=0 , y=2 0 −1

¿0
When y=0 ,0=2 x −1
x
2 ¿1
x ¿0
(b) x y=2
4. (a) Possible value of n=−2

Substitute x=3 , y=1 :

1=a ¿
∴ a=9
(b) y=a ( 2− x )

When x=0 , y=− 2 : a=−2 .

∴ Possible equation −2 for the graph:
y=− 2n ( 2− x ) or y= x
5. y x =k 2
k
(a) When n=2 and k < 0 : y= 2 where k < 0.
x

(b) y x n=k
k
y= n
x
1
Since y1 is proportional to the cube root of x , y=k x 3 where k is a constant.
∴ n=−
6. 3

7. (a) When the cost of bill is $ 13, total length of calls is 70 min .
(b) (i)

(ii) Interval of time that makes it cheaper to subscribe to Telco Company B is

40 < x< 55.
8. (a) Graph C
(b) Graph E
1 F
(c) Graph
9. (a) (10+ v )(20)+ 40(v )=1350
2
100+10 v+ 40 v =1350
50 v=1250
v=25
25 − 10
(b)
3 Acceleration at t=8=
¿ m/ s
2 20 − 0
4
 25 3
¿ (2)
(c) Gradient of line is 25 . t − 60 4
(d) Let the time taken for the car to
25 come to3 rest from start of motion be t s .
¿
t − 60 2
3 t −180 ¿50
(e) Acceleration ( m/ s2 ) 230
t ¿
3
¿ ¿

10. Depth

11. (a)
5 Philip's speed on the journey from Lucky Supermarket to his home
¿ 68 ÷
6
3
¿ 81 km/h
5
Total distance travelled
¿
(b) Philip's average speed forTotal
the two-way
time takenjourney
68 × 2
¿
3
(c) (i) 1
¿ 45 km/h
3

(ii) Time when Henry met Philip ¿ 1125

Distance from Lucky Supermarket ¿ 6 8 − 4 2

¿ 26 km

Intermediate
12.(a) y=2x +k
Substitute x=0 , y=− 7 :k +1=−7

k =−8
(b) At x -axis, y=0: 2x − 8=0
x
2 =8
∴ x=3
Coordinates of B are (3 , 0)
(c) Length of A B=√ ¿ ¿
¿ √ 58
¿ 7.62 units (3 s.f.)
 0 −(−7) 7
(d) Gradient of A B= =
3− 0 3
Equation
7 of straight line joining A and B :
y= x −7
13. 3(a)

12.75
(b) Gradient ¿ − =− 0.17
75
It represents the cost deducted per minute for local calls.
(c) Available balance in card ¿ 38 −0.17 × 155

¿ $ 11.65
2
14.(a) (i) y=− 2
x

(ii) y=2x

2
2graphs y=− x 2 and y=2 do not have an intersection point,
x
(b) Since the two
x
the equation 2 + 2 =0 has no solution.
x
15.(a) The maximum value of y is 3 . Hence there is no solution for y=3.5
.
(b)

Gradient of curve (at x=1.7 )

0.5 −(− 1.5)
¿
0.8
¿ 2.5 [Accept 2.2 to 2.6]
(c) The solutions x=1.5 and x=2.5 come from the equation (x − 1.5)(x − 2.5)=0.
(x − 1.5)(x − 2.5)=0
x−( )( )
3
2
5
x − =0
2
(2 x − 3)(2 x −5)=0
2
4 x −16 x +15=0
Since y=2 when x=1.5 and x=2.5 ,
one possible equation is y=4 x 2 − 16 x+15+ 2
2
y=4 x − 16 x+17
16.(a) k =30 ×22.5 =169.706=170 (3 s.f.)
(b) When t=0 , N=30 × 20=30
Initial number of dogs is 30

285 −0t=3.05. [Accept 2.9 to 3.15]

(d) From the graph,
(e) Gradient ¿
4 − 0.55
¿ 83 (2 s.f.) [Accept 78 to 85]
At t=2, the population is increasing at a rate of 83 dogs per year.
(f) From the graph, the population is increasing at 200 dogs per year when
t=3.25. [Accept 2.8 to 3.8 ]
17. (a) a=7.9
(b)

(c) x=1.4 or 7.6(±0.1)

2 96
1 5+201x=120 − x −96
(d)
2
+2 x= ( 120− x −1 x )
2

Insert line: y=2 x + x

10
2 or 3.8(± 0.1)
From the graph, x=1 1
(e) Draw a tangent with gradient − .
c=10.1(±0.1) 2
1 (a) Distance travelled by both cars ¿ 750 m
18.
(t +t − 5)×20=750
2 t=40
∴ 1
(b) × v × 40=750
2
∴ v =37.5
∴ Speed of car B=37.5 m/s37.5
(c) Acceleration of car B=
40
2
¿ 0.9375 m/ s
19.(a) The car moves with increasing speed for the first 40 seconds. It
then moves at a constant speed for the next 40 seconds, and is at rest
(or stationary) for the last 40 seconds.
(b) (i)

1
Speed (at t=20 ) is 3 600
m/−250
s [Accept 3.33 to 3.57 m/s ]
(ii) Speed (at t=70 ¿=3
80 − 40
¿ 8.75 m/ s
(c) Distance travelled by the car in the last 80 s
¿ 600 −250
¿ 350 m
(d)
 12−5 7
20. (a) Acceleration ¿ =−
0− 3 3
1 2
Deceleration
5+12 ¿ 2 m/s
(b) 3 1 ( t −7)(5)=631 5
(3)+ 4(5)+
2 2 45 + (t − 7) ¿63
2 2
5 1
(t −7) ¿ 17
2 2
∴ t=14 t −7 ¿7
(c)
12−Let
v the speed
1 of the particle when t=2.5 be v m/s.
=− 2
35 3
0 −2.5
12 − v=1
∴ v =6 6
∴ Speed 6 of particle (when t=2.5 ¿=6 1 m/ s
(d) 6

21. (a) Let the speed at t=6 be s. s 5

=
6 24
5
1 1 s= ×6=1.25 m/ s
(b) (56 +80)(5)+ (5+ v)(16)=40024
2 2 340+ 40+8 v ¿ 400
8v ¿ 20
v ¿ 2.5
(c) (i)

(ii)

45
22. (a) Distance of van P from town A at 8 : 45 in the morning ¿ (100)
120
¿ 37.5 km
(b) Let the time when van P and van Q first meet be t minutes after 8:00.
t 55
¿
120 100
t ¿ 66
∴ Car A and car B first meet at 9:06 in the moming.
(c) Method 1:

During the period 8:45 to 10 :00 in the morning, van Q travels 45 km while
van P travels more than 45 km .
∴ The average speed of van P is higher than that of vanQ .
∴ He is not correct.
Method 2:
Average
100− 37.5speed of van P during the period 8:45 to 10:00 in the moming
¿ 62.5
¿ 1.25
1.25km /h
¿ 50
100− 55 speed of van Q during the period 8:45 to 10:00 in the moming
Average
¿ 45
¿ 1.25
1.25km/h
¿ 36
Since 50>36 , the average speed of van P is higher than that of van Q .
∴ He is not correct. 500 −300
23. (a) Speed of the −0 when t=20= 20 −15 ¿ 40 m/s
40car
(b) Acceleration ¿
15 −0
2 2
¿ 2 m/s
3
(c)

()
2
h
¿ × 36
24.1 (a) Time taken to fill to half its height 2
¿ ×36 h
¿ 94 seconds
(b) Height (cm)

25. (a) Since object A is travelling with a constant speed from t=0 to t=20,
acceleration of object A ¿ 0 m/ s2 .
(b) 1.2 the speed of object B after 3 s be v m/s.
v Let
=
3 5
v=0.72
∴ Speed of the object B after 3 s is 0.72 m/ s.
(c)

(d) For overtaking to take place,

Distance travelled by A=¿ Distance travelled by B Distance travelled by

object A after 5 seconds
¿ 1(5)=5 m
Distance
1 travelled by object B after 5 seconds
¿ (5)(1.2)=3 m
∴ 2Overtaking occurs after 5 seconds.
Let ¿ s be the amount of time after 5 seconds for overtaking to occur.
t (1)=3(t − 5)(1.2)
t=3.6 t − 18
2.6 t=18
∴ t=6.92 s
Time taken for object B to overtake object A
¿ 5+6.92
¿ 11.92
≈ 11.9 s (3 s.f.)
(e)

20
26. (a) (i) Acceleration ¿
12
2 2
¿1 m/s
3
1
(ii) ×(k −12+ k)×20=280
2 2 k −12 ¿ 28
2k ¿ 40
k ¿ 20
20 Let the time taken for it to come to a stop be t s .
(b) ¿2
t
∴t Time
¿ 10taken for it to come to a stop is 10 s .
(c) Gradient1 of line ¿ 0
27. (a) (i) (14 +40)(V )=810
2
27 V =810

V =30
30
(ii) Deceleration when t=30=
14
1 2
¿2 m/ s
7
(iii) Let the time taken to1travel half of the journey be T s .
810
(12)(30)+(T −12)(30) ¿
2 2
180+ 30T −360 ¿ 405
∴ Required time taken is 19.5 s . T ¿ 19.5
(b)

4 −1
28. (a) Acceleration of Lydia's toy car ¿
20− 0
3 2
¿ m/s
20
v −1Let 3the speed of Lydia's toy car at t=8 s be v m/s.
(b)
=
8 20 24
v ¿ +1
20
¿ ¿
 1
∴ Speed of Lydia's toy car is 2 m/s .
(c) After 5
(1+ 4)2020 s , distance travelled by Lydia's car
¿
¿ 50 m2
After
1 20 s , distance travelled by Wayne's car
¿ 3 (20)
¿ 702 m
Since distance travelled by Lydia's car < distance travelled by Wayne's car,
overtaking only occurs
1 after 20 s.
50+(T −20)(4)=3 T 1
50+ 4 T − 80 ¿ 3 T
2 2
T
¿ 30
2
(d) Distance (m)
T ¿ 60

29. (a) Vessel A

(b) Height (cm)

Vessel A :12 π r 22 −T
12 π r 2 2 T
Vessel B: (
3 12 π =4
r ) π r − 3T
Vessel C : 3 =9 π r 3−
2
4 4

18
30. y=2 x + −9
x , p=2(5)+ 18 − 9
(a) When x=5
5
¿ 4.6
(b)

18 of y=3
Least value
x+ =13
(c) 218
2 x+ −x9=13− 9
x
Line required: y=4
From graph, values of x : x=2 or x=4.5
From graph, range of values of x : 2< x <4.5 .
(d) Gradient of curve at the point when x=2
 4−9
¿
2 −0
¿ −2.5 7 −5
(e) (i) Gradient of A B=
2− 6
1
¿−
2
x
Equation of A B: y=− +c
Substitute x=2 , y=7 :2
7=−1+c
c=8 x
∴ Equation of line A B: y=− +81 18 x
2 2 x+ − 9=− +8
(ii) From graph, m=1.3 and n=5.5
2 x 2
1 18
2 x + =17
2 x
3
31.(a) y=x −5 1
∴ c=2 and d=18
When x=− 2, p=¿ 2

¿ −13

(c) When y=0 , x 3 −5=0

3
x ¿5
3
x ¿√5
From graph: √ 3
5=1.70
(d) From graph, x=2
(e) (i) y=15 − 5 x

x 0 3 -2

y 15 0 25

(ii) From graph, required coordinates of the point ¿(2.1, 4.5)

(iii) x 3 − 5=15 −5 x x 3=20 −5 x
∴ a=20 12 and b=−5
32. y= − x
(a) When x x=5 , m= 12 −5
5
¿ −2.6
(b)

12
(c)
12 =x +2
x
− x=2
x
Line required: y=2
From6 graph, x=2.6
12 =x
(d)
x x
12 =2
x − x=x
x
Line required: y=x
From graph, x=2.45
(e) (i) Coordinates of A are (2,4).
(ii) c=121 3
33. y= ( x −6 x +5 x1)
2

(a) When 3 x=2.0 , p= ¿

3
¿ −2

(c) Set of values of k :−1.4 ⩽ k <0.4 0 −(− 4)

(d) Gradient of the curve at x=4=
6.4 − 4
2
¿1
3 3 ¿ x (6 x − x2 − 5)
(e) (i) 0 3
3 x2 − x
⩽ 2 x¿6−12
23− 5 x
x +7 x +3
x 3 − 6 x 2+5 x 3 ¿2−37 x 3
0 ⩽ x −6 x + +
( x 3 − 6 x 2+5 x ) 2 2
From graph, x=− 0.4 , x=1.57 or x 33x=4.85 ¿ − 1
3 2
(ii) − − ⩽x −6 x
2 2
Line required: y ¿−1
7x 3
− − +5 x ⩽ x − 6 x 2+5 x
3
2 2
3 3 x 13
x x − 60 x 2 +5 x ⩾ − 5
2 2
y ( x 3 − 6−x12 +5 x ) x 01 2
2 ⩾ −
3 2 2
¿ ¿
Range of values of x :− 0.3 ⩽ x ⩽ 1 and 5.25 ⩽ x ⩽ 5.5
34. y=1.2 ( 2 x )
(a) When x=− 2, p=1.2 ( 2− 2 )

¿ 0.3

(c) As x decreases, y approaches4.8 0 .− 2

(d) Gradient of curve at (2 , 4.8)=
2 −1.2
¿ 3.5
(e) (i) y=6− 2 x

x 0 3 1
 y 6 0 4

is6 2x
¿ (1.4
− ,3.2)
(ii) From graph, point of intersection
x
(iii) 1.2 ( 2x ) =6 −2 x
2
1.2 1.2
x 2
2 ¿ 5 −1 x
3
2
New Trend Problems in Real-World ∴A ¿− 1 , B=5
3
Contexts
35.(a) p=200 800 −200
q ¿
8 −0
¿ ¿
(b) (i)

(ii) I will engage Consultant A as his charges are cheaper by $ 100.

36. (a) V =a x − b x3

Substitute x=1 , V =7.5;

7.5=a −b - (1)
Substitute x=4 , V =0 :

0=4 a −64 b
Substitute (2) into (1): 16 b − b=7.5
7.5
b ¿
15
Substitute (3) into (2): a=16 ( 12 ) ¿ ¿

¿8
(b)

3
x
(c) x 2 h=8 x −
2 8 x
h ¿ −
x 2
¿ ¿
(d) From graph, when V is maximum, x=2.30 .

Maximum V =12.4
12.4
h ¿ 2
2.30
¿ ¿
 π x 1of block are 2.30 cm×2.30 cm ×2.34 cm .
Dimensions
(x)
2
(e) Vπ =
x
V= 3
3
x 0 3 2

y 0 3.14 2.09

From graph, x=3.75

∴ Radius of cone ¿ 3.75
4 cm
( )
x
37. (a) y=1000 1+
100
¿ 1000 ¿
(b) When x=15 , p=1000 ¿

¿ 1801 (nearest dollar)

(c)

(d) From graph, the amount of time required

¿ 22.5 years
¿ 22 years 6 months
(e) (i) Gradient of graph when x=25
3750− 2650
¿
35− 25
¿ 110
(ii) The gradient represents the rate of increase of the payable amount per
year during the 25 th year.
P RT
(f) (i) Simple interest ¿
100 1000(6)(x )
¿
100
¿ 60 x
∴ The total amount of money that Vivian has
is y=1000+ 60 x . (shown)
(ii)

x 0 20 40

y 1000 2200 3400

11 of time required ¿ 20 years

(iii) Shortest amount
38. (a) y=9− x −
x +1
When x=0 , p=9− 11
 ¿ −2
It represents a loss of $ 2000 when no T-shirt is printed.
(b)

11
(c) (i) x + =7
x +1
11
−x − =− 7
x+1
11
9−x − =2
x+1
Line required: y=2
From graph, x=0.8 or x=5.25
(ii) No. of T-shirts to be printed to obtain maximum profit ¿ 2.4 thousand

¿ 2400
(d) (i) Gradient of graph where x=3.5
4 −2.4
¿
1.3 − 5
¿ − 0.432(3 s.f. )
(ii) The gradient of graph at x=3.5 represents the rate of decrease of the
profit made in printing 3100 T-shirts.
39. y=1000 ( 20 x − 4 x 2 −21 )
(a) When x=0 , a=−21000
(b)

x 0 1 1.5 2 3 3.5 4

-
y 21000
-5000 0 3000 3000 0 -5000

(c) (i) Profit ¿ $ 2200

(ii) Maximum profit ¿ $ 4000

Corresponding price ¿ $ 2.50

(d) The optimum price of a single-scooped ice-cream is $ 2.50 which allows
Mr Chan to earn a maximum profit of $ 4000 a month.
(e) 1000 ( 4 x2 −18 x +13 )=0
2
4000 x −18000 x+13000=02
−18000 x +13000=− 4000 x
−18000 x +13000+20000 x − 21000
2
¿ − 4000 x +20000 x − 21000 2
2000 x − 8000=1000 ( 20 x −4 x −21 )
Equation of required line: y=2000 x −8000
 y=2000(x − 4)
From graph, x=0.9 or 3.58
40. (a)

2.2 −0in bottle ¿ 2.9 cm .

(b) When t=3.4 , depth of water
(c) (i) Gradient ¿ at t=2 ¿=
3 −0.7
¿ 0.957 (3 s.f.) [Accept
¿ ¿
9.8 − 4
Gradient (at t=5 ¿=
6− 4.2
¿ 2.64 (3 s.f.) [Accept 2.5
to 2.69]
(ii) These gradients represent the rate of change of depth of water with
respect to the time when t=2 and t=5 respectively.
(iii) The rate of change of depth of water is slower at the earlier time since
the bottom of the flask has a wider base.
(d) (i) Since the cylindrical container is initially empty, y=0 when t=0 .
∴ B=0
Since water is filled at a constant rate and the cylindrical container has a
uniform crosssectional area, the depth of water will increase at a constant
rate. 4.5
∴ A= =0.75
(ii) For6 experiment B , y =0.75 t .

From the graph, time taken for the depth of water in both containers to be
the same ¿ 2.65 s [Accept 2.65 to 2.8]
When t=3>2.65 , depth of water in the inverted flask will be greater than that
of the cylindrical container. ∴ Alyssa's claim is true.
41. (a) Area of cardboard ¿(16× 10)− 4 ¿ cm2
¿1.51
1.51 2
¿ 2
m
100
Mass of tray ¿ 0.0151 ×210 ¿ 0.0151 m2
¿ 3.171 g
(b) Length of tray ¿(16− 2 x )cm

Width of tray ¿(10− 2 x )cm

(c) (i) No.

When x=5 , width of tray ¿ 10 −2(5)=0.

There will no longer be a width edge to fold.
(ii) 0< x <5
(d) V =(16 −2 x)(10− 2 x )(x)
2 2 3
¿ 160 x − 32 x − 20 x + 4 x
 3 2
∴ V =4 x − 52 x +160 x (shown)

(f) For maximum volume, x=2.

∴ Dimensions of the tray are 12 cm ×6 cm× 2 cm
(g) When V =100 , from the graph, x=0.8 or x=3.4 .

For the mass to be as small as possible, we must use the larger value of x .
∴ x=3.45

¿ 2.3602 (5 s.f.)
¿ 2.36 g (3 s.f.)