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English Reviewer understand and easy to answer to encourage participants

to finish answering.
I. Context Clues 5. Put the more important questions at the beginning of
your questionnaire. Often participants lose interest in the
Impertinent-not showing proper respect; rude. latter part.
not pertinent to a particular matter; irrelevant.
6. Add a little variety to your questions. Add a couple of
Incognito-having one's true identity concealed. open-
Inhibit-hinder, restrain, or prevent (an action or process).

Facetious-treating serious issues with deliberately ended questions (questions that require respondents to
inappropriate humor; flippant. write out their answers and to include some details)
Exulted-to express great pleasure or happiness, that help keep respondents from getting bored.
especially at someone else's defeat or failure:

Empirical-based on, concerned with, or verifiable by

observation or experience rather than theory or pure
logic.

Diffident-modest or shy because of a lack of self-

confidence.

Deciduous-Shedding leaves at the end of a growing III. Key Structural Elements of Arguments
season and regrowing them at the beginning of the next
growing season. An argument is a group of statements some of which, the
premises, are offered in support of another statement,
Arbitrary-based on random choice or personal whim, the conclusion. All arguments have structure, which can
rather than any reason or system. be either deliberately designed or may be discovered
through analysis.
Analogous-comparable in certain respects, typically in a
way which makes clearer the nature of the things Structure of an Argument
compared.
1. A premise is a statement in an argument that sets
II. Developing a questionnaire for forth the evidence or reasons, it is something that is put
forward as a truth, but which is not proven. Although it is
Research not proven, it is assumed to be true.
Research is the process of searching knowledge. 2. The conclusion is the statement in an argument that
According to Leedy, in 1974, it is a systematic quest for the premises support or imply. It is drawn from the
undiscovered truth. Research is important in daily life. premises of the argument.
Many research studies have been responsible for Common premises indicators--words that provide a clue
discovering and creating medical breakthroughs, in identifying the premises: because after all given that
advances in technology, and understanding and solving the reason that …is in light of the fact that since as for
problems in education, business, economy, and society; based on the fact that assuming that
thus, research improves the quality of life, promotes
understanding of history, and contributes to one’s Common conclusion indicators--words that provide a clue
personal and professional development. in identifying the conclusion: so therefore may infer that
which proves that thus accordingly implies that if follows
Sources of Information that hence consequently shows that

In making a research report, you need to use different Medical researchers are constantly discovering new ways
sources of information to gather data for your research. to treat and cure diseases, and the health of our citizens
should be a top national priority. Thus, doctors should be
There are primary and secondary sources of eligible for government grants to support their work.
information.
In the first sentence, there are two statements, joined by
• Primary sources provide direct, first-hand information, the word “and”.
such as a person who was involved in an accident.
1: Medical researchers are constantly discovering new
• Secondary sources provide second-hand information, ways to treat and cure diseases.
that is, not direct from the original sources, such as your
science book. “and”

A questionnaire is a written set of questions that are 2: The health of our citizens should be a top national
given to people in order to collect facts or opinions about priority.
something. Using this, the researcher can also gather
information through personal (face-to-face) interview In the second sentence, we have a conclusion indicator,
using a carefully planned Questionnaire or Interview “thus” telling us that what came in the first sentence
Guide. supports the statement in the second sentence.
We can easily isolate the conclusion:
Steps on How to Develop a Questionnaire for
Doctors should be eligible for government grants to
Research
support their work.
1. Figure out what information you are trying to gather
Notice that we do not include the word ‘thus’ when we
from this survey. Identify your main objective in the
state the conclusion. The word ‘thus’ is not part of the
questionnaire and the information you need from the
statement that forms the conclusion.
respondents. I
Thus is the conclusion indicator or it is the connector.
2. Write a brief introduction that explains a little about
your questionnaire and engage your target audience. Thus, we can rewrite the argument:
3. Use closed questions (ones that can be answered with Premises: 1. Medical researchers are constantly
a word or phrase such as yes or no) foyour discovering new ways to treat and cure diseases.
questionnaires. This makes it easy for the respondent to
give an answer without worrying how 2. The health of our citizens should be a top national
priority.
to word it, and easy for the researcher to classify
responses. Conclusion: Doctors should be eligible for government
grants to support their work.
4. Order your questions in a way that is meaningful and
easy to follow. Start with questions thatare easy to
IV. Fact and Opinion

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An opinion is a judgment, viewpoint, or statement that is 1. Verbal communication- occurs when we engage in
not conclusive; facts are true statements. speaking with others.

An opinion is not always true and cannot be proven. 2. Non-verbal communication- what we do while we
speak, often says more than the actual words.

3. Written communication- whether it is an email, a

memo, a report, a Facebook post, a Tweet, a contract,
etc. All forms of written communication have the same
goal to disseminate information.
Opinions can be based on facts or emotions and
sometimes they are meant to deliberately mislead others.
4. Listening- the act of listening, like listening to a
A fact is a statement that can be proven true or false. speech.
Sentence Structures and Transitional Words 5. Visual- think about television, Facebook, videos,
images and etc.
1. I agree or disagree that . . . S + V
The different types of communication are
2. I agree or disagree with . . . for reasons
closely related to our topic, “Multimodal
3. I am for/against the idea that . . . S + V Elements,”

Assertion is an allegation or proclamation of something, because multimodal uses a combination of two or more
often as the result of opinion as opposed to fact. An modes of communication or what is sometimes referred
example of someone making an assertion is a person who to as “Elements of Communication”.
stands up boldly in a meeting with a point in opposition to
the presenter, despite having valid evidence to support It is also important to understand the meaning of the
the speaker’s statement. word “text” because it is often associated with writing.
Text means a piece of communication that can take
Positive Assertion expresses positive feelings many forms. For instance, a text is a movie, social
about yourself or someone else. media post, letters, essay, website, podcast and the list
goes on.

The modes of communication are Linguistic,

Gestural, Visual, Audio, Spatial.

• Linguistic: structure, vocabulary, grammar of oral and

Examples:
written language. examples: memo, report, letters,
1. "I'm glad you came back to see me." Facebook post, poems and etc.

2. "I did a good job working with that upset student. • Visual: color, designs, moving images. examples:
picture books, arts, posters.
V. Transcoding Information • Audio: volume, pitch and rhythm of music and sound
effects. examples: songs, oral speech,news reporting

• Gestural: movement, facial expression, and body

language.

VIII. Creating Bibliography

Citing means to mention or to declare; and sources mean
the origin of the information. When citing sources, it is
important that you indicate whose words they are and
where you got them.

Bibliography is a list of sources that relate to the content

in a research paper or project. The authors sometimes
VI. Understanding Culture, include a list of sources for further or additional reading.
History/Environment in Literature This additional reading list is a bibliography.

To understand a selection or text, note the In MLA, a basic book citation with one author includes the
following: following information:

• Part of understanding the theme and underlying ➢ Format:

message of a narrative text is the cultural viewpoint from
• Author's last name, first name. Book title. Additional
which the author writes. His beliefs and customs, even
information. City of publication. Publishing company,
the historical background has influence on the way he
Publication date.
wrote it.
Examples: Allen, Thomas B. Vanishing Wildlife of North
• Culture refers to the beliefs, customs and traditions or
America. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society,
everyday life of a particular group of people. Characters
1974.
in a selection behave, act, and think the way people in
their time did. A basic book citation with more than two authors
• Historical environment refers to the economic social, Format:
religious, and political conditions that existed during a
certain time and place. • Author Surname, First Name, et al. Book Title: Subtitle.
Publisher, Year.
• To judge a character in a story on how he/ behaves,
speaks, thinks based only on the contemporary standards Example:
is not enough to get a deeper understanding of the text.
Johnson, Norine G., et al. Beyond Appearance: A New
• Literature depicts culture, and environment of the Look at Adolescent Girls. American Psychological
characters as presented by the writer or author. Association, 2009.
• To benefit from literature is to gain insights for us to be Books on Websites, or books in databases
aware of who we are and what we can do for ourselves
and others. Format:

VII. Multimodal Author's last name, first name (if available). "Title of work
within a project or database." Title of site, project, or
Five types of communication: database. Editor (if available). Electronic publication
information (Date of publication or of the latest update,

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and name of any sponsoring institution or organization).

Date of access and <full URL>.

Note: If you cannot find some of this information,

cite what is available.

Devitt, Terry. "Lightning injures four at music festival."

The Why? Files. 2 Aug. 2001. 23 Jan. 2002
<http://whyfiles.org /137lightning/index.html>.

Magazine & Newspaper Articles

Format:

Author's last name, first name. "Article title." Periodical

title Volume # Date: inclusive pages.

Example: Hall, Trish. "IQ Scores Are Up, and

Psychologists Wonder Why." New York Times 24
Feb.1998, late ed.: F1+.

Encyclopedia & Dictionary

Format:

Author's last name, first name. "Title of Article." Title of

Encyclopedia. Date.

Note: If the dictionary or encyclopedia arranges

articles alphabetically, you may omit volume and
page numbers.

Examples:

"Azimuthal Equidistant Projection." Merriam-Webster's

Collegiate Dictionary. 10th ed. 1993.