KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHN

JAIPUR REGION
SESSION 2020-21

LAST MINUTE REVISION STUDY MATERIAL

MATHEMATICS
CLASS XII
Chief pATRON

Sh. B.L. Morodia

Deputy Commissioner
KVS, RO , Jaipur
PATRON PATRON

Sh. D.R. Meena Sh. Mukesh Kumar

Assistant Commissioner Assistant Commissioner
KVS, RO , Jaipur KVS, RO , Jaipur
Co-ordinator

Sh. Rajesh Kantharia

Principal
K.V.No.3 Jaipur

Content Team MEMBERS

1. Sh. Lokesh Kumar Gupta, PGT Maths, KV No.5 Jaipur

2. Sh. Sameer Saxena, PGT Maths, KV No. 1 Kota
3. Sh. Murli Khatri, PGT Maths, KV Eklingarh
4. Sh. Mukesh Kumar, PGT Maths, KV Dabla
5. Sh. M.K. Gupta, PGT Maths, KV Jhalawar
 CHAPTER – 1 (RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS)

*Relation: Any subset of the Cartesian product A X B of two sets A and B is said to be a relation from A to B.
Example: For A = {a, b} and B = {1, 2, 3}; A X B = {(a, 1), (a, 2), (a, 3), (b, 1), (b, 2), (b, 3)}
Then Relations can be defined as R1 = {(a, 1), (b, 2)}, R2 = {(a, 2), (a, 3), (b, 1), (b, 3)}, etc.
Note: In relation R1 above; (i). ‘1’ is the image of ‘a’ and ‘a’ is the pre-image of ‘1’.(ii). Domain of R1 = {a, b} and Range of R1 = {1, 2}
*Empty Relation: The relation ø which is a subset of A X B is said to be the empty relation in which no element of set A is related
to any element of set B.
*Universal relation: The relation A X B which is a subset of A X B is known as the Universal relation in which all the elements of set
A are related to every element of set B.
*Number of relations: if number of elements in set A& B are p & q i.e.n(A) = p and n(B) = q then n(A X B) = p X q, Number of
subsets of A X B = 2pq. Therefore, total number of relations from set A to set B = 2pq(Since every subset of A X B is a relation from A to B)
Note: Number of non empty relations are 2 pq– 1 (Subtract one empty relation)
Example: Let n(A)=2 & n(B)=3 then total number of relations from A to B=22X3=26=64 &Number of non empty relations=64 – 1=63.
Note: Total number of relations from set A to A (in set A) = 22X2 = 24= 16
*Types of relations:
a. Identity relation I: Every element of A must be related to itself only. For A = {1, 2, 3}, I = {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3)}
b. Reflexive relation: Every element of set A is related to itself. Elements of A may have another image also.
Examples: R1 = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (1,2)}, R2 = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (2, 1), (2, 3)} are reflexive relations.
R3 = {(a, b) / a divides b, a,b ϵ N} is a Reflexive relation as every natural number divides itself.
Note: Every Identity relation is always a reflexive relation but the converse is not true.
c. Symmetric relation: If ‘a’ is related to ‘b’ then ‘b’ is also related to ‘a’ OR if ‘b’ is the R image of ‘a’ then ‘a’ is also the R image
of ‘b’ OR (a, b)ϵ R => (b, a)ϵ R.
Example: R1 = {(1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2)} is symmetric as (1, 2)ϵ R1 => (2, 1)ϵ R1 and (2, 3)ϵ R1 => (3, 2)ϵ R1.
R2 = {(a, b) / (a - b) is a multiple of 5, a,b ϵ R} is symmetric as (b – a) is also a multiple of 5.
Note: Every Identity relation is symmetric too. [If (1, 2) is not in relation R, we will not search for (2, 1) in relation R]
d. Transitive relation: If (a, b) ϵ R and (b, c) ϵ R then (a, c) ϵ R. Example: R1 = {(1,2), (2, 3), (1, 3)} is transitive.
R2= {(1, 1),(2, 2),(3, 3),(2, 3),(1, 3)} is also transitive[If (a, b)ϵR but (b, c) is not in R then we will not search for (a, c) in R].
R3 = {(a, b) / a < b, a,b ϵ Z} is Transitive as a < b and b < c implies a < c for all integers.
Note: Every Identity relation is Transitive too as there is no case of transitivity.
e. Equivalence Relation: A relation which is Reflexive, Symmetric and Transitive is known as Equivalence relation.
Example: R = {(a, b) / (a – b) is even, a, b ϵ Z }is an Equivalence relation as it is; Reflexive: (a – a)= 0 is an even integer,
Symmetric: If (a – b) is even integer then (b – a) is also an even integer and Transitive: If (a – b) and (b – c) are even integers
then (a- c) is also an even integer [Here (a – c) = (a - b) + (b - c)]
Note: Every Empty relation is Symmetric and Transitive but not Reflexive [(a, a) is not in the empty relation]
Every Universal relation A X A in the set A and the Identity relation I is an Equivalence relation.
*Equivalence Class of an element: Let R be an equivalence relation in set A then equivalence class of an element ‘a’ is the set of
all the images of element ‘a’ and is written as [a].
In the above example; [0] = {...-4, -2, 0, 2, 4,...} and [1] = {...-3, -1, 1, 3,...}(Their intersection is ø and Union is the set Z).
*For a set A with ‘n’ elements:
Number of ↓ General Formula For n = 2 For n = 3 For n = 4
Reflexive relations 2n(n - 1) 4 64 4096
Symmetric Relations 2n(n+1)/2 8 64 1024
Reflexive & Symmetric Relations 2n(n-1)/2 2 8 64
Equivalence Relations No general formula 2 5 15
Important Problems:
1. How many ordered pairs should be added to the relation R = {(1, 1), (2, 3), (3, 1), (2,2)} to make it
a. Reflexive b. Symmetric c. Transitive
Solution: a. 1 ordered pair (3, 3) b. 2 ordered pairs (3, 2) & (1,3) c. 1 ordered pair (2, 1)
2. Find the domain & range of of the relation R = {(x, y) / 3x – y = 12} defined on the set of natural numbers N.
Solution: Here x = (y + 12)/3, so y should be a multiple of 3; hence values of y = Range of relation R = {3, 6, 9, 12,...}
Putting the values of y, we have; values of x = Domain of relation R = {5, 6, 7, ....}
3. Show that the relation R on the set R of real numbers, defined as R = {(a, b) : a ≤ b 2} is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor
transitive. [CBSE (F) 2019]
Solution: We will use appropriate examples for this purpose:
Reflexive: ½ ≤ (½)2 is not true, so not reflexive
Symmetric: 1 ≤ 22 is true hence (1, 2)ϵ R but 2 ≤ 12 is not true hence (2, 1) ɇR, so not symmetric.
Transitive: By taking three real numbers 2, -2 and 1, we have; (2, -2)ϵ R as 2 ≤ (-2)2, (-2, 1)ϵ R as (-2) ≤ 12 but (2, 1)ɇ R,
so f is not transitive.
4. Prove that the relationRIn N X N such that (a, b) R (c, d) if ad (b + c) = bc(a + d) is an equivalence relation.
Solution: Reflexive: (a,b) R (a, b) => ab(b + a) = ba(a + b) which is true for all (a,b) ϵ N X N, Hence R is reflexive.
Symmetric: (c, d) R (a, b)=>cb(d + a)=da(c +b)=>bc(a + d)=ad(b + c)=> ad(b + c)=bc(a + d) => (a, b)R(c, d),
hence symmetric.
 Transitive: (a, b) R (c, d) =>ad(b + c) = bc(a + d)and(c, d) R (e, f) =>cf(d + e) = de(c + f)
 ab(c – d) = cd(a – b)...........(i) and ef(c – d) = cd(e – f)...........(ii)
 Now dividing equation( i) by equation (ii), we get -
 ab/ef = (a - b)/(e - f) => ab (e – f) = ef(a – b) => abe – abf = aef – bef => abf + aef = abe + bef
 af(b + e) = be(a +f) => (a, b) R (e, f) is true, hence R is transitive.
 R is Reflexive, Symmetric and Transitive relation, hence R is an Equivalence relation.
5. If R = {(x, y) : x + 2y = 8} is a relation on N, write the range of N. [CBSE (AI) 2018]
8−𝑥
Solution: Here 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 8 ⇒ 𝑦 = ⇒ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 6, 𝑦 = 1; 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 2; 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 3 ⇒ Range = {1, 2, 3}.
2
6. Check whether the relation R on the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} as R = {(a, b) : b = a + 1} is Reflexive, Symmetric or Transitive.
Solution: Reflexive – Since a ≠ a + 1 => (a, a) ∉ R => R is not reflexive. [CBSE 2019]
Symmetric – For a = 1 and b = 2, 2 = 1 + 1 => (1, 2) ϵ R but 1 ≠ 2 + 1 => (2, 1) ∉ R => R is not symmetric.
Transitive – For a = 1, b= 2 and c = 3, we have 2 = 1 + 1 and 3 = 2 + 1 but 3 ≠ 1 + 1 => R is not transitive
𝑛+1
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
7. Let 𝑓: 𝑁 → 𝑁 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑓(𝑛) = { 𝑛2 for all 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁. Check the function for bijectivity.
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
2
Sol. The roster form of this function is f = {(1, 1),(2, 1), (3, 2),(4, 2),(5, 3), (6, 3)……..}
It is clear that this function is many one as f(1) = f(2) = 1
Also the function f is onto as every element of co-domain N has pre-image in domain N.
Therefore this function is many one and onto, hence not bijective.

Function: A relation from a set A to another set B is said to be a function if every element of set A has unique image in set B. Set A
is said to be its domain and set B the co-domain.
Example: f:N →N/f(x) = x + 3, f:R →R/f(x) = x2, f: R →R/f(x) = sinx, f: R+ → R/ f(x) = logx
Number of functions: For n(A) = p and n(B) = q, Total number of functions from A to B = q p.
Types of functions:
a. One-One (Injective function): Elements of set B have unique pre-image in set A.
Example: f:Z →Zsuch thatf(x) = x + 3, f(x) = y = x + 3 => x = y – 3, for every y ϵ Z, x will be unique in Z.
To prove a function one – one, we assume f(x) = f(y) and prove x = y. Function which is not one-one is many one function.
b. Onto (Surjective function): All the elements of set B must have some (one or more) pre-image in set A.
Example: f:Z →Zsuch that f(x) = x + 3, f(x) = y = x + 3 => x = y – 3, for every y ϵ Z, there exist some x ϵ A such that f(x) = y.
To prove a function onto, show that Range of the function = Co-domain. A function which is not onto is into function.
c. One-One & onto (Bijective Function): A function which is both one-one and onto is known as Bijective function.
The necessary condition for a function to be bijective is n(A) = n(B)
Note: A function f is said to be invertible if it is a bijective function.
Important questions:
4𝑥+3 2
1. Show that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑥 ≠ 3 is a bijective function. [CBSE 2012]
6𝑥−4
4𝑥+3 4𝑦+3
Soln. One-one – Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑦) ⇒ = ⇒ (4𝑥 + 3)(6𝑦 − 4) = (4𝑦 + 3)(6𝑥 − 4) ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑓 is one one
6𝑥−4 6𝑦−4
4𝑥+3 4𝑦+3 2
Onto – We will find the range of the function; let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = ⇒ 𝑦(6𝑥 − 4) = 4𝑥 + 3 ⇒ 𝑥 = ,𝑦 ≠
6𝑥−4 6𝑦−4 3
Hence the Range of the function f = co-domain of function f => f is onto function. Hence Bijective.
2. Show that the following function f : N → N is an invertible function: VV Important
𝑥 + 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥 − 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
Soln. Here 𝑓 = {(1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 6), (6, 5),...}. It is clear that every
element of co-domain N has unique pre-image in domain N. Hence f is
invertible function.Also, The given function can be proved invertible/bijective by
drawing an arrow diagram→
3. Consider f : R+ →[4, ∞) given by f(x) = x2 + 4, where R+ is the set of all non negative real numbers.
Show that the function f is invertible. [CBSE (AI) 2013; (F) 2011]
Soln: One-One - Let x1, x2 ϵ R+ (Domain) and f(x1) = f(x2) => x12 + 4 = x22 + 4 => x12 = x22 => x1 = x2 => f is one one function.
Onto– 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4 , 𝑥 = √𝑦 + 4 , 𝑦 𝜖 [4, ∞), 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛, hence the function is onto. Hence invertible also.
𝑥
4. Show that the function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 is neither one one nor onto. [CBSE 2018]
𝑥 +1
𝑥 𝑦
Soln. One one – Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑦) ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 = 𝑦𝑥 2 + 𝑦 ⟹ 𝑥𝑦(𝑥 − 𝑦) − (𝑥 − 𝑦) = 0 ⟹
𝑥 2 +1 𝑦 2 +1
(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥𝑦 − 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1/𝑦.Hence the function is not one one.
𝑥 1±√1−4𝑦 2
Onto – 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑦 = ⟹ 𝑦𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 = , 𝑦 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 ≠ 𝐶𝑜 − 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 .Hence f is not onto
𝑥 2 +1 2𝑦
Number of one – one / onto functions: For n(A) = p and n(B) = q, we have the following results:
Condition → p=q p<q p>q For p = 3 For p = 2 and For p = 3 and For p = 4 and For p = q =3
and q = 2 q=3 q=4 q=3
Number of one – one p! (Factorial p) 𝑞! 0 0
functions (𝑞 − 𝑝)! 6 24 0 3! = 6
Number of onto p! (Factorial p) qp – qC1 (q – 1)p
functions 0 + qC2(q – 2)p + 6 0 0 36 3! = 6
...
Number of bijective p! (Factorial p)
functions 0 0 0 0 0 0 3! = 6
 CHAPTER – 2 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
We know that a function f : A →B is said to be an invertible function if and only if it is bijective (one one and onto). To make a
function bijective, its domain and range are to be restricted.
Therefore, to define the Inverse Trigonometric Functions, we restrict their respective domain and range as per the following table:
Inverse Trigonometric Domain (x) Range (y) Remarks
Functions (Principal value branch)
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 [-1, 1] −𝜋 𝜋 Quadrants I and IV
[ , ]
2 2
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 [-1, 1] [0, 𝜋] Quadrants I and II
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 R −𝜋 𝜋 Quadrants I and IV
( , )
2 2
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 R −𝜋 𝜋 Quadrants I and IV
[ , ] − {0}
2 2
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 R – (-1, 1) 𝜋 Quadrants I and II
[0, 𝜋] − { }
2
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 R – (-1, 1) (0, 𝜋) Quadrants I and II
Some important properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions:
Property - 1 Remarks Property – 2 Remarks Property - 3 Remarks
−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) −1 −1 (−𝑥) −1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 =𝜃 𝜃 must be in sin(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑥 must be in 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑥 must be in
𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) = 𝜃 Principal cos(𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥) = 𝑥 the domain 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (−𝑥) = 𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 the domain
𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) = 𝜃 value branch tan(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) = 𝑥 mentioned 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (−𝑥) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 mentioned
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃) = 𝜃 above ↑ cosec(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥) = 𝑥 above ↑ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 above ↑
𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃) = 𝜃 sec(𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−𝑥) = 𝜋 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃) = 𝜃 cot(𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (−𝑥) = 𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥
1 1 1
Property – 4:𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Property – 5 : 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 =
2 2 2
Examples:
1. Find the principal value of the following:
1 −2 −1 1 −2
a. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )b. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (−1) c. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 ( ) d. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) e. 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 ( ) f. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 ( )
√2 √3 √2 √3 √3
−1 1 −1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Solutions: a. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) = (Here the angle lies in first quadrant which is the principal value branch of sin -1𝑥).
√2 4 4 4
−1 (−1) 𝜋 𝜋
b. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = −𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) = − (Using Property 3 and the same logic above ↑)
4 4
−1 −2 −1 2 −1 𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
c. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( ) = 𝜋 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( ) = 𝜋 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (sec ) = 𝜋 − = (Using Property 3 and the same logic above ↑)
√3 √3 6 6 6
Note : Parts d, e and f of the question may be solved in the same way using the given properties.
2. Find the principal value of the following:
3𝜋 13𝜋 7𝜋 −17𝜋 43𝜋
a. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) b. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) c. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) d. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) e. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 )
5 6 6 8 5
3𝜋 3𝜋
Solutions: a. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ), here the angle lies in second quadrant which is not the principal value branch of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥.
5 5
3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
Therefore 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 )≠ . Now 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = sin (𝜋 − ) = sin [Because sin(π – θ) = sinθ]
5 5 5 5 5
3𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
Now we can write 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 )=
5 5 5
2𝜋
(Here the angle lies in first quadrant which is the principal value branch of sin -1𝑥).
5
−1 13𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
b. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (cos (2𝜋 + )) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) = (Using the same logic above ↑)
6 6 6 6
7𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋
c. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝜋 + )) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) = (angle is in second quadrant which is not the
6 6 6 6 6
7𝜋 𝜋
principal value branch of tan-1x, therefore the angle was converted from to which is in first quadrant)
6 6
−17𝜋 17𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋
d. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝜋 + )) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) =
8 8 8 8 8 8
[𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 sin(−x) = − sin x and sin−1 (−x) = −sin x] −1

43𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 −𝜋 −𝜋
e. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 (8𝜋 + )) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( − )) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) =
5 5 5 2 5 10 10
√3
3. Find the value of 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [2𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 )]. −1
[CBSE(AI) 2018]
2
𝜋 𝜋
−1 √3
) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√3) = 𝜋⁄3.
−1 −1 √3
Solution: 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [2𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠 )] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [2𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2 . )] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [2 sin ] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2 .
2 6 3 2
−1 cos 𝑥
4. Simplify: 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) [CBSE 2020]
1−sin 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
cos 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )(𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
Solution: 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 𝑥
2
𝑥
2
𝑥 𝑥 ] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 2 2 2
𝑥 2
2
]=
1−sin 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜋 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 𝒙 𝒙
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 2
𝑥 𝑥
2
]=𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 2
𝑥 ] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 4 + 2)] = 4 + 2 (Here 1 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝟐 𝟐
2 2 2
 Chapter-3 & 4 Matrices and determinants

Matrix is a rectangular array of numbers(real or complex) kept inside brackets [] or () and denoted by capital letters. The numbers
are called elements or members or entry

Order of a matrix: A matrix having “m” number of rows and “n” number of columns is of order mxn

Example A=𝑟𝑜𝑤 → 1 −1 3 ↓ 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛, is a matrix of order 2X3 having element a21 = 2 and a13 = 3
[ ]
2 5 −7

1.Sum of two matrices: for Matrix A=[aij]mxn and B= [bij]mxn, the sum of two matrices A & B defined as matrix C =[c ij]mxn
where cij = aij + bij for all i,j. (To add two matrices of same order, their corresponding elements are added)
2.Multiplication of matrix by scalar : If A=[aij]mxn is a matrix and k is a scalar then kA is another matrix which is obtained by
−2 6 7 4 3 −2 −6 18 21
multiplying each element of A by the scalar k . e.g.For A= [ ],B=[ ] ,3A= [ ]and
4 3 1 5 3 −1 12 9 3
4 + 4 −12 + 3 −14 − 2 8 −9 −16
-2A+B=[ ]=[ ]
−8 + 5 −6 + 3 −2 − 1 −3 −3 −3
3.Multiplication of matrices: Matrix A can be multiplied to matrix B if number of columns in A is equal to number of rows in B. If
A =[aij]mxn and B=[bjk]nxp are two matrices then AB=[cik]mxp and cik = ∑𝑛𝑗=1 a ij bjk [Remark- if AB is defined then BA need not be defined]
2 7
1 −1 2 (1)(2) + (−1)(−1) + (2)(5) ? 13 −2
For [ ] [−1 1 ] = [ ]= [ ]
0 3 4 ? ? 17 −13
5 −4
3 5
T ’ T
Transpose of a matrix: For Matrix A =[aij]mxn transpose of A is denoted by A or A and A =[aji]nxm for example If A=[ √3 1],
−1
0
5
3 √3 0
then A’ = [ −1] [Hint : interchange rows and columns]
5 1
5
Symmetric and skew symmetric matrix: A square matrix A =[aij]mxn is symmetric if A’=A i.e. aij = aji and a square matrix A =[aij]mxn
is skew symmetric matrix if 𝐴’ = −𝐴 e.g. aji = - aij & aii=0 for all possible values of i and j.
√3 2 3 0 −2 3
Example A= [ 2 −1.5 −1] is symmetric matrix as A’=A and B= [ 2 0 −1] is skew symmetric matrix as B’=-B
3 −1 1 −3 1 0
[Remark :For any square matrix A ,A+ A’ is always symmetric and A-A’ is always skew symmetric matrix ]
Minor of an element : Minor of aij in matrix A is denoted by Mij and is the determinant of order (n-1) obtained by deleting the ith
row and jth column of A.
Cofactor of an element : Co-factor of an element aij is denoted by Cij orAij and it’s value is given by Cij = (-1)i+j MijImportant result :
(1)If A is a square matrix of order n,then then |kA|= k n|A|, (2)If A is non singular matrix of order n then |AdjA|= |A|n-1
1
(3)A square matrix A is said to be singular if |A|= 0, (4) If A is a square matrix, then | A-1|=
|𝐴|
Adjoint of a square matrix is transpose of matrix obtained by replacing each element of it by it’s cofactor𝐴𝑖𝑗 and is denoted by
2 −1
Adj(A). If A=[ ] . 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑀11 =3(Hint: value after deleting first row and first column) ,𝑀12 = 4,𝑀21 = −1, 𝑀22 = 2,
4 3
3 −4 3 1
Cofactors 𝐴11 =3,𝐴12 = −4,𝐴21 = 1,𝐴22 =2 Then Adj A= Transpose of [ ]= [ ]
1 2 −4 2
Property of Adjoint: (Adj A).A=A. (Adj A) = |A|I , Note: Inverse of only non-singular matrix exists.
Inverse of a square matrix :a non-singular matrix A of order n is called invertible matrix if there exists a square matrix B of order n
𝟏
such that AB=BA=I and B is called inverse of A and vice-versa. The inverse of A is denoted by A-1&A-1 = 𝑨𝒅𝒋 𝑨
|𝑨|
[Remark:A rectangular matrix does not possess inverse]
Solution of system of equations: For the equations, 3x-2y+ 3z= 8, 2x+ y-z =1, 4x-3y+ 2z=4 System of Equations in matrix form can
be expressed as AX=B and X=A-1B where
3 −2 3 𝑥 8
A=[2 1 −1], X= [𝑦] , B= [1], |A|=3(2-3)+2(4+4)+3(-6-4)=-17≠ 0 Hence A is non-singular and it’s inverse exists.
4 −3 2 𝑧 4
𝐴11 =-1 , 𝐴12 =-8, 𝐴13 =-10, 𝐴21 =-5, 𝐴22 =-6,𝐴23 =1,𝐴31 =-1,𝐴32 =9, 𝐴33 =7
−1 −5 −1 −1 −5 −1 8 𝑥 −17 1
−1 −1 −1
A-1= [ −8 −6 9 ] , X=A-1B = [ −8 −6 9 ] [1], [𝑦]= [−34] = [2], hence x=1, y=2, z=3
17 17 17
−10 1 7 −10 1 7 4 𝑧 −51 3
Important questions:Level -1
1. If a matrix has 5 elements what are the possible order it can have ? [Ans. 1X5 and 5X1]
5
1
𝑎11 𝑎12 2
1 1
2. Construct 3X2 matrix whose elements are given by aij = |i-3j|, Hint:[𝑎21 𝑎22 ] Ans. 2
2
2
𝑎31 𝑎32 3×2 3
[0 2]
1 2 3 2 3 1 −3 −4 1
3. If A= = [ ] , B=[ ], then find A-2B. Ans. [ ]
3 1 3 1 0 2 1 1 −1
2 −3 5
4. Find the co-factor of 𝑎12 in A=[ 3 −2 −5] Solution 𝑀12 =(3)(2)-(-5)(-1) =1, 𝐴12 = (−1)1+2 1 =-1
−1 1 2
5.If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that A. (Adj A) = 10I find 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴|. (𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐴. (𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴) = |𝐴|𝐼, 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 |𝐴| = 10 & |𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴| = 100)
 16 3 2𝑥 3
6. Find the positive value of x if | |=| |, solution.(16)(2)-(3)(5)= (2x)x-(3)(5) →2x2-15=32-15→x=±4 →x=4
5 2 5 𝑥
7.If A is a square matrix of order 3 and |A|=7 find |2A|, solution. |2A|=23|A|=8x7=56
8. Find number of all possible matrices of order 2X2 with each entry 1or2 solution. 24=16
Level –II
1
1.For the following matrices A and B verify that (AB)T=BTAT whereA=[−4] , B= [−1 2 1]
3
2.If Area of a triangle is 35 sq.unit with vertices (2,-6),(5,4) and (k,4) Then find k.
2 −6 1
1
Solution |5 4 1|=±35 →2(4-4)+6(5-k)+1(20-4k)= ±70 → k=12,-2
2
𝑘 4 1
3 1 1 0 3 1 3 1 1 0 3 1 16 8
3.If A=[ ] and I=[ ] , Find 𝑎 and 𝑏 so that A2+ 𝑎I= 𝑏 A [Solution:[ ][ ]+𝑎[ ]=𝑏 [ ]→[ ]+
7 5 0 1 7 5 7 5 0 1 7 5 56 32
𝑎 0 16 + 𝑎 8 3𝑏 𝑏
[ ]=[ ]= [ ] → 𝑏 =8 , 16+ 𝑎 = 3𝑏 and 𝑎 = 8
0 𝑎 56 32 + 𝑎 7𝑏 5𝑏
2−𝑘 3
4. Find the value of k if matrix A=[ ] is singular. [Solution: For singular matrix |A|=0 →2-k+15=0 →k=17]
−5 1
2 3 2 −2 2 3 4 6 6 −6
5.Find X and Y if 2X+3Y=[ ] and 3X+2Y=[ ] [Solution:2(2X+3Y)=2[ ] →4X+6Y=[ ]& 9X+6Y=[ ] → 4X+6Y-
4 0 −1 5 4 0 8 0 −3 15
2 −12 2 13
4 6 6 −6 −2 12 5 5 5 5
(9X+6Y)=[ ]−[ ] → -5X=[ ] → X=[−11 ]& Y=[14 ]
8 0 −3 15 11 −15 3 −2
5 5

1 2 3 −7 −8 −9
6.Find the matrix X so that X[ ]=[ ][Solution: Order of matrix X will be 2x2, [𝑎 𝑏 ] [1 2 3] = [−7 −8 −9]
4 5 6 2 4 6 𝑐 𝑑 4 5 6 2 4 6

1 −2
𝑎 +4 𝑏 =-7, 2 𝑎 +5 𝑏 =-8, 𝑐 +4 𝑑 =2,2c+5 𝑑 =4 on solving 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −2, 𝑐 = 2, 𝑑 = 0 Hence X=[ ]
2 0
2 𝑎 5
7.If the matrix A=[−1 4 𝑏] is a symmetric matrix then find 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 [𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑎 =-1, 𝑏=-4, 𝑐 = 5 hence 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0 ]
𝑐 −4 9
Level –III
3 −2 −4
1. Express matrix A as the sum of a symmetric and skew symmetric matrix, where A=[ 3 −2 −5]
−1 1 2
1 5
3 −
3 −2 −4 3 3 −1 6 1 −5 2 2
1 1 1 1
Solution-P= (𝐴 + 𝐴′ ) = [[ 3 −2 −5] + [−2 −2 1 ]]= [ 1 −4 −4] = 2 −2 −2 (𝑃 ′ = 𝑃) P is symmetric matrix
2 2 2
−1 1 2 −4 −5 2 −5 −4 4 5
[− 2 −2 2 ]
−5 3
0 −
3 −2 −4 3 3 −1 0 −5 −3 2 2
1 1 1 5
Q= (𝐴 − 𝐴′ )= [[ 3 −2 −5] − [−2 −2 1 ]]= [5 0 −6] = 0 −3 (𝑄 ′ = −𝑄) Q is skew symmetric matrix & P+ Q
2 2 2 2
−1 1 2 −4 −5 2 3 6 0 3
[2 3 0]
1 5 −5 3
3 − 0 −
2 2 2 2 3 −2 −4
1 5
= 2 −2 −2 + 0 −3 =[ 3 −2 −5] = 𝐴
2
5 3 −1 1 2
[− 2 −2 2 ] [ 2 3 0]
2.Using matrix method solve the following system of equations : X+2y-3z=-4, 2x+3y-2z=2, 3x-3y+4z=9 { Ans. x=1,y=2,z=3}

1 −1 0 2 2 −4
3. Find the product AB where A=[2 3 4] , B=[−4 2 −4] and use the product to solve the system of equations
0 1 2 2 −1 5
x-y=3 , 2x+3y+4z=17 , y+2z=7
1 −1 0 2 2 −4 6 0 0
1
Solution: [2 3 4] [−4 2 −4] =[0 6 0] =6I, e.g. A-1 = 𝐵 → system of equation can be written as AX=B and X= A-1B
6
0 1 2 2 −1 5 0 0 6
𝑥 2 2 −4 3 12 2
1 1
[𝑦]= [−4 2 −4] [17] = [−6]=[−1] Hence x=2, y=-1, z=4
6 6
𝑧 2 −1 5 7 24 4
1 3 2
4. If A=[2 0 −1], then show that 𝐴3 − 4𝐴2 − 3𝐴 + 11𝐼 = 𝑂
1 2 3
1 3 2 1 3 2 9 7 5 9 7 5 1 3 2 28 37 26
Solution: A2 =[2 0 −1] [2 0 −1]=[1 4 1], A3 = A2A= [1 4 1] [2 0 −1]=[10 5 1]→
1 2 3 1 2 3 8 9 9 8 9 9 1 2 3 35 42 34
28 37 26 9 7 5 1 3 2 1 0 0
A3-4A2-3A+11I=[10 5 1 ] − 4 [1 4 1] − 3 [2 0 −1] + 11 [0 1 0]
35 42 34 8 9 9 1 2 3 0 0 1
28 37 26 36 28 20 3 9 6 11 0 0 0 0 0
=[10 5 1 ] − [ 4 16 4 ] − [6 0 −3] + [ 0 11 0 ] = [0 0 0]=O
35 42 34 32 36 36 3 6 9 0 0 11 0 0 0
 Chapter-5 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

Continuity & Discontinuity:

The function f is continuous at the point a in its domain if:
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚
1. 𝑥→𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡 2. 𝑥→𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎)
If f is not continuous at a, we say that f is discontinuous at a.
Note1.If the point a is not in the domain of f, we do not talk about whether or not f is continuous at a.
2. Continuityon a Subset of the Domain: The function f is continuous on the subset S of its domain if it is continuous at each point
of S.
Note:
1. All polynomial, rational, exponential, trigonometric and logarithmic functions are continuous in their respective domains.
2. Sum, Difference, product and quotient of two continuous functions is continuous i.e if f and g are two continuous
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
functions then (𝑓 ± 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥) is continuous, (𝑓. 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 continuous and (𝑥) = , 𝑔(𝑥) ≠
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)
0 is continuous.
 x  2 if x  1
Example: 1. Discuss the continuity of the function f defined by f ( x)  
 x  2 if x  1
Sol. For x<1 or x>1 the given function is continuous being a polynomial function
For x=1;LHL= lim−1 𝑓(𝑥) = lim(𝑥 − 2) = 1 − 2 = −1
𝑥→1 𝑥→1
RHL= lim+1 𝑓(𝑥) = lim(𝑥 + 2) = 1 + 2 = 3
𝑥→1 𝑥→1
Here, LHL≠ RHL, for continuity at x= 1 , LHL should be equal to RHL and this common value should be equal to f(1)
Hence the given function is discontinuous at x = 1 and x=1 is point of discontinuity.
3𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑖𝑓𝑥 > 1
2. If the function f(x) given by: 𝑓(𝑥) = { 11 𝑥 = 1 , is continuous at x = 1, find the value of a and b.
5𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑏 𝑖𝑓𝑥 < 1
Sol. Here f(x) is continuous at x=1 so LHL=RHL=f(1)
lim− 𝑓(𝑥)= lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(1)lim(5𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑏) = lim(3𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = 11
𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥→1
5𝑎 − 2𝑏 = 3𝑎 + 𝑏 = 11 ⇒ 5𝑎 − 2𝑏 = 11 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3𝑎 + 𝑏 = 11 𝑂𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 2

1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥
3.Find the values of k so that the function f iscontinuous at , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠
𝜋 4.If 𝑓(𝑥) = { 1𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 is continuous at x=0 then find
𝜋 𝜋−2𝑥 2 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝜋 2
2
3, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = the value of a
2
𝜋
Sol. The given function f(x) is continuous at x= so Sol. Since f is continuous
2
𝜋
LHL=RHL=f( ) =3
2
at x =0, .

Derivative; Differentiability
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑎+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑎)
1) The derivative of the function f at the point 𝑎 in its domain is given by 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) = , if limit exists
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑑𝑦
2) is the notation for first order derivative and also denoted by 𝑦 ′ or 𝑦1
𝑑𝑥
Note:All continuous functions are not differentiable. For instance, f(x) = |x| is continuous at every real number (including x = 0),
but not differentiable at x = 0. However, every differentiable function is continuous.
Some important formulae:
𝑑 𝑑 Note:
1. (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 9. (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) = 1/𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 1
2. (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 10. (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) = √1−𝑥2 1. Product Rule (𝑓. 𝑔)′ = 𝑓. 𝑔′ + 𝑔. 𝑓′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 1
3. (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 11. (𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥) = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 𝑓 𝑔.𝑓 ′ −𝑓.𝑔′
𝑑
(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑 1 2. Quotient Rule:( )′ =
4. 12. (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) = 𝑔 𝑔2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2
𝑑 2 𝑑 1
5. (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 13. (𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥) = − 3. Chain Rule:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2
𝑑 𝑑 1
6. (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 14. (𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑑 𝑑 1 If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢), 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 = .
7. (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 15. (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥) = − 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1
𝑑 𝑑
8. (𝑎 𝑥 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 16. (𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 4. (𝑓 ± 𝑔)′ = 𝑓′ ± 𝑔′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑎+𝑦)
Q.1 If𝑥√1 + 𝑦 + 𝑦√1 + 𝑥 = 0, for, −1 < x <1, prove that =− Q.2 If 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎 + 𝑦) with 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎 ≠ ±1 prove that =
𝑑𝑥 (1+𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎

Sol. It is given that, Sol.

𝑥 √1 + 𝑦 + 𝑦√1 + 𝑥 = 0
𝑥 √1 + 𝑦+= −𝑦√1 + 𝑥
Squaring both side we get
𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑦) = 𝑦 2 (1 + 𝑥)
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 2
𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦
(x + y)(x − y) = xy(y − x)
So (x + y) = −𝑥𝑦
𝑥
y = −
1+𝑥
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain
𝑑𝑦 (1 + 𝑥)(𝑥)′ − 𝑥(1 + 𝑥)′
=− Then, equation (1) reduces to
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)2 {
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
. sin(𝑎 + 𝑦) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦]
𝑑𝑦
= cos(𝑎 + 𝑦)
(1 + 𝑥) − 𝑥 cos(𝑎 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
=− {cosy. sin(a + y) − siny. cos(a + y} .
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑎 + 𝑦)
(1 + 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑦 − 𝑦) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑎 + 𝑦)
=− 𝑑𝑥
(1 + 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑦
 =
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑎+𝑦)
Hence proved
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Q.3 If 𝑦 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥), then show x2 + 𝑥 +𝑦 =0 Q.4 If y=(tan−1 𝑥)2, then show that (1+x2)2 + 2x(1+x2) = 2.
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Sol. Given function y = 3 cos(logx) + 4 sin(logx) Differentiating Sol. Given function y = (tan – lx)2 y1 = 2 tan – lx/(1 + x2) Cross multiplying we get
𝑑𝑦
= - 3sin(logx)/x + 4 cos(logx)/x then Multipy by x we get (1 + x2) y1 = 2 tan – lx Diff. again we get
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 (1 + x2) y2 + 2x(1 + x2)y1 = 2.
x = - 3sin(logx) + 4 cos(logx) Again diff.x = - 3cos(logx)/x – 4 sin(logx)/x
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
2 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
this gives x +x + y = 0 as required.
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 √1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+ √1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −1 𝑥 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Q.8 Find for y = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ ] Q.9𝐼𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 , then show that (1− x2)
𝑑𝑥 2
−x
𝑑𝑥
− a2y = 0.
𝑑𝑥 √1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥− √1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −𝑦
𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥
Sol.√1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = √𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥2 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥2 = (cos 𝑥2 + sin 𝑥2) Sol.y = 𝑒  y1 =  y1√1 − 𝑥 2 = − y  (1 − 𝑥 2 ) y2 – x
√1−𝑥 2

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
y1 – a2y = 0.
√1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = √𝑠𝑖𝑛2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 = (cos − sin )
2 2 2
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [
√1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+ √1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥
]= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 {𝑐𝑜𝑡 } Q.10 If y=sin(msi𝑛−1 𝑥), then show that (1− x2)𝑑𝑥2 − x 𝑑𝑥 + m2y = 0.
√1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥− √1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2
𝜋 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1 Sol. y = sin(msin–1x)  y1 = m cos(msin–1x)/√1 − 𝑥 2 y1√1 − 𝑥 2
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
{(tan ( − ))} = −  =−
2 2 2 2 𝑑𝑥 2 = m cos(msin–1x) (1 − x2) y2−x(1 − x2)y1 = 2
Q.5Find
𝑑𝑦
if 𝑥 = 𝑎 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 )) , 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑡 Properties of Logarithm:
𝑑𝑥 2 1. log(𝑎𝑏) = log 𝑎 + log 𝑏.
𝑎
2. log = log 𝑎 − log 𝑏 . 3. log 𝑎𝑚 = 𝑚 log 𝑎.
𝑏

𝑡
Solution: 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑡𝑎𝑛 )), 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
2
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡
= 𝑎(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + ) =𝑎
𝑑𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
= 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 so = 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 and = . = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑡* (Common error:
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒕
Students forget to write 𝟐= ( ).
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Q.7 Differentiate the function with respect to x, 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Sol. 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. log(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain →

Common errors:

S. No. Errors Correction Remarks

1. 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑥 Proper application of logarithmic
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 𝑥 Take 𝑦 = 𝑢 + 𝑣 where 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑦 , 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑢 = properties
𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥&𝑣 = 𝑦 𝑥 ,𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑣 = 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦
2. 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥 Proper application of logarithmic
(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 𝑥 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 properties
3. 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥 Proper application of logarithmic
(𝑥 ) = 𝑥. 𝑥 𝑥−1 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 properties
4. 𝑑(sin 2𝑥) 𝑑(sin 2𝑥) Application of chain rule
= cos 2𝑥 = 2cos 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5. 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥 Proper application of logarithmic
(𝑎 ) = 𝑥. 𝑎 𝑥−1 (𝑎 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 properties
6. 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥 Proper application of logarithmic
(𝑎 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 (𝑎 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 properties
7. Application of chain rule
dy d2y dy d2y dt
= sint then  cos t = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 so
2
 cos t.
dx dx 2 dx dx dx
8. 𝑑2 𝑦 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒕 Application of chain rule
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑡 2 = ( ).
𝐼𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑡), = 𝑑2 𝑥 𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑡 2

Chapter-6
Application of derivatives
Increasing / decreasing of functions:
(i) If f '( x)  0 for all x  (a, b) , then f is increasing on (a, b)
(ii) If f '( x)  0 for all x  (a, b) , then f is decreasing on (a, b)
(iii) If f '( x)  0 for all x  (a, b) , then f is constant on (a, b) .
Note:1. A function f is said to be monotonic on an interval, if it is either increasing or decreasing on that interval.
2. A function y  f ( x) is said to have a critical point at x  c , if any one of the following conditions is satisfied:
(a) f '(c)  0 (b) f '(c) is undefined, but f ( x) is continuous at x  c .
3. Let y  f ( x) be a given function. The points where f '( x)  0 are called stationary/critical points of the function. So, we can
find the stationary points of a function y  f ( x) by solving the equation f '( x)  0 for x .
Q.1 Find the intervals in which the function f given by f (x) = Q.2 Find the intervals in which the function f given by 𝑓(𝑥) =
4𝑥 3 – 6𝑥 2 – 72x + 30is (a) strictly increasing (b) strictly 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 is strictly increasing or strictly
decreasing decreasing.

Sol. We have Sol. 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓 (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 + 30𝑥 2 + 72𝑥 + 30 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓′ (𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑓 ‘(𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 + 60𝑥 + 72 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 we get 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 0 i.e. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ⇒
= 12(𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6) 𝜋 5𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 1 so in 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 we get x= , so the intervals are(0,
4 4
= 12(𝑥 + 3) (𝑥 + 2) 𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
Put 𝑓 ‘(𝑥) = 0, we get 𝑥 = −2, −3 Now using number line ), ( , ) and ( ,2𝜋) Here 𝑓 ′ (x)> 0 in (0, )∪( ,𝜋) So 𝑓(𝑥)
4 4 4 4 4 4
𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
Thepoints 𝑥 = – 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = −3 divides the real line into increasing in(0, )∪( , 𝜋) and 𝑓 ′ (x)< 0 in( , ) So 𝑓(𝑥) is
4 4 4 4
three disjoint 𝜋 5𝜋
decreasing in ( , )
intervals,namely, (– ∞, – 3), (– 3, −2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−2, ∞). 4 4
+- +
Q.3Prove that the function given byf(x) = 𝑥 3 − 3x 2 + 3x −
100 is increasing on R.
Sol. We have, f(x) = 𝑥 3 − 3x 2 + 3x − 100
In the intervals, (– ∞, – 3), 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−2, ∞) 𝑓 ‘(𝑥) is positive 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 3
while in the 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 (– 3, −2)f ‘(x) is negative, Consequently, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3(𝑥 − 1)2
the function f is strictly increasing in the intervals(– ∞, – 3), 2
and (−2, ∞)while the function is strictly decreasing in the For any 𝑥 ∈ 𝑹, (𝑥 − 1) > 0.
interval (– 3, −2)However, f is neither increasing nor Thus, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)is always positive in R.
decreasing in 𝑹. Hence, the given function 𝑓 is increasing on 𝑹.
Note: 1. Curved Surface area of a cone:=𝜋𝑟𝑙 Note 1. Curved Surface area of a cylinder:=2𝜋𝑟ℎ
2. Total surface area cone = 𝜋𝑟(𝑙 + 𝑟) 2. Total surface area of cylinder = 2𝜋𝑟(ℎ + 𝑟)
1
3. Volume of a cone = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ 3. Volume of a cylinder = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
3
Note 1.Surface area of a sphere:=4𝜋𝑟 2 Note 1.Curved Surface area of a hemi-sphere:=2𝜋𝑟 2
2. Total surface area of sphere = 2𝜋𝑟(ℎ + 𝑟) 2. Total surface area of hemi-sphere =3𝜋𝑟 2
4 2
3. Volume of a sphere = 𝜋𝑟 3 3. Volume of a sphere = 𝜋𝑟 3
3 3
 TANGENTS AND NORMALS

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1)For the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), , represents the slope of the tangent to the curve. i.e 𝑚 = 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2) Slope of the tangent to the curve at (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝑖𝑠 ](𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ).
𝑑𝑥
3) Equation to the tangent at (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )to a curve𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) with slope m is 𝑦 – 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 – 𝑥1 )
4) If m is the slope of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )then slope of the normal at (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )is -1/m.
−1
5)Equation of normal at (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )is 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑚
6) Two lines are parallel if their slopes are equal i.e. 𝑚1 =𝑚2
7) Two lines are perpendicular if product of their slopes=-1 i.e. 𝑚1 .𝑚2 =-1
8)The point where the equation of tangent or normal is asked is lie on the curve.

Q.1 For the curve y = 4 x  2 x , find all the points at which Q.3 Find the equation of the tangent to the curve:
3 5
𝜋
tangent passes through the origin. 𝑥 = 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃, 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 at θ = 4

Sol. Let ( x y ) is the required point. The tangent to the curve Sol. We have, 𝑥 = 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃, 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
1, 1
=>𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝜃 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃, 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝜃 = – 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
pass through the origin.
y  4 x3  2 x5 =>𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 = (𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝜃)/(𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝜃) = – 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃/(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃).
1
dy Slope of the tangent at ( x y ) is 𝑑𝑦 – 1 1 √2 − 1
 12 x 2  10 x 4 1, 1
[ ]𝜃=𝜋/4 = √2
1 = − =− 𝑋 = 1 – √2.
dx 𝑑𝑥 1 + √2 + 1 √2 + 1 √2 − 1
√2
dy =0 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 1
 12 x1
2
 10 x1
4 Also at , 𝑥 =
4 4
+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛
4
=
4
+
√2
and
dx ( x1, y1 ) 𝜋
y = 1 + cos = (√2 + 1)/√2 .
4
Equation to tangent is y  y  (12 x 2  10 x 4 )( x  x ) 𝜋
1 1 1 1 Therefore, equation of tangent at θ = is
4
Since this passes through the origin we have (√2 + 1) 𝜋 1
y–( )= (1 – √2)(x – – 2)
0  (4 x13  2 x15 )  (12 x12  10 x14 )(0  x1 ) √2
1
4 √2
𝜋 1
=> y – 1 – 2 = (1 – √2)x + (√2 – 1) – + 1
Solving above equations we get x =0, 1, -1 √2 4 √2
1 after simplifying we get
Hence the required points are (0, 0), (1, 2) and (-1, -2) 𝜋
=> y = (1 – √2)𝑥 + (√2 – 1) + 2
4
Q.2 Find the slope of the tangent to the curve Q.4 Prove that the curves x = 𝑦 2and 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑘cut at right angles*
y = 3x4 – 4x at x = 1. if 8𝑘 2= 1
𝑑𝑦
Sol. We have, y = 3x4 – 4x Sol. Finding for the two curves, we get
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 12x3– 4. 𝑑𝑦 1
= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =-
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Slope of tangent= [𝑑𝑦]x =1 = 12(1)3 – 4 = 12 – 4 = 8 Finding points of intersection of two given curves we get
𝑑𝑥
(k2/3 , k1/3) Now as the curves cut at right angle so Using
product of slopes of tangents of both curves =-1
We get 8k2=1
Note: Two curves are orthogonal if tangents at their point of
intersection are perpendicular.

Maxima & Minima

1)There are two types of extreme positions: local (relative) and global (absolute).
2)A function f ( x) defined on an interval [a, b] is said to have a local (or relative) maxima at a point x  c , if f (c)  f (c  h)
for all sufficiently small negative as well as positive values of h . The function is said to have a local (or relative) minima at x  c ,
if f (c)  f (c  h).
3)The point x  c , where f '(c)  0 or f '(c) does not exist, is called a critical point of the function f ( x) .
4)A maximum or a minimum value of a function is also termed as extremum or extreme value of the function.
5) Let f be function defined in the closed interval I. If there exist a point ‘a’ in the interval I such that f(a) ≥ f(x) for every x є I,
then the function is said to attain absolute maximum at x = a, and f(a) is absolute maximum value.
6) Let f be function defined in the closed interval I. If there exist a point ‘a’ in the interval I such that f(a) ≤f(x) for every x є I, then
the function is said to attain absolute minimum at x = a, and f(a) is absolute minimum value.
7) To find the absolute maximum or minimum in [a, b] we have to find out the value at the end points of interval [a, b] i.e. f(a)
and f(b) along with local maxima and minima.In some cases Local maxima may be less than the local minima.
Tests for maxima or minima:
1) First Derivative Test : If a function f ( x) has either local maxima or minima at a point x  c , then either f '(c)  0 or
f '(c) does not exist, i.e, x  c is a critical point of the function. Of course, there may be functions for which f (c) is not a local
extremum, even when x  c is a critical point of the function.
2) If f’(x) does not change its sign in the neighbourhood of ‘x1’, then ‘x1’ is neither point of local maxima nor local minima, then x1 is
called the point of inflexion.
 Second Derivative Test: Let f '(c)  0 for a given function f ( x) defined on (a, b) . Then
(i) f ''(c)  0  f (c) is a local maximum of f ( x) (ii) f ''(c)  0  f (c) is a local minimum of f ( x) .
Q.1 A box is to be constructed from a square metal sheet of side Q.3 Prove that the volume of the largest cone that can be
8
60 cm by cutting out identical squares from the four corners inscribed in a sphere of radius R is of the volume of the
27
and turning up the sides. Find the length of the side of the sphere.
square to be cut out so that the box has maximum volume
Sol. Volume of the box is 𝑉 = 𝑙 × 𝑏 × ℎ Sol.
So, = (60 – 2𝑥) × (60 – 2𝑥) × 𝑥
= 3600 𝑥 – 240 𝑥 2 + 4 𝑥 3 .
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉
= 3600 – 480 𝑥 + 12 𝑥 2 ,[for maxima or minima, put =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0]
Or, 3600 – 480 𝑥 + 12 𝑥 2 = 0 =>(𝑥 − 30)(𝑥 − 10)=0
=>𝑥 = 30 𝑜𝑟 10 .
Here𝑥 = 30 is not possible, so𝑥 =
10 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Now d2V/dx2 = 24 𝑥 – 480 = 24 × 10 – 480 < 0 [𝑎𝑡 𝑥 =
10]
Therefore, V is maximum when 𝑥 = 10 and maximum volume
= (60 – 2x)2 × x =>= (60 – 20 )2 × 10 = 16000 cm3.
Q.2 Find all points of local maxima and local minima of the Let height of cone = R+ x and Radius = r Then R2 = x2 +
2…….(1) 1 1
function r and Vol. of cone V = π r ( R + x) = π (R2 - x2) ( R
2
3 3
given by f (x) = 𝑥 3 – 3x + 3. + x) from (1)
Sol. 𝑓’(𝑥)=3𝑥 2 − 3 ⇒ 3(𝑥 2 − 1) ⇒ 3(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) 1 dV 1
V= π(R3 - x3 +R2x- x2R)  = π(R2-3x2-2Rx)
3 dy 3
𝑓’(𝑥) = 0 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 1, −1Thus, x = ± 1 are the only critical points dV d2 V
which could possibly be the points of local maxima and/or local minima For max. vol, = 0 gives x = R/3 and < 0  Vol. is max.
dy dy2
of f. Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1, 8 4
Now using (1) the max. vol. of cone = × π R3 as required
𝑓’(𝑥)> 0 and for values close to 1 and to the left of 1 𝑓’(𝑥)< 0. 27 3
Therefore, by first derivative test, x = 1 is a point of local minima and
local minimum value is f (1) = 1. In the case of x = –1, note that
𝑓’(𝑥)> 0, for values close to and to the left of –1 and 𝑓’(𝑥)< 0, for
values close to andto the right of – 1. Therefore, by first derivative test,
x = – 1 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value is f (–1) = 5.
Q.4A window is in the form of a rectangle surrounded by a Q.5 A helicopter is flying along the curve y = x2 + 2. A soldier
semi-circular opening. The total perimeter of window is 10 placed at the point (3, 2) wants to shoot it when it is nearest
meters. Find the dimensions of the window so as to admit to him. Find the nearest distance between the soldier and
maximum light through the whole opening. the helicopter.
Sol. Let x and y are length and breadth of Sol.The given curve is y = x2 + 2 …………….(1)
the rectangle Let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be the position of the helicopter and the position
2𝑥 + 2𝑟 + 𝜋𝑟 = 10 of soldier is A(3, 2). Then the required distance is AP
2𝑥 + (2 + 𝜋)𝑟 = 10
1 =√(𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 =
Area = 2πx + πr 2
2
1 √(𝑥 − 3)2 + (x 2 + 2 − 2)2 Let AP2
= 10 – (2 + π)r 2 + πr 2 2
= f(x) = (𝑥 − 3) + x 4
Differentiating f (x) =
2
dA
dr
= 10 − (4 + π)r 2(𝑥 – 3) + 4𝑥 3
For maximum area r =
10
and
d2 A
<0 For minimum distance, we take f (x) = 0, this gives x = 1
4+π dr2
10 20 Now f (x) = 12𝑥 2 + 2> 0 when 𝑥 = 1, so f(x) is
So, Dimensions of the rectangle are m, m
4+π 4+π minimum when 𝑥 = 1. From (1), 𝑦 = 3 and hence the
required point = 𝑃(1, 3) and the nearest distance 𝐴𝑃 =
√5
Chapter-7 INTEGRATION
𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑥
Some important formulae :1)∫𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1 +c 2) ∫𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑎 + 𝑐3)∫sec 2 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 +c
cot(𝑎𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
4)∫𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑎x dx=- 𝑎 + 𝑐5) ∫ 2 2= sin−1 𝑎 + 𝑐 6 ∫ = sec −1 𝑎+c 7∫𝑥 2 +𝑎2= 𝑎 tan−1 𝑎+c 8∫𝑎 𝑥 dx=
√𝑎 −𝑥 𝑥√𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 𝑎
𝑎𝑥
+c 9 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥| + 𝑐10 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥| + 𝑐
log𝑒 𝑎
 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥−𝑎
11∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥| + 𝑐 12 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥| + 𝑐 13∫𝑥 2 −𝑎2=2𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥+𝑎|+c
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑎+𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
14∫𝑎2 −𝑥2=2𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑎−𝑥|+c 15∫ 2 2 =log|𝑥 + √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 |+c16∫ 2 2=log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 |+c
√𝑎 + 𝑥 √𝑥 − 𝑎
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥 𝑎2
17)∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 dx=2 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − 2
log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 |+c18 ∫ √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 dx=2 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 2
log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 |+c
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
19)∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2dx=2 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 2 sin−1 𝑎 + 𝑐
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑡
Methods of integration: 1 Integration by substitution Q1∫ dx= ∫ =log|𝑡 + √𝑡 2 + 4|+c
√𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥+4 √𝑡 2 +4

= log|𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + √𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 + 4|+c here we put tanx=t ⇒ sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡

2) Integration by using trigonometric identities
3 𝑐𝑜𝑠8𝑥
∫ (1+𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥)2 1 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠8𝑥 ∫ [ +2𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥+ ]
Q2 ∫ 𝐶𝑜𝑠 4 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 + cos 2 4𝑥) dx= ∫ [1 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 + ]dx= 2 2
dx
4 4 2 4
3𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛8𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑝𝑥+𝑞 𝑝𝑥+𝑞
= + + + 𝑐 INTEGRAL OF VARIOUS FORMS 1) ∫ (𝑎𝑥2+𝑏𝑥+𝑐) 2) ∫
√𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐
3)∫
𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐
𝑑𝑥 4) ∫
√𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐
𝑑𝑥
8 8 64
𝑥+3 𝑑 1
Q3 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 here x+3=A (5 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) + 𝐵 = 𝐴(−4 − 2𝑥) + 𝐵 ⇒ −4𝐴 + 𝐵 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 2𝐴 = 1 ⇒ 𝐴 = − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 =
√5−4𝑥−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑥+3 −1 (−4−2𝑥) 1 𝐼1 −1 (−4−2𝑥)
1 so∫ 𝑑𝑥 =∫ 𝑑𝑥+∫ 𝑑𝑥=- + 𝐼2 Therefore 𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥=
√5−4𝑥−𝑥 2 2 √5−4𝑥−𝑥 2 √5−4𝑥−𝑥 2 2 2 √5−4𝑥−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑡 1 1
∫ −1 = −2√𝑡+c = -2√5 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐1 and 𝐼2 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = +∫ 𝑑𝑥 put x+2=t then
√𝑡 √5−4𝑥−𝑥 2 √9−(𝑥+2)2
𝑑𝑡 𝑡 −1 𝑥+2
dx=dt ⇒ 𝐼2 = ∫ = sin−1 ( ) + 𝑐2 = sin + 𝑐2 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
√32 −𝑡 2 3 3
𝑥+3 𝑥+2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = −√5 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐1 + sin−1 + 𝑐2
√5 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 3
Integration by partial fractions

Sr.no. Form of rational function Form of partial fraction

1 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 𝐴 𝐵
+
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥−𝑏
2 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 𝐴 𝐵
+
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 𝑥 − 𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑎)2
3 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 𝐴 𝐵
+ 𝑥−𝑏+𝑥−𝑐
𝐶
𝑥−𝑎
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏)(𝑥 − 𝑐)
4 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
+ 2
+
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 (𝑥 − 𝑏) 𝑥 − 𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑎) 𝑥−𝑏
5 𝑝𝑥 2 +𝑞𝑥+𝑟 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
, Where (𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) cannot +
(𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐)
𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
be factorised.
𝑝(𝑥) 𝑝(𝑥) 𝑃1 (𝑥) 𝑃1 (𝑥)
Note: If is improper then = T(x)+ here T(x) is polynomial and is a proper rational function
𝑄(𝑥) 𝑄(𝑥) 𝑄(𝑥) 𝑄(𝑥)

𝑥 2 +𝑥+1 𝑥 2 +𝑥+1 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶

Q4 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 ∫ dx first we break rational function = + therefore
(𝑥+2)(𝑥 2 +1) (𝑥+2)(𝑥 2 +1) (𝑥+2) 𝑥 2 +1

𝑥 2 +x+1= A(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 + 2) comparing the coefficients of 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
3 2 1
Then we will get A+B=1, 2B+C=1 and A+2C=1 solving these equation we will get A= , 𝐵 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = thus integral
5 5 5
2 1
𝑥 2 +𝑥=1 3 𝑥+ 3 1 2𝑥 1 1 3 1 1
is∫ dx=∫ + 5 5
dx= 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + 2|+ ∫ 2 dx+ ∫ 2 dx = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + 2| + 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 2 + 1|+ tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
(𝑥+2)(𝑥 2 +1) 5(𝑥+2) 2
𝑥 +1 5 5 𝑥 +1 5 𝑥 +1 5 5 5

INTEGRATION BY PARTS : ∫ 𝑓1 (𝑥)𝑔2 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓1 (𝑥)∫ 𝑔2 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − ∫ [𝑓1′ (𝑥)∫ 𝑔(𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥]𝑑𝑥
First function is selected by using letter of the word “ILATE” in order
𝑥 cos−1 𝑥 −𝑑𝑥
Q5 ∫ dx here we take cos −1 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ =dt ⇒ ∫ −𝑡. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 in algebraic and trigonometric functions
√1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 2
algebraic comes first in ILATE so we will take algebraic function as first function and trig. Functionas second function
𝑑
then ∫ −𝑡. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = −[𝑡 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − ∫[𝑑𝑡 (𝑡) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡]𝑑𝑡 ] = −[𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − ∫ 1(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)𝑑𝑡] = −[𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡] = −[𝑡√1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 +cost]
= −(√1 − 𝑥 2 )cos −1 𝑥 -𝑥 + c
DEFINITE INTEGRAL
Let f be continuous function on the closed interval [a,b] and F be anti-derivative of f .
𝑏
Then ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = [𝐹(𝑥)]𝑏𝑎 = F(b)-F(a)
1
1 2𝑥+3 1 2𝑥 1 3 1 10𝑥 3 1 1 1 3 √5𝑥
Q1 ∫0 dx= ∫0 dx +∫0 dx = ∫0 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑙𝑜𝑔|5𝑥 2 + 1|]10 + [tan−1 ]
5𝑥 2 +1 5𝑥 2 +1 5𝑥 2 +1 5(5𝑥 2 +1) 5 0 (𝑥 2 +1/5) 5 √5 1 0

1 3
= log6 + tan−1 √5
5 √5
 1 tan−1 𝑥
Q2 (By substitution) ∫0 dx let tan−1 𝑥 =t ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 when x=0 then tant=0 implies t=0 similarly when
1+𝑥 2
𝜋/4
𝜋 𝜋/4 𝑡2 𝜋2 𝜋2
tanx=1Implies t= ⇒ ∫0 𝑡𝑑𝑡 (substitution method) = [ ] = -0=
4 2 0 32 32

Properties of Definite Integration :

𝑏 𝑏
I. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑏 𝑎
II. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
III. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑏
IV. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
V. ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2𝑎 𝑎
VI. ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
= 0 IF 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
𝑎 𝑎
VII. ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 if f(x) is an even function { f(-x) = f(x) }

𝜋/2
Q3 ∫−𝜋/2 𝑠𝑖𝑛7 𝑥𝑑𝑥
here f(x)= 𝑠𝑖𝑛7 𝑥 then f(-x) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛7 (−𝑥)= - 𝑠𝑖𝑛7 𝑥= -f(x) ⇒ f(x) is odd function therefore
𝜋/2
∫−𝜋/2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 7 𝑥𝑑𝑥 =0

−2 5
5 −2 5 𝑥2 𝑥2
Q4 ∫−5|𝑥 + 2|dx = ∫−5 −(𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥 + ∫−2(𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥 = - [ + 2𝑥] +[ + 2𝑥] = 29
2 −5 2 −2

𝜋/4 𝜋/4 𝜋 𝜋/4 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝜋/4 2

Q5∫0 log(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 =∫0 log[(1 + tan( − 𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 log[(1 + )] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 log[( )] 𝑑𝑥 =
4 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥

𝜋/4 𝜋/4 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= log2 [𝑥]0 -∫0 log(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 =( − 0)-I ⇒ 2𝐼 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 ⇒ 𝐼 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
4 4 8

CHAPTER – 8 Application of Integrals

1 Area bounded by the curve y=f(x), the x-axis and between the ordinates x=a and x=b is
given by
b b
Area = a
f ( x)dx   ydx
a

2 2. Area bounded by the curve y=f(x), the y-axis and between abscissas y=c andy=d
d b


is given byArea = g ( y )dy  xdy
c

a
Where y=f(x) x=g(y)
3 if the curve lies below the x-axis, i.e. f(x) <0 then we will get the area under the
curve and x-axis between x=a and x=b as a negative value. In such cases, take
the absolute value of the area, without the sign, i.e.
𝑏
A=|∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥|

4 Another possibility is that, when some portion of the curve may lie above the x-axis
and some portion below the x-axis, as shown in the figure, Here A1<0 and A2>0.
Hence, this is the combination of the first and second case. Hence, the total area
will be given as |A1|+A2
 Q1 Find the area of the region bounded between the line x  4 and the parabola y 2  16 x.

Area of the region bounded the parabola y 2  16 x

and x  4 is given by
4
4 4
 x3 / 2  16 3 / 2
Area  2 ydx (the parabola is symmetric about Xaxis )  2 16 x dx  8.   .(4  0)
0 0  3 / 2 0 3
16 128
 .8  Sq.units
3 3
Q2 Find the area of the region {(x,y) : 0  y  x2+1 ,0  y  x+1, 0  x 2}

Parabola x2 = y-1 Vertex (0,1) St.Line: y = x+1.

Solving, we get points of intersection. A (0,1) and B (1,2)

1 2 1 2
Area   ydx   ydx   ( x  1)dx   ( x  1)dx
2

0 1 0 1
Parabola St . line

1 2
 x3   x2 
    x 0     x 1
1 2

 0
3  1
2
1 1 1 1 23
 1 2   2 1   4   Sq.units
3 2 3 2 6
Q3Using integration find the area of region bounded by the triangle
Whose vertices are A (1,0) ,B(2,2) and C(3,1)
𝑥−1
Ans Equation of AB is given as y=2x-2 eq of BC is y=4-x and eq of CA is y= 2
2 3 3 (𝑥−1)
Area of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = ∫1 (2𝑥 − 2) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫2 (4 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫1 2
𝑑𝑥=
3 3
𝑥2 1 𝑥2
][𝑥 2 − 2𝑥]12 +[4𝑥 − ]
2 2 2 2
- [ − 𝑥] =3/2
1

CHAPTER-9 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Def: An equation involving the independent variable x ,dependent variable y and the differential coefficients of dependent
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
variable with respect to independent variable , etc
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
2
dy d y dy
Examples: (1)  sin x (2) 2  y  0 (3)( x  y) 2 0
dx dx dx
Order of Differential Equation: The Order of a Differential Equation is defined to be the order of the highest derivative occurring
in the D.Eq.
Degree Of Differential Equation. The degree of a D.Eq whose terms are polynomials in the derivatives is defined as the highest
power (positive integral index) of the highest-order derivative in it.
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
Q1 Find the order and degree of the given differential equation xy + x ( ) -y = 0 here highest derivative in the D.Eq. is
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
so order is 2 and since its power is 1 so its degree is 1
3
𝑑2𝑦 2 𝑑2 𝑦
Q2 Find the order and degree of the given differential equation [1 + ] =𝑎
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2
Solution first we eliminate the radical sign for this we squaring both the side we get
3 2
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
[1 + ] = 𝑎2 ( ) hence order is 2 and degree is 3
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2
Methods of solving first order first degree Differential Equations by Variables Separable:
𝑑𝑦
A first order first-degree differential Equations is of the form = f(x,y)=h(y).g(x)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒∫ = ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝐻(𝑦) = 𝐺(𝑥) + 𝐶
ℎ(𝑦)
Solving of first order first degree Homogeneous Differential Equations :
dy
The first-order first-degree differential equation  f ( x, y ) is homogeneous if f is a homogeneous function of degree zero.
dx
𝑦
i.e., f(x,y) = g( )
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
∴ = 𝑔 ( ) (1) 𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑤𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 (2) 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 =𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚.
 𝑑𝑦
𝑭𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊on is of the form + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 where P and Q are either constant or functions of x
𝑑𝑥
 p ( x ) dx
only. Integrating Factor (I.F) is e accordingly.
General Solution:
y.(I.F)=  q( x)(I .F )dx  C
Note: Solution of any diffential equation is a function which represents family of curves that satisfies the given differntial
equation.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1.Solve. = (1+x²) (1+y²) Q2 𝑥𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑦 + 2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦
1. sol = (1 + 𝑥 2 )(1 + 𝑦 2 ) Sol: = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑦 + 2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦𝑑𝑦
=
𝑥+2
𝑑𝑥 integrating both sides
= (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 𝑦+2 𝑥
1 + 𝑦2 𝑦𝑑𝑦
∫
∫ 𝑑𝑦/(1 + 𝑦 2 ) = ∫(1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 𝑦+2
𝑥3
𝑥+2
tan−1 𝑦 = 𝑥 + +c =∫ 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑥
𝑦 − 2 log(𝑦 + 2) = 𝑥 + 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
Q3 Solve the differential equation: 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 . Q4 Solve the differential equation: 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 − 𝑥 tan (𝑥)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
Ans𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ANS: 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 − 𝑥 tan (𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
= + ( ) … (1) = − tan ( ) . . . . (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Put 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Put 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 = 𝑣 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Substitute in equation (1), we get Substitute in equation (1), we get
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑣+𝑥 = 2𝑣 + 𝑣 2 𝑣+𝑥 = 𝑣 − tan 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑥 = 𝑣2 + 𝑣 𝑥 = − tan 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
2
= =−
𝑣 +𝑣 𝑥 tan 𝑣 𝑥
Integrating both the sides, we get 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 cot 𝑣 = −
∫ =∫ 𝑥
𝑣(𝑣 + 1) 𝑥 Integrating both the sides
((1 + 𝑣) − 𝑣)𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
∫ = log|𝑥| + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐 ∫ cot 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 − ∫
𝑣(𝑣 + 1) 𝑥
1 1 log|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣| = − log|𝑥| + log 𝑐
∫ 𝑑𝑣 − ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = log|𝑥| + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐 𝑐
𝑣 𝑣+1 log|𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑣| = log | |
log|𝑣| − log|𝑣 + 1| = log|𝑐𝑥| 𝑥
𝑦 𝑐
𝑣 𝑣 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑣 =
log | | = log |𝑐𝑥| ⇒ = 𝑐𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥
= 𝑐𝑥 𝑦
𝑥
𝑐 𝑦
𝑦
𝑣+1 𝑣+1 +1 𝑆𝑖𝑛 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝑆𝑖𝑛 = 𝑐 is the required solution.
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦
= 𝑐𝑥is the required solution
𝑦+𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Q5. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 Q6𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒: 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥.
ANS ANS
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝐷. 𝐸. 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 ; 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑥, 𝑤𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑡, 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝐷. 𝐸. : 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 . (𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)
+ 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 (𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝑡h𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 + 𝑝(𝑥)𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 (𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚: + 𝑝𝑦 = 𝑞)
= 𝑞(𝑥)𝑤h𝑒𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ⇒ 𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
1 𝐺𝑒𝑛. 𝑆𝑜𝑙:
∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 ⇒ 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑥 𝑦. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = ∫ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐𝑃𝑢𝑡𝑣
𝐺𝑒𝑛. 𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑦. (𝐼. 𝐹) = ∫ 𝑄(𝑥). (𝐼. 𝐹)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥2 1
𝑦. 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 . − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 = 2 ∫ 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑐
2 2 𝑥
𝑥 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 1 𝑣3
= − ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 =2 +𝑐
2 2 3
𝑥 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 2 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥
𝑥𝑦 = − + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝐺𝑒𝑛. 𝑆𝑜𝑙: 4𝑥𝑦 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = +𝑐
2 4 3
= 2𝑥 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Q7 Solve𝑑𝑥 = x² +sin 3x Q8 Solve𝑑𝑥 = sec y
Sol. dy
𝑑𝑦
Sol. = secy
dx
= 𝑥 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(𝑥 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥)𝑑𝑥 dy
∫ = ∫ dx
secy
𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 Siny=x+C
𝑦= − +𝑐
3 3

CHAPTER-10 VECTOR ALGEBRA

1. 𝐼𝑓 𝑎⃗ = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘, then its magnitude |𝑎⃗| 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑎 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
̂
2. 𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑎𝑏 cos 𝜃 , 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃 𝑛̂, where 𝑛̂ 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗
3. (𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏1 𝑗̂ + 𝑐1 𝑘 ). (𝑎2 𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 𝑗̂ + 𝑐2 𝑘̂ ) = 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2
̂
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
4. (𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏1 𝑗̂ + 𝑐1 𝑘̂ ) × (𝑎2 𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 𝑗̂ + 𝑐2 𝑘̂) = |𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 |
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑎⃗⃗
5. Unit Vector (U.V.) along vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 𝑖𝑠 = |𝑎⃗⃗|
⃗⃗
𝑎⃗⃗×𝑏
6. U.V. perpendicular to both the vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏= ⃗⃗|
|𝑎⃗⃗×𝑏
7. Vector joining two points (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 )𝑎𝑛𝑑(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) 𝑖𝑠 (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )𝑖̂ + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )𝑗̂ + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝑘̂
8. Direction ratios (D.r.’s) of any vector 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 (D. c. ’s) 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
, ,
√𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐
9. Direction ratios of line/ vector joining two points (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 )𝑎𝑛𝑑(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) 𝑎𝑟𝑒 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 ), (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 ), (𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 )
⃗⃗
𝑎⃗⃗ .𝑏
10. Angle between ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑⃗⃗⃗𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝜃 = cos −1
𝑎𝑏
⃗⃗
𝑎⃗⃗ .𝑏
11. Projection of ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 𝑜𝑛⃗⃗⃗
𝑏=
𝑏
1
12. Area of a (i) parallelogram = |𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗| (ii) triangle = |𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗|
2
13. If two vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 are (i)perpendicular, then ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 . ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 = 𝜆⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = 0 (ii) parallel, then ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 , where λ is any constant.
14. If two vectors (𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏1 𝑗̂ + 𝑐1 𝑘̂ ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑎2 𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 𝑗̂ + 𝑐2 𝑘̂ ) are
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
(i) perpendicular, then 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 = 0 (ii) Parallel, then = =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
Questions based on vector algebra-
1. If 𝑎⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 6𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 8𝑘̂, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓
(i) |𝑎⃗| (ii) |𝑏⃗⃗| (iii) 𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ (iv) 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ (v) Unit vector along 𝑏⃗⃗ (vi) Projection of 𝑎⃗ 𝑜𝑛 𝑏⃗⃗ (vii) Projection of 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑜𝑛 𝑎⃗
(viii) Area of parallelogram whose sides are 𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗. (ix) Area of parallelogram whose diagonals are 𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗.
(x)Angle between 𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗. (xi) 𝑎⃗ + 3𝑏⃗⃗ (xii) Unit vector along 𝑎⃗ + 2𝑏⃗⃗ (xiii) Find a unit vector perpendicular to
both the vector 𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏. ⃗⃗
Hint. and Answers- (i) |𝑎⃗| = √(2)2 + (3)2 + (−6)2 = 7 (ii)9 (iii)𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ = (2)(1) + (3)(−4) + (−6)(8) =–58
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ ̂
𝑘 ⃗⃗
𝑏 𝑖̂ −4𝑗̂ +8𝑘 ̂ ⃗⃗
𝑎⃗⃗ .𝑏
(iv)𝑎⃗ 𝑋 𝑏⃗⃗ = |2 3 −6| = −22𝑗̂ − 11𝑘̂ (v) 𝑏̂ = ⃗⃗ = (vi) Projection of 𝑎⃗ 𝑜𝑛 𝑏⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗ = –58/9 (vii) –58/7
|𝑏 | 9 |𝑏 |
1 −4 8
1 11√5 ⃗⃗
𝑎⃗⃗ .𝑏 −58 ̂
4𝑖̂−5𝑗̂ +10𝑘
(viii) |𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗| = 11√5 (ix) |𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗| = (x) 𝜃 = cos −1 ( ) = cos −1 ( ) (xi) 5𝑖̂ − 9𝑗̂ + 18𝑘̂ (xii)
2 2 𝑎𝑏 63 √141
⃗⃗
𝑎⃗⃗×𝑏 ̂
−22𝑗̂ −11𝑘
(xiii) 𝑛̂ = ⃗⃗|
=
|𝑎⃗⃗×𝑏 11√5

2. If │ a │ = 3, │ b │ = 4 and a . b = 9, find │ a X b │.
3 √7 √7
Solution: 𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑎𝑏 cos 𝜃 ⇒ 9 = 3 × 4 cos 𝜃 ⇒ cos 𝜃 = ⇒ sin 𝜃 = , |𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗| = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃 = 3 × 4 × = 3√7
4 4 4
3. If A=(1,2,–3) and B= (–2,1,0), then find (i) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 , (𝑖𝑖)𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 ,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 7 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝐴𝐵, (iv) direction ratios of AB, (v) direction cosines of AB.
𝐴𝐵 = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )𝑖̂ + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )𝑗̂ + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝑘̂ = −3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂
Hint. and answers- (i) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

−3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ −3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ −3 −1 3

(𝑖𝑖) (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 7 ( ) (𝑖𝑣) − 3, −1,3 (𝑣) , ,
√19 √19 √19 √19 √19
4. Three vectors 𝑎⃗, 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐⃗ 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏 + 𝑐⃗ = 0, 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜇 = 𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗. 𝑐⃗ + 𝑐⃗. 𝑎⃗ , 𝑖𝑓 |𝑎⃗| =
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
1, |𝑏⃗⃗| = 4, |𝑐⃗| = 2
2
Solution: Given 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗ = 0 ⃗⃗, 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗) = 0 ⃗⃗2 ⇒ 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2(𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗. 𝑐⃗ + 𝑐⃗. 𝑎⃗) = 0
21
⇒ 1 + 16 + 4 + 2(𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗. 𝑐⃗ + 𝑐⃗. 𝑎⃗) = 0 ⇒ (𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗. 𝑐⃗ + 𝑐⃗. 𝑎⃗) = −
2
 [ use same method in Q. No. 13 of exercise 10.3 (NCERT book) using |𝑎⃗| = 1, |𝑏⃗⃗| = 1, |𝑐⃗| =1 ]
5. 𝐼𝑓 𝛼⃗ = 3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ , 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝛽⃗ 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝛽⃗ = 𝛽⃗1 + 𝛽⃗2 ,
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛽⃗1 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝛼⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽⃗2 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝛼⃗.
Solutions: 𝐵𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝛽⃗1 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝛼⃗ ∴ 𝛽⃗1 = 𝜆 𝛼⃗ ⇒ 𝛽⃗1 = 3𝜆𝑖̂ − 𝜆𝑗̂, Now find 𝛽⃗2 in terms of λ and then use the
condition of perpendicularity to get λ as: 𝛽⃗2 = 𝛽⃗ − 𝛽⃗1 = (2 − 3𝜆)𝑖̂ + (1 + 𝜆)𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂
1
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑠 𝛽⃗2 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝛼⃗ ⇒ 3(2 − 3𝜆) − 1(1 + 𝜆) = 0 ⇒ 𝜆 = 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝜆 𝑖𝑛 𝛽⃗1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽⃗2
2
3 1 3 1 1 3
⇒ 𝛽⃗1 = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂, 𝛽⃗2 = (2 − ) 𝑖̂ + (1 + ) 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂
2 2 2 2 2 2

CHAPTER -11 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

1. Example of equation of a line in
(i) vector form 𝒓⃗⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟒𝒌̂ + 𝝀(𝒊̂ + 𝟒𝒋̂ − 𝟖𝒌̂ ),
where (2,–3,4) is any point on the line and 1, 4, –8 are D.r’.s of the line.
𝒙−𝟐 𝒚+𝟑 𝒛−𝟒
(ii) Cartesian form of the same line is = = =𝝀
𝟏 𝟒 −𝟖
𝒙−𝟐
General point on this line is (λ+2, 4λ–3, –8λ+4) [Hint. =𝝀⇒ 𝒙−𝟐=𝝀⇒ 𝒙=𝝀+𝟐 ]
𝟏
2. Example of equation of a plane in
(iii) vector form 𝒓 ̂) = 𝟒
⃗⃗. (𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂ − 𝟔𝒌
where 2, 3, –6 are D.r’.s of the normal to the plane.
(iv) Cartesian form of the same plane is 2x + 3y – 6z = 4
3. Equation of a plane if one point (x1,y1,z1) is given-
𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) + 𝑏(𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑐(𝑧 − 𝑧1 ) = 0, where a,b,c are the d.r’s of the normal to the plane.
4. Equation of plane passing through the intersection of two given planes a 1x+b1y+c1z+d1=0 and a2x+b2y+c2z+d2=0 is –
a1x+b1y+c1z+d1+λ (a2x+b2y+c2z+d2) =0 , where λ is any constant
𝑎(𝑥1 )+𝑏(𝑦1 )+𝑐(𝑧1 )+𝑑
5. Distance of a point (x1,y1,z1) from a plane ax+by+cz+d=0 is 𝑑=| |
√𝑎2 +𝑏 2 +𝑐 2
6. We use condition of perpendicularity, if (i) two lines/vectors are perpendicular (ii) two planes are perpendicular (iii) one
line and one plane are parallel.
7. Shortest distance between two lines (i) if lines are 𝑟⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎1 + 𝜆𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗2 (lines are not parallel, because
𝑎2 + 𝜇𝑏
(𝑎2 −𝑎1 ) . (𝑏1 ×𝑏2 )
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗⃗⃗2 are not equal/not proportional) 𝑆. 𝐷. = | | |𝑏1 ×𝑏2 |
(𝑎2 −𝑎1 ) × 𝑏
𝑎1 + 𝜆𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(ii) if lines are 𝑟⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎2 + 𝜆𝑏⃗⃗ (parallel lines) 𝑆. 𝐷. = | |𝑏|
|
𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗
8. If two points A and B having P.V. ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐴𝐵 = ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏, then ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎
𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗
9. Three points having P.V ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 are collinear, then ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 = 𝜆(𝑐⃗ − 𝑏⃗⃗)
𝑏 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
10. If two lines are intersecting, then S.D. = 0.
𝑚𝑏⃗⃗+𝑛𝑎⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑎⃗⃗+𝑏
𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐵(⃗⃗⃗
11. P.V. of the point who divides of 𝐴(⃗⃗⃗⃗) 𝑏 ) in ratio m:n = 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐵(⃗⃗⃗
, . P.V. of midpoint of 𝐴(⃗⃗⃗⃗) 𝑏) =
𝑚+𝑛 2
Questions based on Three Dimensional Geometry
1. Write the Cartesian equation of the line 𝑟⃗ = 5𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ + λ(3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 8𝑘̂ )
𝑥−5 𝑦−2 𝑧+4
Hint: Point on the line is (5,2,–4) and d.r’.s are 3,2,–8 {𝐴𝑛𝑠: = = }
3 2 −8
1−𝑥 𝑦 6−4𝑧
2. Write the vector equation of the line 3
=
1
=
5
. Hint: First convert the equation in its standard form as:
6 3
−(𝑥 − 1) 𝑦 −4(𝑧 − 4) (𝑥 − 1) 𝑦 (𝑧 − 2) 3 5
= = ⇒ = = 5 ⇒ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 (1,0, ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑. 𝑟 ′ 𝑠. 𝑎𝑟𝑒 − 3,1, −
3 1 5 −3 1 − 2 4
4
3 5
{𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑟⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑘̂ + λ(−3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ )}
2 4
3. Find the equation of a line through the point (–1, 0, 2) and (3, 4, 6).
𝑥+1 𝑦 𝑧−2
𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑡. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑑. 𝑟.′ 𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 ), (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 ), (𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 ) {𝐴𝑛𝑠. = = }
4 4 4
4. Find the shortest distance between the lines 𝑟⃗ = (1 − 𝑡)𝑖̂ + (𝑡 − 2)𝑗̂ + (3 − 2𝑡)𝑘̂ and 𝑟⃗ = (𝑠 + 1)𝑖̂ + (2𝑠 − 1)𝑗̂ − (2𝑠 + 1)𝑘̂VVImp.
Soln: The given equations of lines can be written in the following form:
𝑟⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ + 𝑡(−𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ + 𝑠(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ )
𝑎1 = 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∴ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎2 = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂, ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏1 = −𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂, ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑏2 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
⇒ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎1 = 𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2 = |−1 1 −2| = 𝑖̂(−2 + 4) − 𝑗̂(2 + 2) + 𝑘̂ (−2 − 1) = 2𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂
1 2 −2
∴ (𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗).
𝑎1 (𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2 ) = (0)(2) + (1)(−4) + (−4)(−3) = 8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2 | = √4 + 16 + 9 = √29
⃗⃗⃗⃗
(𝑎⃗2 − 𝑎1 ) . (𝑏⃗⃗1 × 𝑏⃗⃗2 ) 8
∴ 𝑆. 𝐷. = | |=
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
|𝑏1 × 𝑏2 | √29
5. Find the distance of the point (2, 5, –3) from the plane 𝑟⃗. (6𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂) = 4
Soln: Equation of plane in cartesian form is 6x–3y+2z = 4
𝑎(𝑥1 ) + 𝑏(𝑦1 ) + 𝑐(𝑧1 ) + 𝑑 6(2) − 3(5) + 2(−3) − 4 12 − 15 − 6 − 4
𝑑=| |⇒𝑑= | |⇒𝑑=| |⇒𝑑
√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 √36 + 9 + 4 7
−13 13
=| |=
7 7
6. Find the distance of the point (1,2,3) from the x-axis.
Soln: Distance from x-axis = √𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = √22 + 32 = √13 [𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆: 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 ]
7. Find the equation of the plane containing the line of intersection of the planes 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 4 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 3 =
0and (i)passing through the origin, (ii) perpendicular to the plane 𝑥– 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0.
Soln: Equation of the plane passing through the intersection of the given planes is
𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 4 + 𝜆 (𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 3) = 0 … … … (1) ⇒ (1 + 𝜆)𝑥 + (−2 − 𝜆)𝑦 + (3 + 𝜆)𝑧 + 4 + 3𝜆 = 0
4
(i) ∵ 𝐼𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ (0,0,0), ∴ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ⇒ 4 + 3𝜆 = 0 ⇒ 𝜆 = −
3
Put in (1), we get 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 − 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 0
(ii) D.r’s. of the given plane are 1, –1, 1, so use condition 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 = 0
⇒ (1)(1 + 𝜆) + (−1)(−2 − 𝜆) + (1)(3 + 𝜆) = 0 ⇒ 𝜆 = −2 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (1) ⇒ −𝑥 + 𝑧 − 2 = 0.
8. If the lines 𝑥−1
−3
=
𝑦−2
2𝑘
=
𝑧−3
2
𝑎𝑛𝑑 =
𝑥−1
3𝑘1
=
𝑦−1
5
6−𝑧
are perpendicular, find the value of k.
Hint.: First convert the given equation in standard form and then use the condition of perpendicularity. {Ans. K= –10/7}
9. Find the coordinates of the point where the line through (5,1,6) and (3,4,1) crosses the ZX- plane.
Hint.: Use section formula and note that on ZX- plane, y-coordinate=0 {Ans. (17/3, 0, 23/3) }
10. Find the image of the point (1,2,–1) in the plane 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 2.
Soln- Given point is P (1,2,–1). Let the foot of perpendicular drawn from the point P on the plane be Q P(1,2,-1)
and the image of point P in the given plane be 𝐼(𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾).
∵ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 2, ∴ 2, 1, −1 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑. 𝑟.′ 𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙.
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑃𝑄 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙, ∴ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑄 𝑖𝑠 Q
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧+1
= = =𝜆 I
2 1 −1
General point (say Q) on this line is (2𝜆 + 1, 𝜆 + 2, −𝜆 − 1), ∵ 𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 (∴ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒)
1
⇒ 2(2𝜆 + 1) + (𝜆 + 2) − (−𝜆 − 1) = 2 ⇒ 6𝜆 + 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝜆 = −
2
1 1 1 3 1
∴ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑄 = (2 (− ) + 1, − + 2, − (− ) − 1) = (0, , − )
2 2 2 2 2
3 1 𝛼+1 𝛽+2 𝛾−1 𝛼+1 𝛽+2 3 𝛾−1 1
𝑁𝑜𝑤 ∵ 𝑄 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼 ⇒ (0, , − ) = ( , , )⇒ = 0, = , =−
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
⇒ 𝛼 = −1, 𝛽 = 1, 𝛾 = 0 ∴ 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐼 = (−1,1,0)
11. Find the image of the point (1,6, 3) in the line 𝑥 = 𝑦−1 = 𝑧−2. {Ans.(1,0,7)}
1 2 3
n
Sol : - Given point is P (1,6,3). Let the foot of perpendicular drawn from the point P on the line be Q
and the image of point P in the given line be 𝐼(𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾).
𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
Equation of line is = = = 𝜆 ⇒ 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝑄) = (𝜆, 2𝜆 + 1,3𝜆 + 2)
1 2 3
′
⇒ 𝑑. 𝑟. 𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑄 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝜆 − 1, 2𝜆 + 1 − 6, 3𝜆 + 2 − 3 = 𝜆 − 1, 2𝜆 − 5, 3𝜆 − 1
∵ 𝑃𝑄 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑑. 𝑟.′ 𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 1, 2, 3
∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 = 0 ⇒ (1)(𝜆 − 1) + (2)(2𝜆 − 5) + (3)(3𝜆 − 1) = 0
⇒ 𝜆 − 1 + 4𝜆 − 10 + 9𝜆 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 14𝜆 = 14 ⇒ 𝜆 = 1 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑄
𝑄 = (1, 3, 5), 𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎, 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐼 = (1,0,7)
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥−4 𝑦−1 𝑧
12. Show that the lines 2
=
3
=
4
𝑎𝑛𝑑
5
=
2
=
1
intersect. Find the point of intersection also.

Soln: General point on first line is (2𝜆 + 1, 3𝜆 + 2, 4𝜆 + 3) , if it is the point of intersection, it will satisfy second equation
2𝜆+1−4 3𝜆+2−1 4𝜆+3
also, so put this point in the second equation ⇒ = = ⇒ 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝜆 =
5 2 1

−1, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝜆 = −1.

∵ 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝜆 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙, 𝑖𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡. 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠
(2𝜆 + 1, 3𝜆 + 2, 4𝜆 + 3) = (−1, −1, −1)
 CHAPTER – 12 (LINEAR PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS)

A linear programming problem has the following components:

Objective function: The linear function Z = ax + by, where a and b are constants, which is to be optimised (Maximised/Minimised).
Constraints: The linear inequalities which are restrictions on variables are known as constraints.
Non – negative constraints: The variables involved in LPP are always non-negative (x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0)
How to solve: 1. Draw the graphs of all the linear inequalities given as constraints and find the feasible region for each of them.
2. Find the common feasible region of all the constraints and then the corner points of this common feasible region.
3. The feasible solutions of the given LPP lie on these corner points.
4. Calculate the value of the objective function Z at all corner points. Find the maximum/minimum Z as required.
5. The coordinates of the corresponding corner point is your answer.
Example – 1: Maximise Z = 4x + y; Subject to constraints: x + y ≤ 50, 3x + y ≤ 90, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
Solution: We will draw the graphs for the linear constraints and will find the common feasible region.
For the first constraint (x + y ≤ 50), the corresponding equation is (x + y = 50) which is a line passing through the points
(0, 50) and (50, 0).This line divides the first quadrant in two parts. The origin (0, 0) lies in the lower part and satisfies the
inequality (0 + 0 ≤ 50). Therefore the lower part is the feasible region for the first inequality.
Now for the second constraint (3x + y ≤ 90), the corresponding equation is (3x + y = 90)which is a line passing through the points
(0, 90) and (30, 0). This line also divides the first quadrant in two parts. The origin (0, 0) lies in the lower part and satisfies the
inequality (0 + 0 ≤ 90). Therefore the lower part is the feasible region for the second inequality.
The common feasible region can be found as per the following graphs:
Y Y
Constraint - 1 Constraint – 2 Common feasible regions
(0,90)

(0,50) A
(0,50)
B(20,30)

X X
O (50,0) O (30,0) OC(30,0)

Now the corner points of the common feasible region are A(0, 50), B(20,30) and C(30,0) at which we will find values of Z.
Corner points → A (0, 50) B (20, 30) C (30, 0)
Z = 4x + y→ ZA = 50 ZB = 4 X 20 + 30 = 80 + 30 = 110 4 X 30 + 0 = 120 (Maximum)
Hence maximum value of Z is 120 at the point (30, 0).
Example – 2: Solve the following problem graphically:(vv imp)
Minimise and Maximise Z = 3x + 9y
Subject to the constraints: x + 3y ≤ 60; x + y ≥ 10; x ≤ y; x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
Solution: The equations of the lines corresponding to the given linear constraints are (x + 3y = 60), (x + y = 10) and (x = y).
Following graph contains the lines and the feasible region for each of the above
equations:

X + 3y = 60 x + y = 10 x=y

(0,20)

(0,10)

O (60,0)) O (10,0)
O
 Chapter-13 PROBABILITY
Revise the following -
𝑃(𝐸∩𝐹)
1. 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝐸 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹, 𝑃(𝐸 ∪ 𝐹) = 𝑃(𝐸) + 𝑃(𝐹) − 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) 2. Conditional probability P(E/F) =
𝑃(𝐹)
3. Events E and F are independent events, then 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) = 𝑃(𝐸). 𝑃(𝐹)
𝐴
𝑃(𝐸1 ) . 𝑃( )
𝐸1
4. Bayes Theorem P(E1/A) = 𝐴 𝐴
𝑃(𝐸1 ) . 𝑃( ) + 𝑃(𝐸2 ) . 𝑃( )+⋯.
𝐸1 𝐸2
Questions on Probability
1. If P(E) = 0.35, P(F) = 0.45 and P(EUF) = 0.65, find P(E/F) and P(F/E).
Soln: 𝑃(𝐸 ∪ 𝐹) = 𝑃(𝐸) + 𝑃(𝐹) − 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) ⇒ 0.65 = 0.35 + 0.45 − 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) ⇒ 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) = 0.8 − 0.65 = 0.15
E 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) 0.15 1 F 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) 0.15 3
∴ P( ) = = = P( ) = = =
F 𝑃(𝐹) 0.45 3 E 𝑃(𝐸) 0.35 7
2. If P(A’) = 2/5 and P(B) = 1/5, find P(A∩B) if A and B are independent events.
2 3 3 1 3
Soln: P(A)=1-P(A’) ⇒ 𝑃(𝐴) = 1 − ⇒ 𝑃(𝐴) = For independents events P(A∩B) = P(A) P(B) ⇒P(A∩B) = × =
5 5 5 5 25
3. Given that the events A and B are such that P(A) = ½, P(AUB) = 3/5. Find P(B) if the events A and B are (i) mutually exclusive (ii)
independent.
Soln: [ Two events are called mutually exclusive if 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = ∅ 𝑜𝑟, 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0]
3 1 3 1 1
(i) 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ⇒ = + 𝑃(𝐵) − 0 ⇒ 𝑃(𝐵) = − =
5 2 5 2 10
(ii) 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ⇒ 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃(𝐵)
3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1
⇒ = + 𝑃(𝐵) − . 𝑃(𝐵) ⇒ − = . 𝑃(𝐵) ⇒ = . 𝑃(𝐵) ⇒ 𝑃(𝐵) =
5 2 2 5 2 2 10 2 5
4. In a class 40% students read statistics, 25% read mathematics and 15% read both. One student is selected at random. Find the
probability that he read statistics, if it is known that he reads Mathematics.
40 25 15 𝑆 𝑃(𝑆∩𝑀) 15 3
Soln: 𝑃(𝑆) = , 𝑃(𝑀) = , 𝑃(𝑆 ∩ 𝑀) = , ∴ 𝑃( ) = = =
100 100 100 𝑀 𝑃(𝑀) 25 5
5. Three bags A,B and C contain 6 red and 4 black, 4 red and 6 black, 5 red and 5 black balls respectively. One of the bag is selected
and a ball is drawn from it. If the ball drawn is red, find the probability that it is drawn from the first bag.
Soln: Bag A- 6 R , 4BBag B- 4R , 6BBag C- 5R , 5B
[Note- In the question of Bayes’ theorem, find the event whose probability is asked. This event will be one of E 1, E2, ….
and result of which event is given, consider it as known event A ]
Here, E1 – Bag A is selected, E2– Bag B is selectedE3– Bag C is selectedA- The ball drawn is Red.
𝐸1 1 1 1
𝑃 ( ) =? 𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑃(𝐸1 ) = , 𝑃(𝐸2 ) = , 𝑃(𝐸3 ) = ,
𝐴 3 3 3
𝐴 6
∴ 𝑃 ( ) = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏. 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐸1 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏. 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐵𝑎𝑔 𝐴 =
𝐸1 10
𝐴
𝐴 4 𝐴 5 𝐸1 𝑃(𝐸1 ) . 𝑃( )
𝐸1
𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦, 𝑃( ) = , 𝑃( ) = ⇒ 𝑃( ) = 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
𝐸2 10 𝐸3 10 𝐴 𝑃(𝐸1 ) . 𝑃 ( ) + 𝑃(𝐸2 ) . 𝑃 ( ) + 𝑃(𝐸3 ). 𝑃 ( )
𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸3
1 6
. 6 2
3 10
= 1 6 1 4 1 5 = =
. + . + . 6+4+5 5
3 10 3 10 3 10
6. A speaks the truth 8 times out of 10 times. A die is tossed. He reports that it was 5. What is the probability that it was actually 5
Hint.- E1 – He gets 5, E2– He does not get 5 A- He reports that he gets 5 [ Note the difference between events E 1
1 5
and A. ] ∴ 𝑃(𝐸1 ) = , 𝑃(𝐸2 ) =
6 6
𝐴 8
𝑃 ( ) = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 5 𝑖𝑓 ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑠 5 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑡ℎ =
𝐸1 10
𝐴 2
𝑃 ( ) = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 5 𝑖𝑓 ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑔𝑒𝑡 5 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑡ℎ =
𝐸2 10
1 8
𝐸1 . 8 8 4
𝑃 ( ) = 1 86 105 2 = = =
𝐴 . + . 8 + 10 18 9
6 10 6 10
7. Find the probability distribution of the number of heads when three coins are tossed.
Soln : S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT} → Total outcomes are 8.
Because number of heads may be 0, 1, 2 or 3 , therefore X = 0, 1, 2, 3
P(X=0) = means probability of not getting any head = P(TTT) = 1/8
P(X=1) = means probability of getting exactly one head = P(HTT, THT, TTH) = 3/8
P(X=2) = means probability of getting exactly two heads = P(HHT, HTH, THH) = 3/8
P(X=3) = means probability of getting three heads = P(HHH) = 1/8
Therefore, probability distribution is
X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8
8. Two cards are drawn from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability distribution of the number of aces if the cards
are drawn (i) with replacement (ii) without replacement.
Soln : We have total ace cards = 4 and total non-ace cards = 48
Two cards are drawn, so number of aces may be 0, 1 or 2. Therefore, X = 0, 1, 2
48 48 12 12 144
(i) With replacement P(X=0) = means prob. of getting no ace card = P(both cards are non-ace) = × = × =
52 52 13 13 169
P(X=1) = means prob. of getting exactly one ace card = P(ace and non-ace OR non-ace and ace)
4 48 48 4 1 12 12 1 24
× + × = × + × =
52 52 52 52 13 13 13 13 169
4 4 1 1 1
P(X=2) = P(both cards are ace) = × = × = Therefore, probability distribution is
52 52 13 13 169

X 0 1 2
P(X) 144/169 24/169 1/169
48 47 4 47 188 48𝐶 2
(ii) Without replacement P(X=0) = × = × = [ OR we can use ]
52 51 13 17 221 52𝐶 2
P(X=1) = P(ace then non-ace OR non-ace then ace) =
4 48 48 4 1 16 16 1 32 4𝐶 1 ×48𝐶
1
× + × = × + × = [ OR we can use ]
52 51 52 51 13 17 13 17 221 52𝐶 2
4 3 1 1 1 4𝐶 2
P(X=2) = × = × = [ OR we can use ] Therefore, probability distribution is
52 51 13 17 221 52𝐶 2

X 0 1 2
P(X) 188/221 32/221 1/221
9. The probability that X=x is given by
0.1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
𝑘𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1 𝑜𝑟 2
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = {
𝑘(5 − 𝑥) 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 3 𝑜𝑟 4
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
(a) Find the value of k
(b) What is the probability that x is atleast 2? Exactly 2? And atmost 2?
Soln: According to given conditions, we put the values of x and prepare the following table. {hint. Put x = 1 and 2 in kx and put x = 3
and 4 in k(5–x) }
X 0 1 2 3 4 otherwise
P(X) 0.1 k 2k 2k k 0
9 3
(a) ∵ ∑𝑝𝑖 = 1 ⇒ 0.1 + 𝑘 + 2𝑘 + 2𝑘 + 𝑘 + 0 = 1 ⇒ 6𝑘 + 0.1 = 1 ⇒ 6𝑘 = 0.9 ⇒ 𝑘 = =
60 20
3 3
(b) 𝑃( 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 2) = 𝑃( 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒) = 𝑃( 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 2 𝑜𝑟 3 𝑜𝑟 4 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒) = 2𝑘 + 2𝑘 + 𝑘 + 0 = 5𝑘 = 5 × =
20 4
3 3
𝑃(𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 2) = 2𝑘 = 2 × =
20 10
1 3 11
𝑃(𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡 2) = 𝑃( 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠) = 𝑃(𝑥 𝑖𝑠 0 𝑜𝑟 1 𝑜𝑟 2) = 0.1 + 𝑘 + 2𝑘 = 0.1 + 3𝑘 = +3× =
10 20 20
CASE STUDY BASED PROBLEMS
1. Let X denotes the number of colleges when you will apply for admission after your result of class XII and P(X = x)
denotes your probability of getting admission in x number of colleges. It is given that
𝑘𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 1
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = { 2𝑘𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 2 and P(X > 4) = 0, where 𝑘 is a constant positive.
𝑘(5 − 𝑥)𝑖𝑓 𝑘 = 3 𝑜𝑟 4
Based on the above information, answer the following:
i. The value of k is
a. 1 b. 1/3 c. 1/7 d. 1/8
ii. The probability that you will get admission in exactly 1 college is
a. ½ b. 1/3 c. 1/8 d. 1/5
iii. The probability that you will get admission in at most two colleges is
a. 7/12 b. 5/8 c. 5/21 d. 8/17
iv. The probability that you will get admission in at least two colleges is
a. 1/3 b. 2/7 c. 3/8 d. 7/8
v. The probability that you will get admission in more than 4 colleges is
a. 0 b. 1 c. ½ d. 1/8

Solutions:
 (ii) c
P(x =1) = k X 1 =
1/8

(iv) (a)Observe that when x >

4 then P(X = x) =0,
So P(x > 4) = 0

2. in two different societies, there are some school going students including girls and boys. Satish forms two sets with
these students. Let these two sets are A = {a 1, a2, a3, a4, a5} and B = {b1, b2, b3, b4} of two societies. Satish decided to
explore these sets for various types of relations and functions. Using this information, answer the following:
i. The number of reflexive relation from set A to set B is
a. 0 b. 25 c. 210 d. 220
ii. Let R : A → A, R = {(x, y) : x and y are students of same sex}. Then relation R is
a. Reflexive only b. Reflexive & symmetric but not transitive
c. Reflexive & transitive but not symmetric d. An equivalence relation
iii. What is the difference between the symmetric relation defined on set A and the same defined on set B?
a. 1024 b. 15.(210) c. 31.(210) d. 63.(210)
iv. The relation R : A→B, R = {(a1,b1), (a1,b2), (a2, b1), (a3, b3), (a4, b2), (a5, b2)} is
a. Neither one one nor onto b. one one but not onto
c. Onto but not one one d. Both one one and onto
v. How many one one functions from A to B are possible?
a. 342 b. 240 c. 729 d. 1024
Solutions:

i. d is correct as Number of reflexive relations = 2n(n-1) = 25X4 = 220

ii. d is correct as R is an equivalence relation.
iii. Number of symmetric relations = 2n(n+1)/2, On set A = 25X6/2 = 215, On set B 25X4/2 = 210, Difference is 215 – 210 = 31.210

iv.
 Question Bank Class-XII Maths 2020-21

Unit wise weightage &Design Of Question Paper

No. Name of unit Marks Types of questions:

1 mark X 16 questions = total 16 marks
I Relations and Functions 08 Case study MCQs 4 X 2 Q = total 8 marks
2 marks X 10 questions = total 20 marks
II Algebra 10
3 marks X 7 questions = total 21 marks
III Calculus 35 5 marks X 3 questions = total 15 marks
TOTAL No of questions-38 for total marks=80
IV Vectors and Three - Dimensional Geometry 14
V Linear Programming 05 Note: Internal Assessment- 20 Marks

VI Probability 08

Total 80

Chapter-1 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

1. Show that the relation R in {1,2,3} given by R= {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(1,2),(2,3)} is reflexive

but neither symmetric nor transitive.
2. Let A= {6,7,8,10}, B={2,4,5} and R is a relation from A to B defined by aRb iff a is
divisible by b, a є A, b є B. Write R, domain and range of R and find the inverse relation of R.
[Ans. R= {(6,2),(8,2),(8,4),(10,2),(10,5)}, D = {6,8,10}
Range={2,4,5},R-1= {(2,6),(2,8),(4,8),(2,10),(5,10)}]
3. Show that the relation in the set A = {x ∈ Z, 0 ≤ x ≤ 12} given by
𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): |𝑎 − 𝑏| 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 4} is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all elements
related to 1. [Ans. {1,5,9}]
4. Let N be the set of all natural numbers and let R be a relation on N  N defined by (a, b) R (c,
d)  ad = bc for all (a, b), (c, d)  N  N. Show that R is an equivalence relation.
5. Show that the function f ( x)  2 x  3, x  R is a bijective function.
7  3 3x  4 3 7 
R  R  R  R 
6. Show that if f : 5   5  is defined by f(x) = 5 x  7 and g: 5   5  is
7x  4 3 7 
A  R    andB  R   
defined by g(x) = 5 x  3 , then f o g = IA & g o f = IB where 5   5  is
bijective.
Chapter-2 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
1. Find the value of (a) sin–1(–√3/2) (b) sec–1(–2) {Ans. (a) –π/3 (b) 2π/3}
2. Evaluate (a) cos–1(cos 5π/6) (b) tan–1(tan 7π/6) {Ans. (a) 5π/6 (b) π/6}
3. Prove that sec {tan–1(–√3)} = 2
√1+𝑥−√1−𝑥 𝜋 1
4. Prove that tan−1 ( ) = − 2 cos −1 𝑥
√1+𝑥+√1−𝑥 4
5. Write the following functions in the simplest form
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥+sin 𝑥 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 𝜋
6. (𝑎) tan−1 ( ) (𝑏) tan−1 ( ) (𝑐) tan−1 ( ) {𝐴𝑛𝑠. (𝑎) (𝑏) + (𝑐) + 𝑥}
1+cos 𝑥 1−sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥−sin 𝑥 2 4 2 4
𝜋 1
7. 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 sin [ 3 − sin−1 (− 2)] {Ans 1}
Chapter-3 & 4 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

1 2 3 2 3 1 1 3 8
1. If A =[ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐵 = [ ], find 3A–B.{𝐴𝑛𝑠. [ ]}
3 1 3 1 0 −2 8 3 11
3 2
2 1 4
2. If A =[ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [2 5], write the order of AB and BA.{Ans. 2X3 & 3X2}
4 1 5
1 7
1 1/2 2
3. Construct a 2x2 matrix, whose elements aij are given by 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 2 |2𝑖 − 3𝑗|. {𝐴𝑛𝑠. [ ]}
1/2 1
1 −1 0 −1
4. 𝐼𝑓 3𝑋 − 𝑌 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋 − 3𝑌 = [ ], find matrices X and Y.
−1 1 1 −1
3/8 −1/4 1/8 1/4
{𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑋 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 = [ ]}
−1/2 1/2 −1/2 1/2
 1 0 1 0
5. 𝐼𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝐴 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼 = [ ], find λ so that A2 = 8A+λI. {Ans. λ=–7}
−1 7 0 1
3 −4
6. Express the matrix [ ] as the sum of symmetric and skew symmetric
1 −1
3 −3/2 0 −5/2
matrices. {𝐴𝑛𝑠. [ ]+[ ]}
−3/2 −1 5/2 0

5 4 1 −2 −3 −14
7. Find the matrix X such that [ ]𝑋 = [ ] {𝐴𝑛𝑠. [ ]}
1 1 1 3 4 17
1 −1 1
8. 𝐼𝑓𝐴 = [2 1 −3], find A-1 and hence solve x+2y+z = 4, –x+y +z = 0,
1 1 1
9 2 7
x –3y + z =2 {𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑥 = 5 , 𝑦 = 5 , 𝑧 = 5}
9. Using determinants, find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (–2,4), (2,–6) and
(5,4). Are the given points collinear? {Ans. 35 sq units, No}
10. Using matrix method, solve x + 2y + z = 7, x + 3z = 11 and
2x – 3y = 1 {Ans. x=2,y=1,z=3}

1 −1 2 −2 0 1
11. Consider the product [0 2 −3] [ 9 2 −3], and Solve the system of
3 −2 4 6 1 −2
equations:-x – y + 2z = 1, 2y – 3z = 1, 3x – 2y + 4z = 2 {Ans. x=0,y=5,z=3}
12. Using matrices, solve-
2 x –3y + 5z = 11
3 x + 2y – 4z = –5 {Ans. x = 1,y = 2, z = 3}
x + y – 2z = –3
Chapter-5 Continuity and Differentiability

1. For what value of k is the function

x2 –1
, 𝑥≠1
𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥−1 is continuous function at x = 1. {Ans. k = 1/2}
4𝑘 , 𝑥 = 1
2. Find the constants a and b so that the function defined below is continuous
1 , 𝑥≤3
𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 , 3<𝑥<5 {Ans. a=3, b= –8}
7 , 𝑥 ≥5
3. Differentiate- √(tan 3x) {Ans. 3 sec2 3x / 2√(tan 3x) }
4.Differentiate- log {tan ( ∏/4 + x/2 )} {Ans. sec x}
5. Find dy/dx when x= cos t + log tan (t/2) , y= a sin t {Ans. a tan t}
6. Differentiate- 8x/x8 w.r.t x {Ans. 8x/x8 (log 8 – 8/x)}
7. Differentiate- (sin-1x)2-3x + (log x)x w.r.to x.
2−3𝑥 1
𝐴𝑛𝑠. (sin−1 𝑥)2−3𝑥 [ −1 2
− 3𝑙𝑜𝑔 sin−1 𝑥] + (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)𝑥 [𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥]
sin 𝑥√1−𝑥
8. If sin y = x sin (a+y), prove that dy/dx = sin2 (a+y) / sin a
9. If y = sin (m sin-1x), prove that (1–x2) y2 – xy1 + m2y = 0
1−𝑥 2
10. Find dy/dx if y = cos −1 [1+𝑥2 ] {Ans. 2/(1+x2)}
11. If x=a(cos t + t sin t) and y= a (sin t – t cos t ) , find d2y/dx2 {Ans. sec3 t / at }
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
, 𝑥≠0
12.𝐼𝑓𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥2 Show that f(x) is continuous at x=0.
−4, 𝑥 = 0,
3
𝑑𝑦 2 2
[1+( ) ]
𝑑𝑥
Q13.𝐼𝑓 (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑐 2 , 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 d2 y
is a constant independent of a and b.
dx2
Q14. Find the value of a, if the function f(x) is continuous at x=2
2𝑥 − 1, 𝑥 < 2
𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑎 , 𝑥 = 2 (Ans. a=3)
𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 > 2
Q15. Find the value of a, if the function f(x) is continuous at x=0
𝜋
𝑎 sin 2 (𝑥 + 1), 𝑥 ≤ 0
𝑓(𝑥) = { tan 𝑥−sin 𝑥 (Ans. a=1/2)
𝑥 3 , 𝑥 > 0
1
Q16. If x= tan( 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦) , 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡(1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑦 ′′ + (2𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑦 ′ = 0
𝑎
Q17. Find the value of k, if the function f(x) is continuous
𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝜋−2𝑥
, 𝑥 < 𝜋/2
𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = 3 , 𝑥= 2
( Ans. k=6)
3 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥
, 𝑥 > 𝜋/2
{ 2𝑥−𝜋
Q18. Find the value of a,b and c, if the function f(x) is continuous at x=0
sin(𝑎+1)𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑥
, 𝑥<0
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐 , 𝑥=0 (Ans. a=–3/2, b=any non zero real number, c=1/2)
√𝑥+𝑏𝑥 2 −√𝑥
{ 𝑏𝑥 3/2
, 𝑥>0
Chapter-6 Applications of Derivatives
1. Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve x = cos t, y = sin t at the point t =
π/4. {Ans. tangent x+y–√2 = 0, normal x = y}
2. Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve y = x2 – 2x + 7 which is
(a) parallel to the line 2x – y + 9 = 0
(b) perpendicular to the line 5y – 15x = 13
{Ans. (a) y – 2x – 3 = 0, (b) 36y + 12x – 227 = 0}
3. Find the equation of the normal to the curve y = x3 + 2x + 6 which are parallel to the line x
+ 14y + 4 = 0 {Ans. x+14y–254 = 0, x+14y+86=0}
4. Find the intervals in which the function f(x) = –2x3 –9x2–12x + 1 is increasing or
decreasing. {Ans. Inc. in (–2,–1) and dec. in (–∞,–2) , (–1, ∞) }
5. Show that the function f(x) = x3 –3x2+4x is strictly increasing on R.
6. Show that among the rectangles of given perimeter, the square has the greatest area.
7. Show that the height of a right circular cylinder of given surface and maximum volume is
equal to the diameter of its base.
8. Show that the height of a cylinder of maximum volume that can be inscribed in given right
circular cone of height H is H/3.
9. An open box with a square base is to be made out of a given quantity of cardboard of area
c2, show that the maximum volume of the box is c3/ 6√3.
10. Find all the points of local maxima and minima and the corresponding maximum and
minimum values of the function
f(x) = –3/4 x4 –8x3–45/2x2 + 105
{Ans. maxima 0, –5, minima –3, f(0)=105, f(–5)=295/4, f(–3)=231/4}
11. Show that the volume of the greatest cylinder which can be inscribed in a cone of height h
and semi vertical angle α is 4/27 πh3 tan2α.
Chapter-7 & 8 INTEGRALS AND APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS

1 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 (𝑥 − 3)𝑒 𝑥 𝑒𝑥
1. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠. [3𝑥 − 2 sin 2𝑥 + ] 7. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠. +𝐶
8 4 (𝑥 − 1)3 (𝑥 − 1)2
+𝐶
𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 (𝐴𝑛𝑠. 0)
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔|sin(𝑥 − 𝑎)| + (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎 2
8. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
sin(𝑥 − 𝑎) +𝐶 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
0

1 1 𝑥+2 𝜋 𝜋
3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠. tan−1 +𝐶 4 (𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2)
2
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 8 2 2 9. ∫ log(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 8
0
𝑥 1 2
2𝑥 + 1 𝜋
𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝜋
4. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠. tan−1 +𝐶 10. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 {𝐴𝑛𝑠. (𝜋 − 2)}
𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 1
4
sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 2
√3 √3 0

1 𝑥+3 8 {𝐴𝑛𝑠. 9}
5. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠. sin−1 +𝐶 11. ∫ |𝑥 − 5|𝑑𝑥
√7 − 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2 4 2

𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥) 𝐴𝑛𝑠. tan(𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝐶 3𝑥 − 5 3
𝐴𝑛𝑠. √2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 5
6. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 12. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ) √2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 5 17 1 𝑥 5
− 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥 − + √𝑥 2 − + |
4√2 4 2 2
+𝐶

13.Find the area of the region cut off from the parabolas 4y=3x by the straight line 2y=3x+12
2

{ Ans. 27}
14. Find the area bounded by lines y = 2x + 1, y = 3x + 1 and x = 4 {Ans. 8}
 0
15. Sketch the graph y = │x+1│. Evaluate ∫−4|𝑥 + 1|𝑑𝑥
What does it represent on the graph? {Ans. 5}
0 63
16. Evaluate ∫−5 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| + |𝑥 + 2| + |𝑥 + 5| {𝐴𝑛𝑠 2 }
𝜋 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜋2
17. Evaluate ∫0 𝑎 2 𝑐𝑜𝑥 2 𝑥+𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 {𝐴𝑛𝑠 2𝑎𝑏
}
18. Find ∫(√𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 {𝐴𝑛𝑠. √2 sin−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) + 𝐶}
𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+cos 𝑥 1
19. ∫0 4
9+16 sin 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 {𝐴𝑛𝑠. 40
log 9}
𝑠𝑖𝑛8 𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠8 𝑥 1
20. ∫ 1−2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 {𝐴𝑛𝑠. − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝐶}
Chapter-9 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1. Solve dy/dx = 1 + x + y + xy {Ans. log │1 + y│= x + x2/2 + c}

2. Solve x cosy dy = (x e log x + e ) dx.
x x
{Ans. sin y = log x ex + c}
3. Solve x dy/dx – y = √ (x + y ).
2 2
{Ans. y + √ (x2 + y2) = x2c}
4. Solve (x2 – y2) dx + 2xy dy = 0, given y (1) = 1 {Ans. x2 + y2 = 2x}
5. Solve dy/dx +y secx = tan x {Ans. (secx + tanx) y = secx + tanx–x+c}
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2 {𝐴𝑛𝑠. 3
6. Solve 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 = 2𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥}
7. Find the order and degree –
(i) d4y/dx4 – sin (d3y/dx3) = 0 {Ans. order 4, degree – not defined}
(ii) (y’’’) + (y’’) + (y’) + y = 0
2 3 4 5
{Ans. order 3, degree – 2}
𝑒 −2√𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
8. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 − = {𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑦𝑒 2√𝑥 = 2√𝑥 + 𝐶}
√𝑥 √𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Chapter-10 VECTOR ALGEBRA
̂
3𝑖̂−𝑗̂ +7𝑘
1. Find a unit vector 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ {𝐴𝑛𝑠. }
√59
2. 𝐼𝑓 𝛼⃗ = 3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘,
̂ 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝛽⃗ 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝛽1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝛽2
3 1 1 3
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝛽1 ‖𝛼⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ {𝐴𝑛𝑠 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝛽2 ┴ 𝛼. 𝛽1 = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝛽2 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ }
2 2 2 2
̂
−3𝑖̂−5𝑗̂ −4𝑘
3. Find a unit vector along PQ, where P = (2,3,0), Q = (–1,–2,–4).{𝐴𝑛𝑠. }
5√2
4. Find the position vector of a point R which divides the line joining P(2 a + b ) and Q( a – 3
b ) externally in the ratio 1 : 2. Also show that P is middle point of the line segment RQ.
{Ans. 3 a + 5 b }
5. Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors a + b and a – b where 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖̂ +
𝑖̂−2𝑗̂ +𝑘 ̂
𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ {𝐴𝑛𝑠. ± }
√6
8
6. If the projection of vector λ𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ 𝑜𝑛 2𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ 𝑖𝑠 , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝜆. {Ans. λ= 7}
7
7. Find the area of parallelogram whose two sides are 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ and 3𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂{Ans.√507}
Chapter-11 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
1. Write the Cartesian equation of the line 𝑟⃗ = 5𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ + λ(3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 8𝑘̂ ) {𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑥−5
3
𝑦−2 𝑧+4
= 2 = −8 }
1−𝑥 𝑦−5 6−𝑧
2. Write the vector equation of the line 3
= 1
= 5
. {𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑟⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ + λ(−3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ )}
3. Find the direction cosines of the line x = y = z. {Ans. ±1/√3, ±1/√3, ±1/√3}
𝑥+1 𝑦 𝑧−2
4. Find the equation of a line through the point (–1, 0, 2) and (3, 4, 6).{𝐴𝑛𝑠. 4 = 4 = 4 }
5. Find the shortest distance between the lines 𝑟⃗ = (1 − 𝑡)𝑖̂ + (𝑡 − 2)𝑗̂ + (3 − 2𝑡)𝑘̂ and 𝑟⃗ =
8
(𝑠 + 1)𝑖̂ + (2𝑠 − 1)𝑗̂ − (2𝑠 + 1)𝑘̂ {Ans. }
√29
13
6. Find the distance of the point (2, 5, –3) from the plane 𝑟⃗. (6𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ ) = 4 {𝐴𝑛𝑠. 7 }
7. Find the equation of a line passing through a point with position vector2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and
𝑥−2 𝑦+1 𝑧−1
parallel to the line joining the points −𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂.{𝐴𝑛𝑠. 2
= −2
= 1
}
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥−4 𝑦−1 𝑧
8. Show that the lines =
4
𝑎𝑛𝑑
2 5
==
2
= intersect. Find the point of intersection
31
also. {Ans. (–1, –1, –1)}
9. Find the length and foot of perpendicular from the point (2, –1, 5) to the line
𝑥−11 𝑦+2 𝑧+8
10
= −4 = −11 {Ans. √ 14, (1, 2, 3)}
10. Find the equation of the plane containing the line of intersection of the planes
x – 2y + 3z + 4 = 0 and x – y + z + 3 = 0 and passing through the origin{Ans.x + 2y – 5z = 0}
 11. Find the equation of a plane passing through the points (–1,1,1), (1,–1,1) and
perpendicular to the plane x + 2y + 2z = 5 {Ans. 2x + 2y – 3z +3 = 0}
12. Find the equation of the plane passing through the point (1,1,–1) and perpendicular to
the planes x + 2y + 3z –7 = 0 and 2x – 3y + 4z = 0 {Ans. 17x + 2y – 7z = 26}
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥−1 𝑦−1 6−𝑧
13. If the lines −3 = 2𝑘 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3𝑘 = 1 = 5 are perpendicular, find the value of k.{-k=–107}
14. Find the coordinates of the point where the line through (5,1,6) and (3,4,1) crosses the
ZX- plane. {Ans. (17/3, 0, 23/3) }
15. Find the value of p, if the points (1,1,p) and (–3,0,1) be equidistant from the plane
𝑟⃗. (3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 12𝑘̂ ) + 13 = 0 {Ans. p = 1 or 7/3}
16. If the foot of perpendicular drawn from the origin to the plane is (1,2,3), find the
equation of the plane. {Ans. x + 2y + 3z = 14 }
17. Find the image of the point (1,2,–1) in the plane 2x + y – z = 2. {Ans. (–1,1,0)}
𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
18. Find the image of the point (1,6, 3) in the line 1 = 2 = 3 . {Ans.(1,0,7)}
19. Find the distance of the point (–1, –5, –10) from the plane x – y + z = 5 measured
𝑥−2 𝑦+1 𝑧−2
parallel to the line 3
= 4
= 12
{Ans. 13 units }

Chapter-12 LINEAR PROGRAMMING

1. Find the maximum value of the function C = 2x + 3y graphically,
Subject to the constraints
𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑍 = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦
𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 10 (0,0) 0
2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 14 𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑡./𝐴𝑛𝑠. (7,0) 14 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑍 = 18 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 6, 𝑦 = 2
𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0 (6,2) 18
{ (0,5) 15 }
2. Using graphically method, solve the following linear Programming problems-
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑧𝑒: 𝑧 = 4𝑥 + 8𝑦 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑍
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 2 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 30 𝐴(3,0) 12
𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 24 𝐵(15,0) 60
𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑡./𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑍 = 96 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝐷
𝑥 ≥ 3, 𝐶(12,6) 96
𝑦 ≤ 9 𝐷(6,9) 96
𝑦 ≥ 0 { 𝐸(3,9) 84 }
Chapter-13 PROBABILITY

1. If P(A) = 3/5 and P(B) = 1/5, find P(AUB) if A and B are independent events. {Ans. 3/25}
2. Given that the events A and B are such that P(A) = ½, P(AUB) = 3/5. Find P(B) if the events A and B
are (i) mutually exclusive (ii) independent. {Ans. 1/10, 1/5}
3. A die is thrown. If E is the event that the number appearing is a multiple of 3 and F is the event that
the number appearing is even, then find whether E and F are Independent. {Ans. Yes}
4. Ten cards numbered 1 to 10 are placed in a box, and then one card is drawn. What is the probability
that it is an even number, if it is known that the number on the card is more than 3 {Ans. 4/7}
5. Three bags A,B and C contain 6 red and 4 black, 4 red and 6 black, 5 red and 5 black balls respectively.
One of the bag is selected and a ball is drawn from it. If the ball drawn is red, find the probability that it
is drawn from the first bag. {Ans.2/5}
6. Find the probability distribution of the no. of heads when three coins are tossed.

Ans. X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8

7. An urn contain 4 red and 3 blue balls. Find the probability distribution of the no. of blue balls in a
random draw of three balls with replacement.
Ans. X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 64/343 144/343 108/343 27/343
8. The probability that X=x is given by
0.1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
𝑘𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1 𝑜𝑟 2
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = {
𝑘(5 − 𝑥) 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 3 𝑜𝑟 4
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
(a) Find the value of k
(b) What is the probability that x is (a) at least 2(b) Exactly2 (c) at most 2 {Ans. (a) 0.15 (b) 0.75, 0.3, 0.55}