Here’s a breakdown of the PowerPoint outline with detailed discussion points for each slide to

guide your presentation on Qiyas.

Slide 1: Introduction to Qiyas

Discussion Points:

 Introduce Qiyas as a fundamental source of Islamic law and its role in Usul al-Fiqh
(principles of Islamic jurisprudence).
 Explain Qiyas as "analogical reasoning" and its purpose when explicit guidance is not
available in the Quran, Hadith, or through Ijma (consensus).
 Highlight its importance in addressing modern issues where direct textual sources might
not provide answers.

Slide 2: Basis of Qiyas

Discussion Points:

 Emphasize that all four major Islamic schools (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanbali) agree on
the use of Qiyas as a tool for reasoning, especially when there is no explicit ruling in
primary texts.
 Discuss its scope: Qiyas fulfills the needs of the Muslim community on issues not
directly addressed by the Quran or Hadith.
 Compare Qiyas to other methods like Istihsan (equity), Istislah (public good), and
Istidlal (inference), explaining how these aim to uphold justice and public welfare.

Slide 3: Meaning and Definition of Qiyas

Discussion Points:

 Define Qiyas literally as “measuring” or “comparing.”

 Explain its legal meaning: Extending the law from an original case to new cases based on
the effective cause (illat).
 Present the definitions from different schools of thought:
o Hanafis view it as extending the law from text to cases with common illat.
o Malikis focus on alignment with the text’s original purpose.
o Shafi’is view Qiyas as the alignment between known cases with shared illat.
Slide 4: Classification of Qiyas

Discussion Points:

 Describe Strict Analogy where the illat or cause is clear and straightforward, and Sound
Analogy where it may not be as evident or could be interpreted.
 Discuss Qiyas al-Jalliyy (transparent Qiyas) and Qiyas al-Kaffiyy (forbidden Qiyas):
o Qiyas al-Jalliyy: For example, prohibiting all intoxicants based on the Quran’s
prohibition of wine.
o Qiyas al-Kaffiyy: Cases where Qiyas is limited, like when zakat is specified by
Prophet Muhammad with guidance on giving in kind rather than money.

Slide 5: Elements of Qiyas

Discussion Points:

 Break down the four essential elements:

1. Asl (Original Subject): The case with an explicit rule.
2. Far (New Subject): The case requiring a ruling.
3. Illat (Effective Cause): The common reason or purpose between asl and far.
4. Hukm (Legal Effect): The resulting rule for the new case.
 Explain how these elements are necessary for valid Qiyas and emphasize the role of illat
as the rational connection for analogical reasoning.

Slide 6: Examples of Qiyas Application

Discussion Points:

 Quran-based Example:
o Case: Wine (prohibited in the Quran).
o Illat: Intoxication.
o Application: Since intoxication is the reason, other intoxicants like whisky are
also prohibited.
 Hadith-based Example:
o Case: A killer cannot inherit from their victim (Hadith rule).
o Application: Extended to bequests, so a killer is barred from benefitting from
both inheritance and bequests.

Slide 7: Conditions for Valid Qiyas

Discussion Points:

 Outline key conditions, such as:

o The rule from the original text must not be limited to specific cases.
o The rationale of the rule must be understandable.
o Qiyas must align with established laws of Quran, Hadith, and Ijma.
o Qiyas should not contradict primary sources or alter existing laws.
 Emphasize that Qiyas is only valid if it respects the framework of Sharia law.

Slide 8: Comparison with Other Islamic Legal Concepts

Discussion Points:

 Distinguish Qiyas from:

o Taqlid: Blind following without reasoning.
o Ta’wil: Interpretation for understanding injunctions.
o Tafsir: Explanation, particularly for Quranic words.
 Compare Qiyas with Ijtihad (individual reasoning) and Ijma (consensus), noting that
Qiyas builds on existing rulings, extending them to new cases.
 Clarify that while Ijtihad is a broader concept, Qiyas is a specific form of reasoning based
on analogical deduction.

Slide 9: Conclusion

Discussion Points:

 Summarize the role of Qiyas in Islamic jurisprudence, emphasizing its flexibility in

addressing new issues while adhering to Islamic principles.
 Reiterate that Qiyas enables the law to adapt to modern scenarios by finding connections
between existing rules and new issues.

Slide 10: Q&A / Discussion

Discussion Points:

 Invite questions to clarify any points about Qiyas.

 Engage the audience by asking how they think Qiyas might be applied in contemporary
situations where no explicit guidance is available in Islamic texts.

Qiyas: Overview and Basis in Islamic Jurisprudence

Qiyas is one of the foundational sources in Usul al-Fiqh (principles of Islamic jurisprudence),
utilized by all four major Sunni schools to deduce legal rulings. When the Qur'an, Hadith, or
Ijma (consensus) provide no clear answer, Qiyas offers a method to extrapolate rules through
analogy. Qiyas has a broad application in addressing areas not explicitly covered in primary
texts, fulfilling the need for adaptability in Islamic law.

1. Definition and Purpose

Qiyas is defined as an analogical deduction that applies the legal rule of a known case
(original text) to a new case based on a shared effective cause (illat). It serves to expand
the scope of existing rulings in the Qur'an and Hadith by linking principles to situations
with similar underlying causes. Through Qiyas, jurists attempt to infer the law rather than
create new rules, basing their deductions on logic and reason.
2. Basis and Scope of Qiyas
The basis for Qiyas lies in its foundation on the primary sources of Islamic law: the
Qur'an, Hadith, and Ijma. While not every school of thought views Qiyas as a primary
source of law, it is broadly accepted when it meets certain conditions, such as alignment
with the spirit and principles of Islam and avoiding contradiction with established texts.
3. Mechanics of Qiyas
Qiyas consists of four elements:
o Asl (Original Subject): The source or case from which the ruling is derived.
o Far' (New Subject): The new case or issue being analogized.
o Illat (Effective Cause): The reason common to both the original and new
subjects.
o Hukm (Legal Ruling): The ruling deduced for the new case.

Types and Classifications of Qiyas

Qiyas can be classified into several types based on transparency and strength of analogy:

 Qiyas al-Jalliyy: Clear or strict analogy, where the effective cause is obvious.
 Qiyas al-Kaffiyy: Sound analogy, where the effective cause is less clear or inferred.

Qiyas can also be classified according to application:

 Transparent Analogy: Extending the prohibition on intoxicants to all substances causing

intoxication, as it aligns directly with the cause of drunkenness.
 Forbidden Analogy: Instances where the original ruling’s application is not clear or
contravenes a specific Islamic injunction.

Conditions for Validity of Qiyas

To ensure that Qiyas aligns with Islamic principles, jurists have outlined specific conditions:

1. Alignment with Primary Sources: The analogy must not contradict any Qur'anic verse
or authentic Hadith.
 2. Absence of Specific Provision: Qiyas applies only when no specific guidance exists in
the primary sources.
3. Clear Illat: The effective cause should be objectively identifiable and universally
applicable.
4. Conformity to Islamic Law: Analogical deductions must remain consistent with Islamic
values and cannot change the foundational rulings in the texts.

Qiyas versus Other Islamic Legal Methods

Qiyas is distinguished from:

 Taqlid (Blind Imitation): Qiyas involves active reasoning based on text, unlike following
opinions without scrutiny.
 Tafsir (Interpretation) and Ta'wil (Explanation): While Tafsir and Ta'wil deal with
clarifying text meanings, Qiyas applies principles to cases outside the text.

Examples of Qiyas in Islamic Jurisprudence

 Example Based on Qur'an: The prohibition of wine, due to its intoxicating effect, is
extended to all forms of alcohol (e.g., whiskey) as both cause intoxication.
 Example Based on Hadith: A Hadith ruling excludes a murderer from inheritance;
through Qiyas, this exclusion applies to wills and bequests as well.

Qiyas remains a critical and respected method within Islamic jurisprudence, allowing jurists to
bridge the gap between traditional texts and contemporary issues while adhering to Islamic
principles.