LAST MINUTE REVISION MATERIAL MATHS CLASS-XII 2020-21
LAST MINUTE REVISION MATERIAL MATHS CLASS-XII 2020-21
JAIPUR REGION
SESSION 2020-21
*Relation: Any subset of the Cartesian product A X B of two sets A and B is said to be a relation from A to B.
Example: For A = {a, b} and B = {1, 2, 3}; A X B = {(a, 1), (a, 2), (a, 3), (b, 1), (b, 2), (b, 3)}
Then Relations can be defined as R1 = {(a, 1), (b, 2)}, R2 = {(a, 2), (a, 3), (b, 1), (b, 3)}, etc.
Note: In relation R1 above; (i). ‘1’ is the image of ‘a’ and ‘a’ is the pre-image of ‘1’.(ii). Domain of R1 = {a, b} and Range of R1 = {1, 2}
*Empty Relation: The relation ø which is a subset of A X B is said to be the empty relation in which no element of set A is related
to any element of set B.
*Universal relation: The relation A X B which is a subset of A X B is known as the Universal relation in which all the elements of set
A are related to every element of set B.
*Number of relations: if number of elements in set A& B are p & q i.e.n(A) = p and n(B) = q then n(A X B) = p X q, Number of
subsets of A X B = 2pq. Therefore, total number of relations from set A to set B = 2pq(Since every subset of A X B is a relation from A to B)
Note: Number of non empty relations are 2 pq– 1 (Subtract one empty relation)
Example: Let n(A)=2 & n(B)=3 then total number of relations from A to B=22X3=26=64 &Number of non empty relations=64 – 1=63.
Note: Total number of relations from set A to A (in set A) = 22X2 = 24= 16
*Types of relations:
a. Identity relation I: Every element of A must be related to itself only. For A = {1, 2, 3}, I = {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3)}
b. Reflexive relation: Every element of set A is related to itself. Elements of A may have another image also.
Examples: R1 = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (1,2)}, R2 = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (2, 1), (2, 3)} are reflexive relations.
R3 = {(a, b) / a divides b, a,b ϵ N} is a Reflexive relation as every natural number divides itself.
Note: Every Identity relation is always a reflexive relation but the converse is not true.
c. Symmetric relation: If ‘a’ is related to ‘b’ then ‘b’ is also related to ‘a’ OR if ‘b’ is the R image of ‘a’ then ‘a’ is also the R image
of ‘b’ OR (a, b)ϵ R => (b, a)ϵ R.
Example: R1 = {(1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2)} is symmetric as (1, 2)ϵ R1 => (2, 1)ϵ R1 and (2, 3)ϵ R1 => (3, 2)ϵ R1.
R2 = {(a, b) / (a - b) is a multiple of 5, a,b ϵ R} is symmetric as (b – a) is also a multiple of 5.
Note: Every Identity relation is symmetric too. [If (1, 2) is not in relation R, we will not search for (2, 1) in relation R]
d. Transitive relation: If (a, b) ϵ R and (b, c) ϵ R then (a, c) ϵ R. Example: R1 = {(1,2), (2, 3), (1, 3)} is transitive.
R2= {(1, 1),(2, 2),(3, 3),(2, 3),(1, 3)} is also transitive[If (a, b)ϵR but (b, c) is not in R then we will not search for (a, c) in R].
R3 = {(a, b) / a < b, a,b ϵ Z} is Transitive as a < b and b < c implies a < c for all integers.
Note: Every Identity relation is Transitive too as there is no case of transitivity.
e. Equivalence Relation: A relation which is Reflexive, Symmetric and Transitive is known as Equivalence relation.
Example: R = {(a, b) / (a – b) is even, a, b ϵ Z }is an Equivalence relation as it is; Reflexive: (a – a)= 0 is an even integer,
Symmetric: If (a – b) is even integer then (b – a) is also an even integer and Transitive: If (a – b) and (b – c) are even integers
then (a- c) is also an even integer [Here (a – c) = (a - b) + (b - c)]
Note: Every Empty relation is Symmetric and Transitive but not Reflexive [(a, a) is not in the empty relation]
Every Universal relation A X A in the set A and the Identity relation I is an Equivalence relation.
*Equivalence Class of an element: Let R be an equivalence relation in set A then equivalence class of an element ‘a’ is the set of
all the images of element ‘a’ and is written as [a].
In the above example; [0] = {...-4, -2, 0, 2, 4,...} and [1] = {...-3, -1, 1, 3,...}(Their intersection is ø and Union is the set Z).
*For a set A with ‘n’ elements:
Number of ↓ General Formula For n = 2 For n = 3 For n = 4
Reflexive relations 2n(n - 1) 4 64 4096
Symmetric Relations 2n(n+1)/2 8 64 1024
Reflexive & Symmetric Relations 2n(n-1)/2 2 8 64
Equivalence Relations No general formula 2 5 15
Important Problems:
1. How many ordered pairs should be added to the relation R = {(1, 1), (2, 3), (3, 1), (2,2)} to make it
a. Reflexive b. Symmetric c. Transitive
Solution: a. 1 ordered pair (3, 3) b. 2 ordered pairs (3, 2) & (1,3) c. 1 ordered pair (2, 1)
2. Find the domain & range of of the relation R = {(x, y) / 3x – y = 12} defined on the set of natural numbers N.
Solution: Here x = (y + 12)/3, so y should be a multiple of 3; hence values of y = Range of relation R = {3, 6, 9, 12,...}
Putting the values of y, we have; values of x = Domain of relation R = {5, 6, 7, ....}
3. Show that the relation R on the set R of real numbers, defined as R = {(a, b) : a ≤ b 2} is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor
transitive. [CBSE (F) 2019]
Solution: We will use appropriate examples for this purpose:
Reflexive: ½ ≤ (½)2 is not true, so not reflexive
Symmetric: 1 ≤ 22 is true hence (1, 2)ϵ R but 2 ≤ 12 is not true hence (2, 1) ɇR, so not symmetric.
Transitive: By taking three real numbers 2, -2 and 1, we have; (2, -2)ϵ R as 2 ≤ (-2)2, (-2, 1)ϵ R as (-2) ≤ 12 but (2, 1)ɇ R,
so f is not transitive.
4. Prove that the relationRIn N X N such that (a, b) R (c, d) if ad (b + c) = bc(a + d) is an equivalence relation.
Solution: Reflexive: (a,b) R (a, b) => ab(b + a) = ba(a + b) which is true for all (a,b) ϵ N X N, Hence R is reflexive.
Symmetric: (c, d) R (a, b)=>cb(d + a)=da(c +b)=>bc(a + d)=ad(b + c)=> ad(b + c)=bc(a + d) => (a, b)R(c, d),
hence symmetric.
Transitive: (a, b) R (c, d) =>ad(b + c) = bc(a + d)and(c, d) R (e, f) =>cf(d + e) = de(c + f)
ab(c – d) = cd(a – b)...........(i) and ef(c – d) = cd(e – f)...........(ii)
Now dividing equation( i) by equation (ii), we get -
ab/ef = (a - b)/(e - f) => ab (e – f) = ef(a – b) => abe – abf = aef – bef => abf + aef = abe + bef
af(b + e) = be(a +f) => (a, b) R (e, f) is true, hence R is transitive.
R is Reflexive, Symmetric and Transitive relation, hence R is an Equivalence relation.
5. If R = {(x, y) : x + 2y = 8} is a relation on N, write the range of N. [CBSE (AI) 2018]
8−𝑥
Solution: Here 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 8 ⇒ 𝑦 = ⇒ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 6, 𝑦 = 1; 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 2; 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 3 ⇒ Range = {1, 2, 3}.
2
6. Check whether the relation R on the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} as R = {(a, b) : b = a + 1} is Reflexive, Symmetric or Transitive.
Solution: Reflexive – Since a ≠ a + 1 => (a, a) ∉ R => R is not reflexive. [CBSE 2019]
Symmetric – For a = 1 and b = 2, 2 = 1 + 1 => (1, 2) ϵ R but 1 ≠ 2 + 1 => (2, 1) ∉ R => R is not symmetric.
Transitive – For a = 1, b= 2 and c = 3, we have 2 = 1 + 1 and 3 = 2 + 1 but 3 ≠ 1 + 1 => R is not transitive
𝑛+1
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
7. Let 𝑓: 𝑁 → 𝑁 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑓(𝑛) = { 𝑛2 for all 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁. Check the function for bijectivity.
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
2
Sol. The roster form of this function is f = {(1, 1),(2, 1), (3, 2),(4, 2),(5, 3), (6, 3)……..}
It is clear that this function is many one as f(1) = f(2) = 1
Also the function f is onto as every element of co-domain N has pre-image in domain N.
Therefore this function is many one and onto, hence not bijective.
Function: A relation from a set A to another set B is said to be a function if every element of set A has unique image in set B. Set A
is said to be its domain and set B the co-domain.
Example: f:N →N/f(x) = x + 3, f:R →R/f(x) = x2, f: R →R/f(x) = sinx, f: R+ → R/ f(x) = logx
Number of functions: For n(A) = p and n(B) = q, Total number of functions from A to B = q p.
Types of functions:
a. One-One (Injective function): Elements of set B have unique pre-image in set A.
Example: f:Z →Zsuch thatf(x) = x + 3, f(x) = y = x + 3 => x = y – 3, for every y ϵ Z, x will be unique in Z.
To prove a function one – one, we assume f(x) = f(y) and prove x = y. Function which is not one-one is many one function.
b. Onto (Surjective function): All the elements of set B must have some (one or more) pre-image in set A.
Example: f:Z →Zsuch that f(x) = x + 3, f(x) = y = x + 3 => x = y – 3, for every y ϵ Z, there exist some x ϵ A such that f(x) = y.
To prove a function onto, show that Range of the function = Co-domain. A function which is not onto is into function.
c. One-One & onto (Bijective Function): A function which is both one-one and onto is known as Bijective function.
The necessary condition for a function to be bijective is n(A) = n(B)
Note: A function f is said to be invertible if it is a bijective function.
Important questions:
4𝑥+3 2
1. Show that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑥 ≠ 3 is a bijective function. [CBSE 2012]
6𝑥−4
4𝑥+3 4𝑦+3
Soln. One-one – Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑦) ⇒ = ⇒ (4𝑥 + 3)(6𝑦 − 4) = (4𝑦 + 3)(6𝑥 − 4) ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑓 is one one
6𝑥−4 6𝑦−4
4𝑥+3 4𝑦+3 2
Onto – We will find the range of the function; let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = ⇒ 𝑦(6𝑥 − 4) = 4𝑥 + 3 ⇒ 𝑥 = ,𝑦 ≠
6𝑥−4 6𝑦−4 3
Hence the Range of the function f = co-domain of function f => f is onto function. Hence Bijective.
2. Show that the following function f : N → N is an invertible function: VV Important
𝑥 + 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥 − 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
Soln. Here 𝑓 = {(1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 6), (6, 5),...}. It is clear that every
element of co-domain N has unique pre-image in domain N. Hence f is
invertible function.Also, The given function can be proved invertible/bijective by
drawing an arrow diagram→
3. Consider f : R+ →[4, ∞) given by f(x) = x2 + 4, where R+ is the set of all non negative real numbers.
Show that the function f is invertible. [CBSE (AI) 2013; (F) 2011]
Soln: One-One - Let x1, x2 ϵ R+ (Domain) and f(x1) = f(x2) => x12 + 4 = x22 + 4 => x12 = x22 => x1 = x2 => f is one one function.
Onto– 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4 , 𝑥 = √𝑦 + 4 , 𝑦 𝜖 [4, ∞), 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛, hence the function is onto. Hence invertible also.
𝑥
4. Show that the function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 is neither one one nor onto. [CBSE 2018]
𝑥 +1
𝑥 𝑦
Soln. One one – Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑦) ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 = 𝑦𝑥 2 + 𝑦 ⟹ 𝑥𝑦(𝑥 − 𝑦) − (𝑥 − 𝑦) = 0 ⟹
𝑥 2 +1 𝑦 2 +1
(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥𝑦 − 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1/𝑦.Hence the function is not one one.
𝑥 1±√1−4𝑦 2
Onto – 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑦 = ⟹ 𝑦𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 = , 𝑦 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 ≠ 𝐶𝑜 − 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 .Hence f is not onto
𝑥 2 +1 2𝑦
Number of one – one / onto functions: For n(A) = p and n(B) = q, we have the following results:
Condition → p=q p<q p>q For p = 3 For p = 2 and For p = 3 and For p = 4 and For p = q =3
and q = 2 q=3 q=4 q=3
Number of one – one p! (Factorial p) 𝑞! 0 0
functions (𝑞 − 𝑝)! 6 24 0 3! = 6
Number of onto p! (Factorial p) qp – qC1 (q – 1)p
functions 0 + qC2(q – 2)p + 6 0 0 36 3! = 6
...
Number of bijective p! (Factorial p)
functions 0 0 0 0 0 0 3! = 6
CHAPTER – 2 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
We know that a function f : A →B is said to be an invertible function if and only if it is bijective (one one and onto). To make a
function bijective, its domain and range are to be restricted.
Therefore, to define the Inverse Trigonometric Functions, we restrict their respective domain and range as per the following table:
Inverse Trigonometric Domain (x) Range (y) Remarks
Functions (Principal value branch)
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 [-1, 1] −𝜋 𝜋 Quadrants I and IV
[ , ]
2 2
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 [-1, 1] [0, 𝜋] Quadrants I and II
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 R −𝜋 𝜋 Quadrants I and IV
( , )
2 2
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 R −𝜋 𝜋 Quadrants I and IV
[ , ] − {0}
2 2
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 R – (-1, 1) 𝜋 Quadrants I and II
[0, 𝜋] − { }
2
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 R – (-1, 1) (0, 𝜋) Quadrants I and II
Some important properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions:
Property - 1 Remarks Property – 2 Remarks Property - 3 Remarks
−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) −1 −1 (−𝑥) −1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 =𝜃 𝜃 must be in sin(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑥 must be in 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑥 must be in
𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) = 𝜃 Principal cos(𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥) = 𝑥 the domain 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (−𝑥) = 𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 the domain
𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) = 𝜃 value branch tan(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) = 𝑥 mentioned 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (−𝑥) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 mentioned
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃) = 𝜃 above ↑ cosec(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥) = 𝑥 above ↑ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 above ↑
𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃) = 𝜃 sec(𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−𝑥) = 𝜋 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃) = 𝜃 cot(𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (−𝑥) = 𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥
1 1 1
Property – 4:𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Property – 5 : 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 =
2 2 2
Examples:
1. Find the principal value of the following:
1 −2 −1 1 −2
a. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )b. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (−1) c. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 ( ) d. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) e. 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 ( ) f. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 ( )
√2 √3 √2 √3 √3
−1 1 −1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Solutions: a. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) = (Here the angle lies in first quadrant which is the principal value branch of sin -1𝑥).
√2 4 4 4
−1 (−1) 𝜋 𝜋
b. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = −𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) = − (Using Property 3 and the same logic above ↑)
4 4
−1 −2 −1 2 −1 𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
c. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( ) = 𝜋 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( ) = 𝜋 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (sec ) = 𝜋 − = (Using Property 3 and the same logic above ↑)
√3 √3 6 6 6
Note : Parts d, e and f of the question may be solved in the same way using the given properties.
2. Find the principal value of the following:
3𝜋 13𝜋 7𝜋 −17𝜋 43𝜋
a. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) b. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) c. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) d. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) e. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 )
5 6 6 8 5
3𝜋 3𝜋
Solutions: a. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ), here the angle lies in second quadrant which is not the principal value branch of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥.
5 5
3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
Therefore 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 )≠ . Now 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = sin (𝜋 − ) = sin [Because sin(π – θ) = sinθ]
5 5 5 5 5
3𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
Now we can write 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 )=
5 5 5
2𝜋
(Here the angle lies in first quadrant which is the principal value branch of sin -1𝑥).
5
−1 13𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
b. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (cos (2𝜋 + )) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) = (Using the same logic above ↑)
6 6 6 6
7𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋
c. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝜋 + )) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) = (angle is in second quadrant which is not the
6 6 6 6 6
7𝜋 𝜋
principal value branch of tan-1x, therefore the angle was converted from to which is in first quadrant)
6 6
−17𝜋 17𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋
d. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝜋 + )) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) =
8 8 8 8 8 8
[𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 sin(−x) = − sin x and sin−1 (−x) = −sin x] −1
43𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 −𝜋 −𝜋
e. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 (8𝜋 + )) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( − )) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) =
5 5 5 2 5 10 10
√3
3. Find the value of 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [2𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 )]. −1
[CBSE(AI) 2018]
2
𝜋 𝜋
−1 √3
) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√3) = 𝜋⁄3.
−1 −1 √3
Solution: 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [2𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠 )] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [2𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2 . )] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [2 sin ] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2 .
2 6 3 2
−1 cos 𝑥
4. Simplify: 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) [CBSE 2020]
1−sin 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
cos 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )(𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
Solution: 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 𝑥
2
𝑥
2
𝑥 𝑥 ] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 2 2 2
𝑥 2
2
]=
1−sin 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜋 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 𝒙 𝒙
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 2
𝑥 𝑥
2
]=𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 2
𝑥 ] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 4 + 2)] = 4 + 2 (Here 1 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝟐 𝟐
2 2 2
Chapter-3 & 4 Matrices and determinants
Matrix is a rectangular array of numbers(real or complex) kept inside brackets [] or () and denoted by capital letters. The numbers
are called elements or members or entry
Order of a matrix: A matrix having “m” number of rows and “n” number of columns is of order mxn
Example A=𝑟𝑜𝑤 → 1 −1 3 ↓ 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛, is a matrix of order 2X3 having element a21 = 2 and a13 = 3
[ ]
2 5 −7
1.Sum of two matrices: for Matrix A=[aij]mxn and B= [bij]mxn, the sum of two matrices A & B defined as matrix C =[c ij]mxn
where cij = aij + bij for all i,j. (To add two matrices of same order, their corresponding elements are added)
2.Multiplication of matrix by scalar : If A=[aij]mxn is a matrix and k is a scalar then kA is another matrix which is obtained by
−2 6 7 4 3 −2 −6 18 21
multiplying each element of A by the scalar k . e.g.For A= [ ],B=[ ] ,3A= [ ]and
4 3 1 5 3 −1 12 9 3
4 + 4 −12 + 3 −14 − 2 8 −9 −16
-2A+B=[ ]=[ ]
−8 + 5 −6 + 3 −2 − 1 −3 −3 −3
3.Multiplication of matrices: Matrix A can be multiplied to matrix B if number of columns in A is equal to number of rows in B. If
A =[aij]mxn and B=[bjk]nxp are two matrices then AB=[cik]mxp and cik = ∑𝑛𝑗=1 a ij bjk [Remark- if AB is defined then BA need not be defined]
2 7
1 −1 2 (1)(2) + (−1)(−1) + (2)(5) ? 13 −2
For [ ] [−1 1 ] = [ ]= [ ]
0 3 4 ? ? 17 −13
5 −4
3 5
T ’ T
Transpose of a matrix: For Matrix A =[aij]mxn transpose of A is denoted by A or A and A =[aji]nxm for example If A=[ √3 1],
−1
0
5
3 √3 0
then A’ = [ −1] [Hint : interchange rows and columns]
5 1
5
Symmetric and skew symmetric matrix: A square matrix A =[aij]mxn is symmetric if A’=A i.e. aij = aji and a square matrix A =[aij]mxn
is skew symmetric matrix if 𝐴’ = −𝐴 e.g. aji = - aij & aii=0 for all possible values of i and j.
√3 2 3 0 −2 3
Example A= [ 2 −1.5 −1] is symmetric matrix as A’=A and B= [ 2 0 −1] is skew symmetric matrix as B’=-B
3 −1 1 −3 1 0
[Remark :For any square matrix A ,A+ A’ is always symmetric and A-A’ is always skew symmetric matrix ]
Minor of an element : Minor of aij in matrix A is denoted by Mij and is the determinant of order (n-1) obtained by deleting the ith
row and jth column of A.
Cofactor of an element : Co-factor of an element aij is denoted by Cij orAij and it’s value is given by Cij = (-1)i+j MijImportant result :
(1)If A is a square matrix of order n,then then |kA|= k n|A|, (2)If A is non singular matrix of order n then |AdjA|= |A|n-1
1
(3)A square matrix A is said to be singular if |A|= 0, (4) If A is a square matrix, then | A-1|=
|𝐴|
Adjoint of a square matrix is transpose of matrix obtained by replacing each element of it by it’s cofactor𝐴𝑖𝑗 and is denoted by
2 −1
Adj(A). If A=[ ] . 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑀11 =3(Hint: value after deleting first row and first column) ,𝑀12 = 4,𝑀21 = −1, 𝑀22 = 2,
4 3
3 −4 3 1
Cofactors 𝐴11 =3,𝐴12 = −4,𝐴21 = 1,𝐴22 =2 Then Adj A= Transpose of [ ]= [ ]
1 2 −4 2
Property of Adjoint: (Adj A).A=A. (Adj A) = |A|I , Note: Inverse of only non-singular matrix exists.
Inverse of a square matrix :a non-singular matrix A of order n is called invertible matrix if there exists a square matrix B of order n
𝟏
such that AB=BA=I and B is called inverse of A and vice-versa. The inverse of A is denoted by A-1&A-1 = 𝑨𝒅𝒋 𝑨
|𝑨|
[Remark:A rectangular matrix does not possess inverse]
Solution of system of equations: For the equations, 3x-2y+ 3z= 8, 2x+ y-z =1, 4x-3y+ 2z=4 System of Equations in matrix form can
be expressed as AX=B and X=A-1B where
3 −2 3 𝑥 8
A=[2 1 −1], X= [𝑦] , B= [1], |A|=3(2-3)+2(4+4)+3(-6-4)=-17≠ 0 Hence A is non-singular and it’s inverse exists.
4 −3 2 𝑧 4
𝐴11 =-1 , 𝐴12 =-8, 𝐴13 =-10, 𝐴21 =-5, 𝐴22 =-6,𝐴23 =1,𝐴31 =-1,𝐴32 =9, 𝐴33 =7
−1 −5 −1 −1 −5 −1 8 𝑥 −17 1
−1 −1 −1
A-1= [ −8 −6 9 ] , X=A-1B = [ −8 −6 9 ] [1], [𝑦]= [−34] = [2], hence x=1, y=2, z=3
17 17 17
−10 1 7 −10 1 7 4 𝑧 −51 3
Important questions:Level -1
1. If a matrix has 5 elements what are the possible order it can have ? [Ans. 1X5 and 5X1]
5
1
𝑎11 𝑎12 2
1 1
2. Construct 3X2 matrix whose elements are given by aij = |i-3j|, Hint:[𝑎21 𝑎22 ] Ans. 2
2
2
𝑎31 𝑎32 3×2 3
[0 2]
1 2 3 2 3 1 −3 −4 1
3. If A= = [ ] , B=[ ], then find A-2B. Ans. [ ]
3 1 3 1 0 2 1 1 −1
2 −3 5
4. Find the co-factor of 𝑎12 in A=[ 3 −2 −5] Solution 𝑀12 =(3)(2)-(-5)(-1) =1, 𝐴12 = (−1)1+2 1 =-1
−1 1 2
5.If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that A. (Adj A) = 10I find 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴|. (𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐴. (𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴) = |𝐴|𝐼, 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 |𝐴| = 10 & |𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴| = 100)
16 3 2𝑥 3
6. Find the positive value of x if | |=| |, solution.(16)(2)-(3)(5)= (2x)x-(3)(5) →2x2-15=32-15→x=±4 →x=4
5 2 5 𝑥
7.If A is a square matrix of order 3 and |A|=7 find |2A|, solution. |2A|=23|A|=8x7=56
8. Find number of all possible matrices of order 2X2 with each entry 1or2 solution. 24=16
Level –II
1
1.For the following matrices A and B verify that (AB)T=BTAT whereA=[−4] , B= [−1 2 1]
3
2.If Area of a triangle is 35 sq.unit with vertices (2,-6),(5,4) and (k,4) Then find k.
2 −6 1
1
Solution |5 4 1|=±35 →2(4-4)+6(5-k)+1(20-4k)= ±70 → k=12,-2
2
𝑘 4 1
3 1 1 0 3 1 3 1 1 0 3 1 16 8
3.If A=[ ] and I=[ ] , Find 𝑎 and 𝑏 so that A2+ 𝑎I= 𝑏 A [Solution:[ ][ ]+𝑎[ ]=𝑏 [ ]→[ ]+
7 5 0 1 7 5 7 5 0 1 7 5 56 32
𝑎 0 16 + 𝑎 8 3𝑏 𝑏
[ ]=[ ]= [ ] → 𝑏 =8 , 16+ 𝑎 = 3𝑏 and 𝑎 = 8
0 𝑎 56 32 + 𝑎 7𝑏 5𝑏
2−𝑘 3
4. Find the value of k if matrix A=[ ] is singular. [Solution: For singular matrix |A|=0 →2-k+15=0 →k=17]
−5 1
2 3 2 −2 2 3 4 6 6 −6
5.Find X and Y if 2X+3Y=[ ] and 3X+2Y=[ ] [Solution:2(2X+3Y)=2[ ] →4X+6Y=[ ]& 9X+6Y=[ ] → 4X+6Y-
4 0 −1 5 4 0 8 0 −3 15
2 −12 2 13
4 6 6 −6 −2 12 5 5 5 5
(9X+6Y)=[ ]−[ ] → -5X=[ ] → X=[−11 ]& Y=[14 ]
8 0 −3 15 11 −15 3 −2
5 5
1 2 3 −7 −8 −9
6.Find the matrix X so that X[ ]=[ ][Solution: Order of matrix X will be 2x2, [𝑎 𝑏 ] [1 2 3] = [−7 −8 −9]
4 5 6 2 4 6 𝑐 𝑑 4 5 6 2 4 6
1 −2
𝑎 +4 𝑏 =-7, 2 𝑎 +5 𝑏 =-8, 𝑐 +4 𝑑 =2,2c+5 𝑑 =4 on solving 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −2, 𝑐 = 2, 𝑑 = 0 Hence X=[ ]
2 0
2 𝑎 5
7.If the matrix A=[−1 4 𝑏] is a symmetric matrix then find 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 [𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑎 =-1, 𝑏=-4, 𝑐 = 5 hence 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0 ]
𝑐 −4 9
Level –III
3 −2 −4
1. Express matrix A as the sum of a symmetric and skew symmetric matrix, where A=[ 3 −2 −5]
−1 1 2
1 5
3 −
3 −2 −4 3 3 −1 6 1 −5 2 2
1 1 1 1
Solution-P= (𝐴 + 𝐴′ ) = [[ 3 −2 −5] + [−2 −2 1 ]]= [ 1 −4 −4] = 2 −2 −2 (𝑃 ′ = 𝑃) P is symmetric matrix
2 2 2
−1 1 2 −4 −5 2 −5 −4 4 5
[− 2 −2 2 ]
−5 3
0 −
3 −2 −4 3 3 −1 0 −5 −3 2 2
1 1 1 5
Q= (𝐴 − 𝐴′ )= [[ 3 −2 −5] − [−2 −2 1 ]]= [5 0 −6] = 0 −3 (𝑄 ′ = −𝑄) Q is skew symmetric matrix & P+ Q
2 2 2 2
−1 1 2 −4 −5 2 3 6 0 3
[2 3 0]
1 5 −5 3
3 − 0 −
2 2 2 2 3 −2 −4
1 5
= 2 −2 −2 + 0 −3 =[ 3 −2 −5] = 𝐴
2
5 3 −1 1 2
[− 2 −2 2 ] [ 2 3 0]
2.Using matrix method solve the following system of equations : X+2y-3z=-4, 2x+3y-2z=2, 3x-3y+4z=9 { Ans. x=1,y=2,z=3}
1 −1 0 2 2 −4
3. Find the product AB where A=[2 3 4] , B=[−4 2 −4] and use the product to solve the system of equations
0 1 2 2 −1 5
x-y=3 , 2x+3y+4z=17 , y+2z=7
1 −1 0 2 2 −4 6 0 0
1
Solution: [2 3 4] [−4 2 −4] =[0 6 0] =6I, e.g. A-1 = 𝐵 → system of equation can be written as AX=B and X= A-1B
6
0 1 2 2 −1 5 0 0 6
𝑥 2 2 −4 3 12 2
1 1
[𝑦]= [−4 2 −4] [17] = [−6]=[−1] Hence x=2, y=-1, z=4
6 6
𝑧 2 −1 5 7 24 4
1 3 2
4. If A=[2 0 −1], then show that 𝐴3 − 4𝐴2 − 3𝐴 + 11𝐼 = 𝑂
1 2 3
1 3 2 1 3 2 9 7 5 9 7 5 1 3 2 28 37 26
Solution: A2 =[2 0 −1] [2 0 −1]=[1 4 1], A3 = A2A= [1 4 1] [2 0 −1]=[10 5 1]→
1 2 3 1 2 3 8 9 9 8 9 9 1 2 3 35 42 34
28 37 26 9 7 5 1 3 2 1 0 0
A3-4A2-3A+11I=[10 5 1 ] − 4 [1 4 1] − 3 [2 0 −1] + 11 [0 1 0]
35 42 34 8 9 9 1 2 3 0 0 1
28 37 26 36 28 20 3 9 6 11 0 0 0 0 0
=[10 5 1 ] − [ 4 16 4 ] − [6 0 −3] + [ 0 11 0 ] = [0 0 0]=O
35 42 34 32 36 36 3 6 9 0 0 11 0 0 0
Chapter-5 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥
3.Find the values of k so that the function f iscontinuous at , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠
𝜋 4.If 𝑓(𝑥) = { 1𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 is continuous at x=0 then find
𝜋 𝜋−2𝑥 2 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝜋 2
2
3, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = the value of a
2
𝜋
Sol. The given function f(x) is continuous at x= so Sol. Since f is continuous
2
𝜋
LHL=RHL=f( ) =3
2
at x =0, .
Derivative; Differentiability
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑎+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑎)
1) The derivative of the function f at the point 𝑎 in its domain is given by 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) = , if limit exists
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑑𝑦
2) is the notation for first order derivative and also denoted by 𝑦 ′ or 𝑦1
𝑑𝑥
Note:All continuous functions are not differentiable. For instance, f(x) = |x| is continuous at every real number (including x = 0),
but not differentiable at x = 0. However, every differentiable function is continuous.
Some important formulae:
𝑑 𝑑 Note:
1. (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 9. (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) = 1/𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 1
2. (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 10. (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) = √1−𝑥2 1. Product Rule (𝑓. 𝑔)′ = 𝑓. 𝑔′ + 𝑔. 𝑓′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 1
3. (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 11. (𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥) = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 𝑓 𝑔.𝑓 ′ −𝑓.𝑔′
𝑑
(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑 1 2. Quotient Rule:( )′ =
4. 12. (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) = 𝑔 𝑔2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2
𝑑 2 𝑑 1
5. (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 13. (𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥) = − 3. Chain Rule:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2
𝑑 𝑑 1
6. (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 14. (𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑑 𝑑 1 If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢), 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 = .
7. (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 15. (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥) = − 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1
𝑑 𝑑
8. (𝑎 𝑥 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 16. (𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 4. (𝑓 ± 𝑔)′ = 𝑓′ ± 𝑔′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑎+𝑦)
Q.1 If𝑥√1 + 𝑦 + 𝑦√1 + 𝑥 = 0, for, −1 < x <1, prove that =− Q.2 If 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎 + 𝑦) with 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎 ≠ ±1 prove that =
𝑑𝑥 (1+𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎
𝑥 √1 + 𝑦 + 𝑦√1 + 𝑥 = 0
𝑥 √1 + 𝑦+= −𝑦√1 + 𝑥
Squaring both side we get
𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑦) = 𝑦 2 (1 + 𝑥)
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 2
𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦
(x + y)(x − y) = xy(y − x)
So (x + y) = −𝑥𝑦
𝑥
y = −
1+𝑥
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain
𝑑𝑦 (1 + 𝑥)(𝑥)′ − 𝑥(1 + 𝑥)′
=− Then, equation (1) reduces to
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)2 {
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
. sin(𝑎 + 𝑦) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦]
𝑑𝑦
= cos(𝑎 + 𝑦)
(1 + 𝑥) − 𝑥 cos(𝑎 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
=− {cosy. sin(a + y) − siny. cos(a + y} .
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑎 + 𝑦)
(1 + 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑦 − 𝑦) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑎 + 𝑦)
=− 𝑑𝑥
(1 + 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑦
=
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑎+𝑦)
Hence proved
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Q.3 If 𝑦 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥), then show x2 + 𝑥 +𝑦 =0 Q.4 If y=(tan−1 𝑥)2, then show that (1+x2)2 + 2x(1+x2) = 2.
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Sol. Given function y = 3 cos(logx) + 4 sin(logx) Differentiating Sol. Given function y = (tan – lx)2 y1 = 2 tan – lx/(1 + x2) Cross multiplying we get
𝑑𝑦
= - 3sin(logx)/x + 4 cos(logx)/x then Multipy by x we get (1 + x2) y1 = 2 tan – lx Diff. again we get
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 (1 + x2) y2 + 2x(1 + x2)y1 = 2.
x = - 3sin(logx) + 4 cos(logx) Again diff.x = - 3cos(logx)/x – 4 sin(logx)/x
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
2 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
this gives x +x + y = 0 as required.
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 √1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+ √1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −1 𝑥 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Q.8 Find for y = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ ] Q.9𝐼𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 , then show that (1− x2)
𝑑𝑥 2
−x
𝑑𝑥
− a2y = 0.
𝑑𝑥 √1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥− √1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −𝑦
𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥
Sol.√1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = √𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥2 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥2 = (cos 𝑥2 + sin 𝑥2) Sol.y = 𝑒 y1 = y1√1 − 𝑥 2 = − y (1 − 𝑥 2 ) y2 – x
√1−𝑥 2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
y1 – a2y = 0.
√1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = √𝑠𝑖𝑛2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 = (cos − sin )
2 2 2
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [
√1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+ √1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥
]= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 {𝑐𝑜𝑡 } Q.10 If y=sin(msi𝑛−1 𝑥), then show that (1− x2)𝑑𝑥2 − x 𝑑𝑥 + m2y = 0.
√1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥− √1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2
𝜋 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1 Sol. y = sin(msin–1x) y1 = m cos(msin–1x)/√1 − 𝑥 2 y1√1 − 𝑥 2
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
{(tan ( − ))} = − =−
2 2 2 2 𝑑𝑥 2 = m cos(msin–1x) (1 − x2) y2−x(1 − x2)y1 = 2
Q.5Find
𝑑𝑦
if 𝑥 = 𝑎 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 )) , 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑡 Properties of Logarithm:
𝑑𝑥 2 1. log(𝑎𝑏) = log 𝑎 + log 𝑏.
𝑎
2. log = log 𝑎 − log 𝑏 . 3. log 𝑎𝑚 = 𝑚 log 𝑎.
𝑏
𝑡
Solution: 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑡𝑎𝑛 )), 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
2
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡
= 𝑎(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + ) =𝑎
𝑑𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
= 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 so = 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 and = . = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑡* (Common error:
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒕
Students forget to write 𝟐= ( ).
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Q.7 Differentiate the function with respect to x, 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Sol. 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. log(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)
Chapter-6
Application of derivatives
Increasing / decreasing of functions:
(i) If f '( x) 0 for all x (a, b) , then f is increasing on (a, b)
(ii) If f '( x) 0 for all x (a, b) , then f is decreasing on (a, b)
(iii) If f '( x) 0 for all x (a, b) , then f is constant on (a, b) .
Note:1. A function f is said to be monotonic on an interval, if it is either increasing or decreasing on that interval.
2. A function y f ( x) is said to have a critical point at x c , if any one of the following conditions is satisfied:
(a) f '(c) 0 (b) f '(c) is undefined, but f ( x) is continuous at x c .
3. Let y f ( x) be a given function. The points where f '( x) 0 are called stationary/critical points of the function. So, we can
find the stationary points of a function y f ( x) by solving the equation f '( x) 0 for x .
Q.1 Find the intervals in which the function f given by f (x) = Q.2 Find the intervals in which the function f given by 𝑓(𝑥) =
4𝑥 3 – 6𝑥 2 – 72x + 30is (a) strictly increasing (b) strictly 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 is strictly increasing or strictly
decreasing decreasing.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1)For the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), , represents the slope of the tangent to the curve. i.e 𝑚 = 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2) Slope of the tangent to the curve at (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝑖𝑠 ](𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ).
𝑑𝑥
3) Equation to the tangent at (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )to a curve𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) with slope m is 𝑦 – 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 – 𝑥1 )
4) If m is the slope of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )then slope of the normal at (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )is -1/m.
−1
5)Equation of normal at (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )is 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑚
6) Two lines are parallel if their slopes are equal i.e. 𝑚1 =𝑚2
7) Two lines are perpendicular if product of their slopes=-1 i.e. 𝑚1 .𝑚2 =-1
8)The point where the equation of tangent or normal is asked is lie on the curve.
Q.1 For the curve y = 4 x 2 x , find all the points at which Q.3 Find the equation of the tangent to the curve:
3 5
𝜋
tangent passes through the origin. 𝑥 = 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃, 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 at θ = 4
Sol. Let ( x y ) is the required point. The tangent to the curve Sol. We have, 𝑥 = 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃, 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
1, 1
=>𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝜃 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃, 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝜃 = – 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
pass through the origin.
y 4 x3 2 x5 =>𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 = (𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝜃)/(𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝜃) = – 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃/(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃).
1
dy Slope of the tangent at ( x y ) is 𝑑𝑦 – 1 1 √2 − 1
12 x 2 10 x 4 1, 1
[ ]𝜃=𝜋/4 = √2
1 = − =− 𝑋 = 1 – √2.
dx 𝑑𝑥 1 + √2 + 1 √2 + 1 √2 − 1
√2
dy =0 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 1
12 x1
2
10 x1
4 Also at , 𝑥 =
4 4
+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛
4
=
4
+
√2
and
dx ( x1, y1 ) 𝜋
y = 1 + cos = (√2 + 1)/√2 .
4
Equation to tangent is y y (12 x 2 10 x 4 )( x x ) 𝜋
1 1 1 1 Therefore, equation of tangent at θ = is
4
Since this passes through the origin we have (√2 + 1) 𝜋 1
y–( )= (1 – √2)(x – – 2)
0 (4 x13 2 x15 ) (12 x12 10 x14 )(0 x1 ) √2
1
4 √2
𝜋 1
=> y – 1 – 2 = (1 – √2)x + (√2 – 1) – + 1
Solving above equations we get x =0, 1, -1 √2 4 √2
1 after simplifying we get
Hence the required points are (0, 0), (1, 2) and (-1, -2) 𝜋
=> y = (1 – √2)𝑥 + (√2 – 1) + 2
4
Q.2 Find the slope of the tangent to the curve Q.4 Prove that the curves x = 𝑦 2and 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑘cut at right angles*
y = 3x4 – 4x at x = 1. if 8𝑘 2= 1
𝑑𝑦
Sol. We have, y = 3x4 – 4x Sol. Finding for the two curves, we get
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 12x3– 4. 𝑑𝑦 1
= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =-
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Slope of tangent= [𝑑𝑦]x =1 = 12(1)3 – 4 = 12 – 4 = 8 Finding points of intersection of two given curves we get
𝑑𝑥
(k2/3 , k1/3) Now as the curves cut at right angle so Using
product of slopes of tangents of both curves =-1
We get 8k2=1
Note: Two curves are orthogonal if tangents at their point of
intersection are perpendicular.
𝑥 2 +x+1= A(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 + 2) comparing the coefficients of 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
3 2 1
Then we will get A+B=1, 2B+C=1 and A+2C=1 solving these equation we will get A= , 𝐵 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = thus integral
5 5 5
2 1
𝑥 2 +𝑥=1 3 𝑥+ 3 1 2𝑥 1 1 3 1 1
is∫ dx=∫ + 5 5
dx= 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + 2|+ ∫ 2 dx+ ∫ 2 dx = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + 2| + 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 2 + 1|+ tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
(𝑥+2)(𝑥 2 +1) 5(𝑥+2) 2
𝑥 +1 5 5 𝑥 +1 5 𝑥 +1 5 5 5
INTEGRATION BY PARTS : ∫ 𝑓1 (𝑥)𝑔2 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓1 (𝑥)∫ 𝑔2 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − ∫ [𝑓1′ (𝑥)∫ 𝑔(𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥]𝑑𝑥
First function is selected by using letter of the word “ILATE” in order
𝑥 cos−1 𝑥 −𝑑𝑥
Q5 ∫ dx here we take cos −1 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ =dt ⇒ ∫ −𝑡. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 in algebraic and trigonometric functions
√1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 2
algebraic comes first in ILATE so we will take algebraic function as first function and trig. Functionas second function
𝑑
then ∫ −𝑡. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = −[𝑡 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − ∫[𝑑𝑡 (𝑡) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡]𝑑𝑡 ] = −[𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − ∫ 1(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)𝑑𝑡] = −[𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡] = −[𝑡√1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 +cost]
= −(√1 − 𝑥 2 )cos −1 𝑥 -𝑥 + c
DEFINITE INTEGRAL
Let f be continuous function on the closed interval [a,b] and F be anti-derivative of f .
𝑏
Then ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = [𝐹(𝑥)]𝑏𝑎 = F(b)-F(a)
1
1 2𝑥+3 1 2𝑥 1 3 1 10𝑥 3 1 1 1 3 √5𝑥
Q1 ∫0 dx= ∫0 dx +∫0 dx = ∫0 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑙𝑜𝑔|5𝑥 2 + 1|]10 + [tan−1 ]
5𝑥 2 +1 5𝑥 2 +1 5𝑥 2 +1 5(5𝑥 2 +1) 5 0 (𝑥 2 +1/5) 5 √5 1 0
1 3
= log6 + tan−1 √5
5 √5
1 tan−1 𝑥
Q2 (By substitution) ∫0 dx let tan−1 𝑥 =t ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 when x=0 then tant=0 implies t=0 similarly when
1+𝑥 2
𝜋/4
𝜋 𝜋/4 𝑡2 𝜋2 𝜋2
tanx=1Implies t= ⇒ ∫0 𝑡𝑑𝑡 (substitution method) = [ ] = -0=
4 2 0 32 32
𝜋/2
Q3 ∫−𝜋/2 𝑠𝑖𝑛7 𝑥𝑑𝑥
here f(x)= 𝑠𝑖𝑛7 𝑥 then f(-x) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛7 (−𝑥)= - 𝑠𝑖𝑛7 𝑥= -f(x) ⇒ f(x) is odd function therefore
𝜋/2
∫−𝜋/2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 7 𝑥𝑑𝑥 =0
−2 5
5 −2 5 𝑥2 𝑥2
Q4 ∫−5|𝑥 + 2|dx = ∫−5 −(𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥 + ∫−2(𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥 = - [ + 2𝑥] +[ + 2𝑥] = 29
2 −5 2 −2
𝜋/4 𝜋/4 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= log2 [𝑥]0 -∫0 log(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 =( − 0)-I ⇒ 2𝐼 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 ⇒ 𝐼 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
4 4 8
1 Area bounded by the curve y=f(x), the x-axis and between the ordinates x=a and x=b is
given by
b b
Area = a
f ( x)dx ydx
a
2 2. Area bounded by the curve y=f(x), the y-axis and between abscissas y=c andy=d
d b
is given byArea = g ( y )dy xdy
c
a
Where y=f(x) x=g(y)
3 if the curve lies below the x-axis, i.e. f(x) <0 then we will get the area under the
curve and x-axis between x=a and x=b as a negative value. In such cases, take
the absolute value of the area, without the sign, i.e.
𝑏
A=|∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥|
4 Another possibility is that, when some portion of the curve may lie above the x-axis
and some portion below the x-axis, as shown in the figure, Here A1<0 and A2>0.
Hence, this is the combination of the first and second case. Hence, the total area
will be given as |A1|+A2
Q1 Find the area of the region bounded between the line x 4 and the parabola y 2 16 x.
1 2 1 2
Area ydx ydx ( x 1)dx ( x 1)dx
2
0 1 0 1
Parabola St . line
1 2
x3 x2
x 0 x 1
1 2
0
3 1
2
1 1 1 1 23
1 2 2 1 4 Sq.units
3 2 3 2 6
Q3Using integration find the area of region bounded by the triangle
Whose vertices are A (1,0) ,B(2,2) and C(3,1)
𝑥−1
Ans Equation of AB is given as y=2x-2 eq of BC is y=4-x and eq of CA is y= 2
2 3 3 (𝑥−1)
Area of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = ∫1 (2𝑥 − 2) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫2 (4 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫1 2
𝑑𝑥=
3 3
𝑥2 1 𝑥2
][𝑥 2 − 2𝑥]12 +[4𝑥 − ]
2 2 2 2
- [ − 𝑥] =3/2
1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
Q3 Solve the differential equation: 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 . Q4 Solve the differential equation: 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 − 𝑥 tan (𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
Ans𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ANS: 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 − 𝑥 tan (𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
= + ( ) … (1) = − tan ( ) . . . . (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Put 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Put 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 = 𝑣 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Substitute in equation (1), we get Substitute in equation (1), we get
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑣+𝑥 = 2𝑣 + 𝑣 2 𝑣+𝑥 = 𝑣 − tan 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑥 = 𝑣2 + 𝑣 𝑥 = − tan 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
2
= =−
𝑣 +𝑣 𝑥 tan 𝑣 𝑥
Integrating both the sides, we get 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 cot 𝑣 = −
∫ =∫ 𝑥
𝑣(𝑣 + 1) 𝑥 Integrating both the sides
((1 + 𝑣) − 𝑣)𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
∫ = log|𝑥| + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐 ∫ cot 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 − ∫
𝑣(𝑣 + 1) 𝑥
1 1 log|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣| = − log|𝑥| + log 𝑐
∫ 𝑑𝑣 − ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = log|𝑥| + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐 𝑐
𝑣 𝑣+1 log|𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑣| = log | |
log|𝑣| − log|𝑣 + 1| = log|𝑐𝑥| 𝑥
𝑦 𝑐
𝑣 𝑣 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑣 =
log | | = log |𝑐𝑥| ⇒ = 𝑐𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥
= 𝑐𝑥 𝑦
𝑥
𝑐 𝑦
𝑦
𝑣+1 𝑣+1 +1 𝑆𝑖𝑛 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝑆𝑖𝑛 = 𝑐 is the required solution.
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦
= 𝑐𝑥is the required solution
𝑦+𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Q5. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 Q6𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒: 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥.
ANS ANS
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝐷. 𝐸. 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 ; 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑥, 𝑤𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑡, 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝐷. 𝐸. : 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 . (𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)
+ 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 (𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝑡h𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 + 𝑝(𝑥)𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 (𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚: + 𝑝𝑦 = 𝑞)
= 𝑞(𝑥)𝑤h𝑒𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ⇒ 𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
1 𝐺𝑒𝑛. 𝑆𝑜𝑙:
∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 ⇒ 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑥 𝑦. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = ∫ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐𝑃𝑢𝑡𝑣
𝐺𝑒𝑛. 𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑦. (𝐼. 𝐹) = ∫ 𝑄(𝑥). (𝐼. 𝐹)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥2 1
𝑦. 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 . − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 = 2 ∫ 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑐
2 2 𝑥
𝑥 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 1 𝑣3
= − ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 =2 +𝑐
2 2 3
𝑥 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 2 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥
𝑥𝑦 = − + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝐺𝑒𝑛. 𝑆𝑜𝑙: 4𝑥𝑦 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = +𝑐
2 4 3
= 2𝑥 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Q7 Solve𝑑𝑥 = x² +sin 3x Q8 Solve𝑑𝑥 = sec y
Sol. dy
𝑑𝑦
Sol. = secy
dx
= 𝑥 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(𝑥 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥)𝑑𝑥 dy
∫ = ∫ dx
secy
𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 Siny=x+C
𝑦= − +𝑐
3 3
2. If │ a │ = 3, │ b │ = 4 and a . b = 9, find │ a X b │.
3 √7 √7
Solution: 𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑎𝑏 cos 𝜃 ⇒ 9 = 3 × 4 cos 𝜃 ⇒ cos 𝜃 = ⇒ sin 𝜃 = , |𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗| = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃 = 3 × 4 × = 3√7
4 4 4
3. If A=(1,2,–3) and B= (–2,1,0), then find (i) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 , (𝑖𝑖)𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 ,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 7 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝐴𝐵, (iv) direction ratios of AB, (v) direction cosines of AB.
𝐴𝐵 = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )𝑖̂ + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )𝑗̂ + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝑘̂ = −3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂
Hint. and answers- (i) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Soln: General point on first line is (2𝜆 + 1, 3𝜆 + 2, 4𝜆 + 3) , if it is the point of intersection, it will satisfy second equation
2𝜆+1−4 3𝜆+2−1 4𝜆+3
also, so put this point in the second equation ⇒ = = ⇒ 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝜆 =
5 2 1
(0,50) A
(0,50)
B(20,30)
X X
O (50,0) O (30,0) OC(30,0)
Now the corner points of the common feasible region are A(0, 50), B(20,30) and C(30,0) at which we will find values of Z.
Corner points → A (0, 50) B (20, 30) C (30, 0)
Z = 4x + y→ ZA = 50 ZB = 4 X 20 + 30 = 80 + 30 = 110 4 X 30 + 0 = 120 (Maximum)
Hence maximum value of Z is 120 at the point (30, 0).
Example – 2: Solve the following problem graphically:(vv imp)
Minimise and Maximise Z = 3x + 9y
Subject to the constraints: x + 3y ≤ 60; x + y ≥ 10; x ≤ y; x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
Solution: The equations of the lines corresponding to the given linear constraints are (x + 3y = 60), (x + y = 10) and (x = y).
Following graph contains the lines and the feasible region for each of the above
equations:
X + 3y = 60 x + y = 10 x=y
(0,20)
(0,10)
O (60,0)) O (10,0)
O
Chapter-13 PROBABILITY
Revise the following -
𝑃(𝐸∩𝐹)
1. 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝐸 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹, 𝑃(𝐸 ∪ 𝐹) = 𝑃(𝐸) + 𝑃(𝐹) − 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) 2. Conditional probability P(E/F) =
𝑃(𝐹)
3. Events E and F are independent events, then 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) = 𝑃(𝐸). 𝑃(𝐹)
𝐴
𝑃(𝐸1 ) . 𝑃( )
𝐸1
4. Bayes Theorem P(E1/A) = 𝐴 𝐴
𝑃(𝐸1 ) . 𝑃( ) + 𝑃(𝐸2 ) . 𝑃( )+⋯.
𝐸1 𝐸2
Questions on Probability
1. If P(E) = 0.35, P(F) = 0.45 and P(EUF) = 0.65, find P(E/F) and P(F/E).
Soln: 𝑃(𝐸 ∪ 𝐹) = 𝑃(𝐸) + 𝑃(𝐹) − 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) ⇒ 0.65 = 0.35 + 0.45 − 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) ⇒ 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) = 0.8 − 0.65 = 0.15
E 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) 0.15 1 F 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) 0.15 3
∴ P( ) = = = P( ) = = =
F 𝑃(𝐹) 0.45 3 E 𝑃(𝐸) 0.35 7
2. If P(A’) = 2/5 and P(B) = 1/5, find P(A∩B) if A and B are independent events.
2 3 3 1 3
Soln: P(A)=1-P(A’) ⇒ 𝑃(𝐴) = 1 − ⇒ 𝑃(𝐴) = For independents events P(A∩B) = P(A) P(B) ⇒P(A∩B) = × =
5 5 5 5 25
3. Given that the events A and B are such that P(A) = ½, P(AUB) = 3/5. Find P(B) if the events A and B are (i) mutually exclusive (ii)
independent.
Soln: [ Two events are called mutually exclusive if 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = ∅ 𝑜𝑟, 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0]
3 1 3 1 1
(i) 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ⇒ = + 𝑃(𝐵) − 0 ⇒ 𝑃(𝐵) = − =
5 2 5 2 10
(ii) 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ⇒ 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃(𝐵)
3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1
⇒ = + 𝑃(𝐵) − . 𝑃(𝐵) ⇒ − = . 𝑃(𝐵) ⇒ = . 𝑃(𝐵) ⇒ 𝑃(𝐵) =
5 2 2 5 2 2 10 2 5
4. In a class 40% students read statistics, 25% read mathematics and 15% read both. One student is selected at random. Find the
probability that he read statistics, if it is known that he reads Mathematics.
40 25 15 𝑆 𝑃(𝑆∩𝑀) 15 3
Soln: 𝑃(𝑆) = , 𝑃(𝑀) = , 𝑃(𝑆 ∩ 𝑀) = , ∴ 𝑃( ) = = =
100 100 100 𝑀 𝑃(𝑀) 25 5
5. Three bags A,B and C contain 6 red and 4 black, 4 red and 6 black, 5 red and 5 black balls respectively. One of the bag is selected
and a ball is drawn from it. If the ball drawn is red, find the probability that it is drawn from the first bag.
Soln: Bag A- 6 R , 4BBag B- 4R , 6BBag C- 5R , 5B
[Note- In the question of Bayes’ theorem, find the event whose probability is asked. This event will be one of E 1, E2, ….
and result of which event is given, consider it as known event A ]
Here, E1 – Bag A is selected, E2– Bag B is selectedE3– Bag C is selectedA- The ball drawn is Red.
𝐸1 1 1 1
𝑃 ( ) =? 𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑃(𝐸1 ) = , 𝑃(𝐸2 ) = , 𝑃(𝐸3 ) = ,
𝐴 3 3 3
𝐴 6
∴ 𝑃 ( ) = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏. 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐸1 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏. 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐵𝑎𝑔 𝐴 =
𝐸1 10
𝐴
𝐴 4 𝐴 5 𝐸1 𝑃(𝐸1 ) . 𝑃( )
𝐸1
𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦, 𝑃( ) = , 𝑃( ) = ⇒ 𝑃( ) = 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
𝐸2 10 𝐸3 10 𝐴 𝑃(𝐸1 ) . 𝑃 ( ) + 𝑃(𝐸2 ) . 𝑃 ( ) + 𝑃(𝐸3 ). 𝑃 ( )
𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸3
1 6
. 6 2
3 10
= 1 6 1 4 1 5 = =
. + . + . 6+4+5 5
3 10 3 10 3 10
6. A speaks the truth 8 times out of 10 times. A die is tossed. He reports that it was 5. What is the probability that it was actually 5
Hint.- E1 – He gets 5, E2– He does not get 5 A- He reports that he gets 5 [ Note the difference between events E 1
1 5
and A. ] ∴ 𝑃(𝐸1 ) = , 𝑃(𝐸2 ) =
6 6
𝐴 8
𝑃 ( ) = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 5 𝑖𝑓 ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑠 5 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑡ℎ =
𝐸1 10
𝐴 2
𝑃 ( ) = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 5 𝑖𝑓 ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑔𝑒𝑡 5 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑡ℎ =
𝐸2 10
1 8
𝐸1 . 8 8 4
𝑃 ( ) = 1 86 105 2 = = =
𝐴 . + . 8 + 10 18 9
6 10 6 10
7. Find the probability distribution of the number of heads when three coins are tossed.
Soln : S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT} → Total outcomes are 8.
Because number of heads may be 0, 1, 2 or 3 , therefore X = 0, 1, 2, 3
P(X=0) = means probability of not getting any head = P(TTT) = 1/8
P(X=1) = means probability of getting exactly one head = P(HTT, THT, TTH) = 3/8
P(X=2) = means probability of getting exactly two heads = P(HHT, HTH, THH) = 3/8
P(X=3) = means probability of getting three heads = P(HHH) = 1/8
Therefore, probability distribution is
X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8
8. Two cards are drawn from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability distribution of the number of aces if the cards
are drawn (i) with replacement (ii) without replacement.
Soln : We have total ace cards = 4 and total non-ace cards = 48
Two cards are drawn, so number of aces may be 0, 1 or 2. Therefore, X = 0, 1, 2
48 48 12 12 144
(i) With replacement P(X=0) = means prob. of getting no ace card = P(both cards are non-ace) = × = × =
52 52 13 13 169
P(X=1) = means prob. of getting exactly one ace card = P(ace and non-ace OR non-ace and ace)
4 48 48 4 1 12 12 1 24
× + × = × + × =
52 52 52 52 13 13 13 13 169
4 4 1 1 1
P(X=2) = P(both cards are ace) = × = × = Therefore, probability distribution is
52 52 13 13 169
X 0 1 2
P(X) 144/169 24/169 1/169
48 47 4 47 188 48𝐶 2
(ii) Without replacement P(X=0) = × = × = [ OR we can use ]
52 51 13 17 221 52𝐶 2
P(X=1) = P(ace then non-ace OR non-ace then ace) =
4 48 48 4 1 16 16 1 32 4𝐶 1 ×48𝐶
1
× + × = × + × = [ OR we can use ]
52 51 52 51 13 17 13 17 221 52𝐶 2
4 3 1 1 1 4𝐶 2
P(X=2) = × = × = [ OR we can use ] Therefore, probability distribution is
52 51 13 17 221 52𝐶 2
X 0 1 2
P(X) 188/221 32/221 1/221
9. The probability that X=x is given by
0.1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
𝑘𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1 𝑜𝑟 2
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = {
𝑘(5 − 𝑥) 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 3 𝑜𝑟 4
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
(a) Find the value of k
(b) What is the probability that x is atleast 2? Exactly 2? And atmost 2?
Soln: According to given conditions, we put the values of x and prepare the following table. {hint. Put x = 1 and 2 in kx and put x = 3
and 4 in k(5–x) }
X 0 1 2 3 4 otherwise
P(X) 0.1 k 2k 2k k 0
9 3
(a) ∵ ∑𝑝𝑖 = 1 ⇒ 0.1 + 𝑘 + 2𝑘 + 2𝑘 + 𝑘 + 0 = 1 ⇒ 6𝑘 + 0.1 = 1 ⇒ 6𝑘 = 0.9 ⇒ 𝑘 = =
60 20
3 3
(b) 𝑃( 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 2) = 𝑃( 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒) = 𝑃( 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 2 𝑜𝑟 3 𝑜𝑟 4 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒) = 2𝑘 + 2𝑘 + 𝑘 + 0 = 5𝑘 = 5 × =
20 4
3 3
𝑃(𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 2) = 2𝑘 = 2 × =
20 10
1 3 11
𝑃(𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡 2) = 𝑃( 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠) = 𝑃(𝑥 𝑖𝑠 0 𝑜𝑟 1 𝑜𝑟 2) = 0.1 + 𝑘 + 2𝑘 = 0.1 + 3𝑘 = +3× =
10 20 20
CASE STUDY BASED PROBLEMS
1. Let X denotes the number of colleges when you will apply for admission after your result of class XII and P(X = x)
denotes your probability of getting admission in x number of colleges. It is given that
𝑘𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 1
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = { 2𝑘𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 2 and P(X > 4) = 0, where 𝑘 is a constant positive.
𝑘(5 − 𝑥)𝑖𝑓 𝑘 = 3 𝑜𝑟 4
Based on the above information, answer the following:
i. The value of k is
a. 1 b. 1/3 c. 1/7 d. 1/8
ii. The probability that you will get admission in exactly 1 college is
a. ½ b. 1/3 c. 1/8 d. 1/5
iii. The probability that you will get admission in at most two colleges is
a. 7/12 b. 5/8 c. 5/21 d. 8/17
iv. The probability that you will get admission in at least two colleges is
a. 1/3 b. 2/7 c. 3/8 d. 7/8
v. The probability that you will get admission in more than 4 colleges is
a. 0 b. 1 c. ½ d. 1/8
Solutions:
(ii) c
P(x =1) = k X 1 =
1/8
2. in two different societies, there are some school going students including girls and boys. Satish forms two sets with
these students. Let these two sets are A = {a 1, a2, a3, a4, a5} and B = {b1, b2, b3, b4} of two societies. Satish decided to
explore these sets for various types of relations and functions. Using this information, answer the following:
i. The number of reflexive relation from set A to set B is
a. 0 b. 25 c. 210 d. 220
ii. Let R : A → A, R = {(x, y) : x and y are students of same sex}. Then relation R is
a. Reflexive only b. Reflexive & symmetric but not transitive
c. Reflexive & transitive but not symmetric d. An equivalence relation
iii. What is the difference between the symmetric relation defined on set A and the same defined on set B?
a. 1024 b. 15.(210) c. 31.(210) d. 63.(210)
iv. The relation R : A→B, R = {(a1,b1), (a1,b2), (a2, b1), (a3, b3), (a4, b2), (a5, b2)} is
a. Neither one one nor onto b. one one but not onto
c. Onto but not one one d. Both one one and onto
v. How many one one functions from A to B are possible?
a. 342 b. 240 c. 729 d. 1024
Solutions:
iv.
Question Bank Class-XII Maths 2020-21
VI Probability 08
Total 80
1 2 3 2 3 1 1 3 8
1. If A =[ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐵 = [ ], find 3A–B.{𝐴𝑛𝑠. [ ]}
3 1 3 1 0 −2 8 3 11
3 2
2 1 4
2. If A =[ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [2 5], write the order of AB and BA.{Ans. 2X3 & 3X2}
4 1 5
1 7
1 1/2 2
3. Construct a 2x2 matrix, whose elements aij are given by 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 2 |2𝑖 − 3𝑗|. {𝐴𝑛𝑠. [ ]}
1/2 1
1 −1 0 −1
4. 𝐼𝑓 3𝑋 − 𝑌 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋 − 3𝑌 = [ ], find matrices X and Y.
−1 1 1 −1
3/8 −1/4 1/8 1/4
{𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑋 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 = [ ]}
−1/2 1/2 −1/2 1/2
1 0 1 0
5. 𝐼𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝐴 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼 = [ ], find λ so that A2 = 8A+λI. {Ans. λ=–7}
−1 7 0 1
3 −4
6. Express the matrix [ ] as the sum of symmetric and skew symmetric
1 −1
3 −3/2 0 −5/2
matrices. {𝐴𝑛𝑠. [ ]+[ ]}
−3/2 −1 5/2 0
5 4 1 −2 −3 −14
7. Find the matrix X such that [ ]𝑋 = [ ] {𝐴𝑛𝑠. [ ]}
1 1 1 3 4 17
1 −1 1
8. 𝐼𝑓𝐴 = [2 1 −3], find A-1 and hence solve x+2y+z = 4, –x+y +z = 0,
1 1 1
9 2 7
x –3y + z =2 {𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑥 = 5 , 𝑦 = 5 , 𝑧 = 5}
9. Using determinants, find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (–2,4), (2,–6) and
(5,4). Are the given points collinear? {Ans. 35 sq units, No}
10. Using matrix method, solve x + 2y + z = 7, x + 3z = 11 and
2x – 3y = 1 {Ans. x=2,y=1,z=3}
1 −1 2 −2 0 1
11. Consider the product [0 2 −3] [ 9 2 −3], and Solve the system of
3 −2 4 6 1 −2
equations:-x – y + 2z = 1, 2y – 3z = 1, 3x – 2y + 4z = 2 {Ans. x=0,y=5,z=3}
12. Using matrices, solve-
2 x –3y + 5z = 11
3 x + 2y – 4z = –5 {Ans. x = 1,y = 2, z = 3}
x + y – 2z = –3
Chapter-5 Continuity and Differentiability
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 (𝑥 − 3)𝑒 𝑥 𝑒𝑥
1. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠. [3𝑥 − 2 sin 2𝑥 + ] 7. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠. +𝐶
8 4 (𝑥 − 1)3 (𝑥 − 1)2
+𝐶
𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 (𝐴𝑛𝑠. 0)
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔|sin(𝑥 − 𝑎)| + (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎 2
8. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
sin(𝑥 − 𝑎) +𝐶 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
0
1 1 𝑥+2 𝜋 𝜋
3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠. tan−1 +𝐶 4 (𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2)
2
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 8 2 2 9. ∫ log(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 8
0
𝑥 1 2
2𝑥 + 1 𝜋
𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝜋
4. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠. tan−1 +𝐶 10. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 {𝐴𝑛𝑠. (𝜋 − 2)}
𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 1
4
sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 2
√3 √3 0
1 𝑥+3 8 {𝐴𝑛𝑠. 9}
5. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠. sin−1 +𝐶 11. ∫ |𝑥 − 5|𝑑𝑥
√7 − 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2 4 2
𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥) 𝐴𝑛𝑠. tan(𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝐶 3𝑥 − 5 3
𝐴𝑛𝑠. √2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 5
6. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 12. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ) √2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 5 17 1 𝑥 5
− 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥 − + √𝑥 2 − + |
4√2 4 2 2
+𝐶
13.Find the area of the region cut off from the parabolas 4y=3x by the straight line 2y=3x+12
2
{ Ans. 27}
14. Find the area bounded by lines y = 2x + 1, y = 3x + 1 and x = 4 {Ans. 8}
0
15. Sketch the graph y = │x+1│. Evaluate ∫−4|𝑥 + 1|𝑑𝑥
What does it represent on the graph? {Ans. 5}
0 63
16. Evaluate ∫−5 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| + |𝑥 + 2| + |𝑥 + 5| {𝐴𝑛𝑠 2 }
𝜋 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜋2
17. Evaluate ∫0 𝑎 2 𝑐𝑜𝑥 2 𝑥+𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 {𝐴𝑛𝑠 2𝑎𝑏
}
18. Find ∫(√𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 {𝐴𝑛𝑠. √2 sin−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) + 𝐶}
𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+cos 𝑥 1
19. ∫0 4
9+16 sin 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 {𝐴𝑛𝑠. 40
log 9}
𝑠𝑖𝑛8 𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠8 𝑥 1
20. ∫ 1−2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 {𝐴𝑛𝑠. − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝐶}
Chapter-9 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1. If P(A) = 3/5 and P(B) = 1/5, find P(AUB) if A and B are independent events. {Ans. 3/25}
2. Given that the events A and B are such that P(A) = ½, P(AUB) = 3/5. Find P(B) if the events A and B
are (i) mutually exclusive (ii) independent. {Ans. 1/10, 1/5}
3. A die is thrown. If E is the event that the number appearing is a multiple of 3 and F is the event that
the number appearing is even, then find whether E and F are Independent. {Ans. Yes}
4. Ten cards numbered 1 to 10 are placed in a box, and then one card is drawn. What is the probability
that it is an even number, if it is known that the number on the card is more than 3 {Ans. 4/7}
5. Three bags A,B and C contain 6 red and 4 black, 4 red and 6 black, 5 red and 5 black balls respectively.
One of the bag is selected and a ball is drawn from it. If the ball drawn is red, find the probability that it
is drawn from the first bag. {Ans.2/5}
6. Find the probability distribution of the no. of heads when three coins are tossed.
Ans. X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8
7. An urn contain 4 red and 3 blue balls. Find the probability distribution of the no. of blue balls in a
random draw of three balls with replacement.
Ans. X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 64/343 144/343 108/343 27/343
8. The probability that X=x is given by
0.1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
𝑘𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1 𝑜𝑟 2
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = {
𝑘(5 − 𝑥) 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 3 𝑜𝑟 4
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
(a) Find the value of k
(b) What is the probability that x is (a) at least 2(b) Exactly2 (c) at most 2 {Ans. (a) 0.15 (b) 0.75, 0.3, 0.55}