MAT 052 Lesson 1: Introduction to DE

Differential Equations Differential Equations

MAT 052
1. Introduction: Definitions (Differential equations)
2. order and degree of a differential equation;
Prepared by: EMT 3. types of differential equations: ordinary DE &
partial DE
4. solutions of DE: general solution& particular
solution
Proverbs 3:5-6 Proverbs 3:5-6
Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight. your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
1 2

Learning Objectives: Differential Equations

A Differential Equation is an equation involving derivatives of
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to: one or more dependent variables with respect to one or more
A. Define the Differential Equations (DE) independent variables.
B. Enlist some applications of DE
C. Characterize a given DE
D. Define General Solution and Particular Solution of DE

Proverbs 3:5-6 Proverbs 3:5-6

Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight. your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
3 4

Which one is a DE/Algebra? Applications of DE

1. = 7 ------------------DE
2. 3𝑦 = 7 ----------------- Algebra
3. x + 𝑦 = 9 ---------- Algebra Movement of Electricity

4. + = 0 -------- DE Exponential Growth

and Decay

Motion of Waves or
5. 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 ---- DE Pendulum

Proverbs 3:5-6 Proverbs 3:5-6

Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight. your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
5 6

To GOD be all the glory. 1

MAT 052 Lesson 1: Introduction to DE

More Applications of DE

1.

2.
Heat flow or heat conduction analysis in engineering
Utilize for finding the relationship between various parts
Characterization of
3.
of the bridge in engineering
Help economists in finding optimum investment
Differential Equations
strategies
4. Depict the change in investment return over time

Proverbs 3:5-6 Proverbs 3:5-6

Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight. your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
7 8

Dependent and Independent Variable Dependent and Independent Variable

 An INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (IV) is a quantity  When a differential equation
that varies independently, i.e., it is not controlled involves one or more
by (or depend on) other variables. It is found in derivatives with respect to a
particular variable, that
the denominator of the derivative.
variable is called the
INDEPENDENT
 DEPENDENT VARIABLE (DV) if its value VARIABLE. A variable is
depends on the independent variable and its called dependent if a
derivative of that variable
dependence is considered to be unknown. It is occurs.
found in the numerator of the derivative.

Proverbs 3:5-6 Proverbs 3:5-6

Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight. your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
9 10

Find IV/DV of the following DE.: Classification of DE

 Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE):
DE Independent Dependent
Variable (IV) Variable (DV)  a DE involve only ONE independent variable.

𝑑 𝑖 𝑑𝑖 1  a DE involving ordinary derivatives of one or more

𝐿 + 𝑅 + 𝑖 = 𝐸 cos(𝑡) 𝑡 𝑖 dependent variables.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑐
+ =0 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑤
 Partial Differential Equation (PDE):
𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑦
 a DE that involve two or more independent

Why? Because we can arrange the equation to this form variables.

𝑑𝑦
𝑥 +𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 =0  a DE involving partial derivatives of one or more
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Or in this form 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 = 0 dependent variables with respect to more than one
𝑑𝑦
independent variable.
Proverbs 3:5-6 Proverbs 3:5-6
Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight. your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
11 12

To GOD be all the glory. 2

MAT 052 Lesson 1: Introduction to DE

Ordinary Differential Equations Partial Differential Equations

A Partial Differential Equation commonly denoted
An Ordinary Differential Equations commonly as PDE is a differential equation containing partial
denoted as ODE is a differential equation containing derivatives of the dependent variable (one or more)
ordinary derivatives of the dependent variable (one with more than one independent variable.
or more) with one independent variable.
In PDEs, we denote the
In ODEs, we denote the 𝑑𝑦 partial derivatives using
= 𝑦′ subscripts such as:
ordinary derivatives using 𝑑𝑥
subscripts such as:
= 𝑦′′

Proverbs 3:5-6 Proverbs 3:5-6

Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight. your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
13 14

Which one is ODE/PDE? Order and Degree of DE

DE IV ODE/PDE
d y 𝑑𝑦
dx
+ 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
+𝑒 =0 𝑥 𝑂𝐷𝐸 ORDER
 Definition: The order of a DE is the order of the highest
𝜕 Ω 𝜕 Ω 𝜕 Ω 𝑢 and v derivative appearing in the equation.
+ = 𝑃𝐷𝐸
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑥 + =𝑘 𝑥 and y 𝑃𝐷𝐸 DEGREE
 Definition: The degree of a DE is given by the exponent
cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑥 or y 𝑂𝐷𝐸 that is raised the highest derivative that occurs in the
equation.
dy 𝑑𝑥
− =𝑥 𝑡 𝑂𝐷𝐸
dt 𝑑𝑡
Proverbs 3:5-6 Proverbs 3:5-6
Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight. your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
15 16

Find the order and the degree of the following DE.

Order and Degree
DE ORDER DEGREE

d y d y 𝑑𝑦
+3 −2 −𝑦 =0 3 1
dx dx 𝑑𝑥
d y 𝑑𝑦
dx
+ 2𝑏
𝑑𝑥
+𝑦 =0 2 4
𝜕Ω 𝜕 Ω
+
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣
=0 2 1
𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0 1 1
NOTE: No order and degree in rational form .

Proverbs 3:5-6 Proverbs 3:5-6

Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight. your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
17 18

To GOD be all the glory. 3

MAT 052 Lesson 1: Introduction to DE

Find the order and the degree of the following DE.

𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 1+ = 𝐾 1+
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
DE ORDER DEGREE
LCD of denominators (3 and 2):6
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 1+ 2 6 = 1+
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 𝐾 1+
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3
= 𝐾 1+ 2 =1+
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟: 2 =𝐾 1+
𝑦′′ + 𝑦′ =0 2 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒: 6
𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟: 3
𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒: 2

Proverbs 3:5-6 Proverbs 3:5-6

Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight. your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
19 20

LINEAR OR NONLINEAR Notice that a linear ODE satisfies the

EQUATIONS following conditions:
Definition: A linear ODE of order n, in the independent 1. The dependent variable 𝑦 and its derivatives occur to
variable 𝑥 and the dependent variable 𝑦 is an equation that the first degree only.
can be expressed in the form: 2. No products of 𝑦 and/or any of its derivatives appear in
the equation.
𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 +𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 +. . . +𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑏(𝑥) 3. No transcendental functions of 𝑦 and/or its derivatives
occur.
where 𝑎 𝑥 ≠ 0.
Note: Equations that does not satisfy the above conditions
are called nonlinear.
Proverbs 3:5-6 Proverbs 3:5-6
Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight. your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
21 22

Notice that a linear ODE satisfies the Notice that a linear ODE satisfies the
following conditions: following conditions:
1. The dependent variable 𝑦 and its derivatives occur to 2. No products of 𝑦 and/or any of its derivatives appear in
the first degree only. the equation.

𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟: x 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = cos x 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟: x 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = cos x

d y dy d y dy
𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟: + − x𝑦 = 0 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟: + y − x𝑦 = 0
dx dx dx dx

Proverbs 3:5-6 Proverbs 3:5-6

Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight. your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
23 24

To GOD be all the glory. 4

MAT 052 Lesson 1: Introduction to DE

Notice that a linear ODE satisfies the Which one is linear/nonlinear?

DE Linear/ Reason
following conditions: Nonlinear

1. + 5𝑥 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 0 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
3. No transcendental functions of 𝑦 and/or its derivatives
occur. 2. 𝑦 + 𝑒 = 𝑥 No transcendental functions of 𝑦
𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑒 and/or its derivatives occur.
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟: x 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = cos x 3. x 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = cos x 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟: 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = 𝑒 4. + + 7𝑦 = 0 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑑𝑦 DV 𝑦 and its derivatives must
𝑑𝑥 occur to the first degree only.
Transcendental functions: 5. cos 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑦 =
𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 sin y No transcendental functions of
 trigonometric functions: 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦, tan 𝑦 sin y 𝑦 and/or its derivatives occur.
 inverse trigonometric functions: sin 𝑦 , arccot 3𝑦
 exponential function: – 𝑒 , 2
6. + =0 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
 logarithmic function: – ln 𝑦 , log 𝑦
 hyperbolic function: – sinh 𝑦 , cosh 2𝑦 7. = 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
Proverbs 3:5-6 8. 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 0 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 No products of 𝑦 and/or any of its
Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all 𝑦𝑑𝑦
derivatives appear in the equation.
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
25 26

General Solution and Particular Find the general solution of the DE

Solution = .
Definition: Solutions obtained from integrating the 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
=
differential equations are called general solutions. 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
 Has arbitrary constant (usually 𝐶) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑦 𝑥
Definition: Particular Solutions are the solutions obtained
by assigning specific values to the arbitrary constants in the ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 + 𝐶
general solutions.
 No arbitrary constant aside from DV and IV
Arbitrary Constant

Proverbs 3:5-6 Proverbs 3:5-6

Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight. your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
27 28

Obtain the particular solution of the Which one is a general solution or

DE = ; when 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 9. particular solution?
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 1. 𝑦 = 𝐶 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑒 ------ General solution
= ln 9 = ln 3 + 𝐶 ln 𝑦 = ln 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
ln 9 − ln 3 = 𝐶
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 4 ------- Particular solution
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 = 3𝑥
= ln 9 − ln 3 = 𝐶 3. 3x + 𝑥𝑦 − 3 = 𝐶𝑥 -- General solution
𝑦 𝑥 9
ln = 𝐶 4. sin 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 = 4------- Particular solution
ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 + 𝐶 3
ln 3 = 𝐶 5. 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝐾 ----- General solution
ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 + ln 3

Proverbs 3:5-6
Proverbs 3:5-6
Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
29 30

To GOD be all the glory. 5