Computer Science and Information Technologies

Vol. 5, No. 3, November 2024, pp. 292~305

ISSN: 2722-3221, DOI: 10.11591/csit.v5i3.pp292-305  292

Electro-capacitive cancer therapy using wearable electric field

detector: a review

Tole Sutikno1, Fadlil1,2, Ardiansyah1, Warsito P. Taruno3, Lina Handayani4

1
Master Program of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2
Center for Electronics Science and Technology Ctech Labs Edwar Technology, Tangerang, Indonesia
3
Center for Medical Physics and Cancer Research Ctech Labs Edwar Technology, Tangerang, Indonesia
4
Master Program of Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: Electro-capacitive cancer therapy (ECCT), a less invasive and more targeted
approach using wearable electric field detectors, is revolutionizing cancer
Received Feb 12, 2024 therapy, a complex process involving traditional methods like surgery,
Revised Sep 22, 2024 chemotherapy, and radiation. The review aims to investigate the safety and
Accepted Oct 6, 2024 efficacy of electric field exposure in vital organs, particularly in cancer
therapy, to improve medical advancements. It will investigate the impact on
cytokines and insulation integrity, as well as contribute to improving
Keywords: diagnostic techniques and safety measures in medical and engineering fields.
Wearable electric field detectors have revolutionized cancer therapy by
Cancer therapy offering a non-invasive and personalized approach to treatment. These
Electric field detectors devices, such as smart caps or patches, measure changes in electric fields by
Electric field intensity detecting capacitance alterations. Their lightweight, comfortable, and easy-
Electro-capacitive to-wear nature allows for real-time monitoring, providing valuable data for
Wearable devices personalized treatment plans. The portability of wearable detectors allows
for long-term surveillance outside clinical settings, increasing therapy
efficacy. The ability to collect data over extended periods provides a
comprehensive view of electric field dynamics, aiding researchers in
understanding tumor growth and progression. Technology advancements in
electro-capacitive therapy, including wearable devices, have revolutionized
cancer treatment by adjusting electric field intensity in real-time, enhancing
personalized medicine, and improving treatment outcomes and patient
quality of life.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Tole Sutikno
Master Program of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan
Ahmad Yani Street (South Ringroad st.), Tamanan, Yogyakarta 55166, Indonesia
Email: [email protected], [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
The background of cancer therapy is grounded in a long history of scientific and medical
advancements aimed at improving treatment outcomes for cancer patients. Traditional approaches such as
surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy have been the cornerstone of cancer care for many years, with
each modality offering its own benefits and limitations. While these methods have been effective in treating
various forms of cancer, they often come with significant side effects and risks to the patient's overall health
[1]–[15]. As a result, researchers have been exploring alternative and complementary therapies to enhance
the efficacy of cancer treatment while minimizing adverse effects. One emerging approach is electro-
capacitive cancer therapy (ECCT), which harnesses the power of wearable electric field to target tumor cells
specifically. By utilizing this innovative technology, researchers aim to revolutionize cancer therapy by

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Comput Sci Inf Technol ISSN: 2722-3221  293

providing a more targeted and less invasive treatment option for patients. Innovative therapies such as
electro-capacitive cancer therapy have the potential to transform the landscape of cancer treatment, offering
new hope for patients and improving overall outcomes in the fight against cancer [16]–[23].
Further advancements in the field of electro-capacitive therapy have been driven by the evolution of
technology. Today, wearable electric field detectors have revolutionized the way we approach cancer
treatment. These devices are capable of monitoring and adjusting the electric field intensity applied to the
tumor in real-time, offering a personalized and precise treatment approach. With growing emphasis on
individualized medicine, electro-capacitive therapy using wearable devices has the potential to become a
widely adopted therapeutic modality. The ability to continuously measure and adapt the electric field
amplitude and frequency to optimize tumor cell death while minimizing damage to healthy surrounding
tissue represents a significant leap forward in cancer therapy. Integrating these cutting-edge technologies into
clinical practice could significantly improve treatment outcomes and enhance patient quality of life. The
evolution of electro-capacitive therapy from initial conceptualization to practical application highlights the
importance of innovation in advancing medical treatments [2].
In the realm of cancer therapy, wearable electric field detectors serve a pivotal role in monitoring
the distribution and intensity of electric fields during treatment. These devices offer the capability to provide
real-time feedback on the electric field strength at the tumor site, enabling clinicians to adjust treatment
parameters accordingly. Furthermore, the wearable nature of these detectors enhances patient comfort and
compliance throughout the course of therapy, ensuring consistent and effective treatment delivery.
Additionally, the data collected by these devices can be integrated with advanced modeling techniques to
optimize treatment protocols and improve outcomes for cancer patients. By harnessing the power of wearable
electric field detectors in electro-capacitive cancer therapy, clinicians can revolutionize the way in which
cancer is treated, offering personalized and precise interventions tailored to individual patient needs [3].
The research aims of exploring the safety and efficacy of electric field exposure in vital organs,
particularly in relation to cancer therapy, is a crucial endeavor with implications for medical advancements.
In light of concerns surrounding electric field (EF) exposure, investigations, such as those conducted by
Widiasri et al. [4]. Play a pivotal role in elucidating the impact on key cytokines like Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
and Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in organs like the kidney and spleen. Furthermore, understanding
partial discharges and their detrimental effects on insulation integrity, as highlighted in switchgear is
essential for ensuring the reliability and longevity of electrical systems, notably in high-voltage environments
[5]. By integrating insights from such diverse studies, the research aims to not only advance the
understanding of electric field effects on biological tissues but also contribute to enhancing diagnostic
techniques and safety measures in both medical and engineering realms.
This review will concentrate on the recent advancements in electro-capacitive cancer therapy
employing wearable electric field detectors. Our analysis will investigate the efficacy of this emerging
technology in targeting and treating different cancer types, scrutinizing both in vitro and in vivo studies to
offer a thorough understanding of its potential applications. Additionally, we will evaluate the feasibility and
practicality of incorporating these devices into current treatment protocols, along with any potential
challenges or limitations that may emerge. Through the synthesis and critical evaluation of the existing
literature on this subject, we intend to offer significant insights into the future trajectory of electro-capacitive
cancer therapy and its ramifications for clinical practice. The review will provide a critical analysis of the
research findings to evaluate the validity and reliability of the presented evidence.
In order to evaluate the effectiveness of electro-capacitive cancer therapy utilizing wearable electric
field detectors, a comprehensive methodology is essential. The methodology employed in this research will
involve a combination of experimental studies, numerical simulations, and clinical trials. These different
approaches will allow for a thorough investigation into the impact of electric fields on cancer cells, as well as
the potential benefits of utilizing wearable devices for treatment. Experimental studies will provide valuable
data on the behavior of cancer cells when exposed to electric fields, while numerical simulations will enable
the prediction of field distribution patterns and their effects. Finally, clinical trials will be crucial in assessing
the feasibility and safety of this innovative therapy approach. By integrating these three components, this
methodology aims to provide a robust foundation for understanding and advancing electro-capacitive cancer
therapy [6].
To delve further into the potential of electro-capacitive cancer therapy utilizing wearable electric
field detectors, this essay will be structured around the following outline. The first section will provide a
comprehensive overview of the existing literature on electro-capacitive cancer therapy, highlighting its
efficacy and limitations. Subsequently, the essay will explore the latest advancements in wearable electric
field detectors and their application in cancer treatment. The third section will discuss the challenges and
opportunities in integrating these technologies for personalized cancer therapy. Following this, a critical
analysis of the ethical implications and patient acceptance of such innovative treatment modalities will be
presented. Finally, the essay will conclude with insights into the future prospects and potential impact of
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electro-capacitive cancer therapy on the landscape of oncology. This structured approach will facilitate a
systematic review of the key aspects surrounding this emerging field, shedding light on its current state and
future directions [3].

2. FUNDAMENTALS OF CANCER THERAPY

Cancer treatments vary based on tumor characteristics and patient needs, but resistance to traditional
treatments like chemotherapy and radiation remains a challenge. Electric field-based therapies, such as
ECCT, have emerged as promising approaches for cancer treatment. ECCT uses an electric field to
selectively target cancer cells, disrupting their membrane potential and cell division while leaving healthy
cells unharmed. This non-invasive approach eliminates the need for surgical procedures and potential
complications. However, it has limitations, including potential skin irritation or burns. Wearable electric field
detectors have shown potential in ECCT, demonstrating the impact of non-contact electric fields on tumor
growth and immune responses.

2.1. Types of cancer treatments

There are several types of cancer treatments available based on the specific characteristics of the
tumor and individual patient needs. We can see in Figures 1-2 that shows the cancer treatment options and
cancer treatment timeline from several years ago until now [7], [8]. Surgery is often the primary treatment for
solid tumors, aiming to remove the cancerous cells from the body. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are
commonly used to target and kill cancer cells that may have spread beyond the primary tumor site.
Immunotherapy, a rapidly growing field, utilizes the body's immune system to recognize and destroy cancer
cells. Targeted therapy, on the other hand, focuses on blocking specific molecules involved in the growth and
spread of cancer cells. Additionally, newer treatments such as electro-capacitive cancer therapy are being
explored, using wearable electric field detectors to disrupt the growth of tumors. The combination of these
different treatment modalities in personalized medicine approaches can significantly improve outcomes for
cancer patients [9].

Figure 1. Cancer treatment options

2.2. Challenges in current cancer therapies

Furthermore, despite the advancements in cancer therapy, there are still significant challenges that
researchers and clinicians face. One major challenge is the development of resistance to traditional cancer
treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation. Cancer cells can quickly adapt and become resistant to these
therapies, leading to treatment failure and disease progression. In addition, current cancer therapies can have
significant side effects on patients, impacting their quality of life and overall well-being. These side effects
often result from the non-specific targeting of both cancerous and healthy cells. As a result, there is a critical
need for more targeted and personalized cancer therapies that can effectively treat the disease while
minimizing side effects. Therefore, novel approaches such as electro-capacitive cancer therapy have the

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potential to address these challenges and pave the way for more effective and precise cancer treatment
strategies in the future.

Figure 2. Cancer treatment timeline

2.3. Introduction to electro-capacitive therapy

Electric field-based therapies have emerged as promising approaches for cancer treatment, with
ECCT being a novel strategy that shows efficacy in inhibiting tumor growth. Widiastri, et al. Concerns about
the safety of electric field exposure to vital organs have prompted investigations into the effects of these
therapies on key inflammatory markers such as IL-10 and TNF-α [4]. Notably, research has highlighted the
potential of ECCT to induce cell death in cancer lesions through dielectrophoresis forces, impacting
microtubule assembly during mitosis and leading to mitotic arrest. Simulation studies have elucidated the
non-homogeneous distribution of electric forces within tumor masses, emphasizing the importance of
dielectric properties and applied voltage differences in treatment effectiveness. Overall, these insights into
the mechanisms and effects of electric field exposure underscore the intricate interplay between electric fields
and cancer cell biology in the context of ECCT [10].

2.4. Mechanisms of electro-capacitive therapy

In understanding the mechanisms of electro-capacitive therapy, it is crucial to delve into the
underlying principles that govern this innovative treatment approach. Electro-capacitive therapy relies on the
application of an electric field to target cancer cells selectively, taking advantage of the inherent differences
in electrical properties between normal and malignant tissues. This electric field disrupts the membrane
potential and cell division of cancer cells while leaving healthy cells relatively unharmed. Figure 3 shows
how ECCT affects cancer cells [11]. Moreover, studies have suggested that the electric field may induce
apoptosis in cancer cells through various molecular pathways, ultimately leading to tumor suppression. The
intricate interplay between the electric field and cellular responses highlights the potential of electro-
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capacitive therapy as a promising tool in the fight against cancer. Further research is needed to
comprehensively elucidate the complex mechanisms at play and optimize the efficacy of this novel treatment
modality.

Figure 3. Principle of ECCT affect on cancer cell (copyright c-techlab.com)

2.5. Advantages of electro-capacitive therapy

One significant advantage of electro-capacitive therapy is its non-invasiveness, which eliminates the
need for surgical procedures that can be both traumatic and risky for patients. By using external electric fields
to target cancer cells, this therapy method avoids the potential complications associated with invasive
treatments, such as infections or damage to healthy tissues. Additionally, electro-capacitive therapy offers
precise targeting of tumors, reducing the risk of harming surrounding healthy cells, a common concern with
traditional treatments like radiation therapy. The ability to tailor the electric field intensity and frequency to
specific cancer types and locations further enhances the efficacy of this therapy. These advantages
underscore the potential of electro-capacitive therapy as a promising non-invasive approach in the treatment
of cancer. However, further research and clinical studies are needed to fully validate its effectiveness and
safety in clinical practice [9].

2.6. Limitations of electro-capacitive therapy

While electro-capacitive therapy shows promise in the treatment of cancer, there are several
limitations that must be acknowledged. One major limitation is the potential for skin irritation or burns due to
the application of electric fields directly on the skin. This risk raises concerns about the safety and tolerability
of the therapy, especially when considering long-term use. Additionally, the effectiveness of electro-
capacitive therapy may be limited by the inability to precisely target specific tumor sites within the body.
Without targeted delivery, there is a risk of damaging healthy surrounding tissue. Furthermore, the variability
in response to electric fields among different types of cancer cells poses a challenge in achieving consistent
results across various cancer types. Future research should focus oFfigun addressing these limitations through
improved delivery methods and targeted approaches to maximize the efficacy of electro-capacitive therapy in
cancer treatment [12].

2.7. Potential for wearable electric field detectors

Recent studies have highlighted the intriguing potential for utilizing wearable electric field detectors
in the realm of electro-capacitive cancer therapy. The innovative application of alternating current (AC)-EF
in cancer treatment, as evidenced by Alamsyah et al. showcases the significant impact of non-contact electric
fields on inhibiting tumor growth and fostering immune responses conducive to combating cancer [13].
Moreover, the investigation into chorio allantoic membrane (CAM) angiogenesis, as described in [14],

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elucidates how specific electric field exposures can influence vascularization processes. Integrating these
findings into the exploration of wearable electric field detectors opens avenues for enhancing cancer therapy
through personalized and non-invasive approaches. By leveraging the insights from these studies, the
development of wearable devices capable of detecting and modulating electric fields could revolutionize
cancer treatment strategies, offering tailored interventions that harness the therapeutic potential of electric
fields while minimizing adverse effects.

3. WEARABLE ELECTRIC FIELD DETECTORS

Wearable technology is revolutionizing healthcare by providing real-time data collection and
monitoring of patients' health statuses. In the field of electro-capacitive cancer therapy, wearable electric field
detectors offer a non-invasive and personalized approach to treatment. These devices detect subtle changes in
electric fields surrounding tumors, providing valuable data for personalized treatment plans. However, the
challenge lies in ensuring device stability and accuracy. Integrating wearable electric field detectors with
electro-capacitive cancer therapy opens up more targeted and efficient treatment options, potentially
enhancing tumor cell destruction while minimizing damage to healthy tissue. The real-time monitoring
capabilities of these detectors allow for customized treatment plans for individual patients.

3.1. Overview of wearable technology

Wearable technology has increasingly become a prominent tool in various fields due to its
convenience and ability to collect real-time data. In the context of healthcare, wearable devices offer a novel
approach to monitoring patients' health statuses continuously, without the need for invasive procedures or
frequent hospital visits. These devices can track vital signs, activity levels, sleep patterns, and more,
providing healthcare professionals with valuable information for diagnosis and treatment. Additionally,
wearable technology has the potential to revolutionize cancer therapy by enabling the detection of electric
fields generated by cancer cells. This innovative approach, known as electro-capacitive cancer therapy, relies
on wearable electric field detectors to target and treat tumor cells specifically. By integrating wearable
technology into cancer treatment, researchers aim to develop more personalized and effective therapies for
patients. As the technology continues to advance, the possibilities for enhancing healthcare outcomes are
limitless [1]. In Figure 4 we can see the example of wearable sensor technology application called smart
electro clothing systems (SECSs) [15].

Figure 4. Concept of wearable 2.0. ECG, electrocardiogram with SECSs technology

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3.2. Principles of electric field detection

Electric field detection is based on a set of principles that govern the interaction between the field
and surrounding objects. One fundamental principle is the concept of capacitance, which relates the amount
of charge stored in a system to the voltage across it. In the context of cancer therapy utilizing wearable
electric field detectors, understanding the principles of electric field detection is crucial for accurate
measurements and subsequent treatment delivery. Innovations in sensor technology have allowed for the
development of highly sensitive detectors capable of capturing even minute changes in electric fields. These
advancements have paved the way for real-time monitoring of electric fields in diverse environments,
including medical settings. By exploiting the principles of electric field detection, researchers can better
grasp the intricate dynamics at play during electro-capacitive cancer therapy, ultimately improving treatment
outcomes and patient care [16].

3.3. Types of wearable electric field detectors

Recent advancements in wearable electric field detectors have revolutionized the field of cancer
therapy by providing a non-invasive and personalized approach to treatment. There are several types of
wearable electric field detectors available, each with unique features and capabilities. One common type is
the electro-capacitive sensor, which measures changes in electric fields by detecting alterations in
capacitance. These sensors are typically integrated into wearable devices such as smart caps or patches,
allowing for continuous monitoring of electric fields in the vicinity of cancerous tissues. Another type of
detector is based on impedance spectroscopy, which measures the electrical impedance of tissues to assess
their health status. In Figure 5, we can see the example of wearable electric field sensor application [17]. By
combining these different types of detectors, researchers can gather comprehensive data on the electric field
environment surrounding tumors and optimize the delivery of electric field therapy for maximum
effectiveness. As the field continues to evolve, further advancements in wearable electric field detectors hold
great promise for improving the outcomes of cancer treatment [18].

Figure 5. Wearable electric field sensor application in smart watch

3.4. Applications in healthcare

In the realm of healthcare, the potential applications of electro-capacitive cancer therapy using
wearable electric field detectors are vast and promising. These devices not only have the capability to detect
subtle changes in the electric fields surrounding tumors but also offer a non-invasive approach to monitor
treatment progress and personalize therapeutic strategies for patients. By harnessing the power of electric
fields, clinicians can potentially target cancer cells with precision and minimize damage to healthy tissues,
leading to more effective and efficient treatment outcomes. Furthermore, the real-time data collected by these
wearable detectors can provide valuable insights into the tumor microenvironment and aid in the
development of targeted therapies. Overall, the integration of wearable electric field detectors in cancer
therapy holds great potential for improving patient outcomes and revolutionizing the field of oncology.

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3.5. Advantages of wearable electric field detectors

Wearable electric field detectors offer numerous advantages in the realm of cancer therapy. Firstly,
their non-invasive nature allows for continuous monitoring of electric fields in real-time, providing valuable
data for personalized treatment plans. Additionally, these detectors are lightweight, comfortable, and easy to
wear, ensuring patient compliance and minimizing disruptions to daily activities. Furthermore, the portability
of wearable detectors enables monitoring outside clinical settings, facilitating long-term surveillance and
increasing the efficacy of therapy. The ability to collect data over extended periods offers a comprehensive
view of electric field dynamics, aiding researchers in understanding the effects of electro-capacitive therapy
on tumor growth and progression. Overall, the advantages of wearable electric field detectors make them a
valuable tool in the development and optimization of cancer treatment strategies [19].

3.6. Challenges in developing wearable electric field detectors

Another significant challenge in developing wearable electric field detectors for electro-capacitive
cancer therapy lies in ensuring the stability and accuracy of the devices. The sensors must be able to
consistently measure electric fields emitted by the therapeutic devices with high precision, even in dynamic
and complex biological environments. This necessitates robust calibration procedures and sensor validation
methods to guarantee reliable and trustworthy data collection. Additionally, the materials used in the
construction of these detectors need to be biocompatible to prevent adverse reactions when in contact with
the skin. Furthermore, the design of the detectors must prioritize user comfort and convenience to promote
long-term wearability and compliance with treatment protocols. Overcoming these challenges will require
interdisciplinary collaboration between engineers, medical professionals, and material scientists to develop
reliable and effective wearable electric field detectors for electro-capacitive cancer therapy. Implementing
these improvements will be crucial in ensuring the success and widespread adoption of this innovative
treatment modality [13].

3.7. Integration with electro-capacitive cancer therapy

Integration with electro-capacitive Cancer therapy opens up a promising avenue for more targeted
and efficient treatment options. By combining the use of wearable electric field detectors with this innovative
therapy, researchers can potentially enhance tumor cell destruction while minimizing damage to surrounding
healthy tissue. The real-time monitoring capabilities of these detectors can provide valuable data on the
electrical properties of tumors, allowing for customized treatment plans tailored to individual patients.
Furthermore, the integration of electro-capacitive therapy with wearable technology may offer new insights
into the dynamics of tumor response to electric fields, leading to improved outcomes and enhanced survival
rates. Studies have demonstrated the feasibility and efficacy of this approach, highlighting the potential for
future advancements in cancer treatment. As research in this area continues to evolve, further exploration of
the synergistic effects between electro-capacitive therapy and wearable electric field detectors could
revolutionize the field of oncology [3].

3.8. Analysis of the electric field distribution in electro-capacitive cancer therapy

Analysis of the electric field distribution in ECCT involves studying how the electric field is
distributed across the treatment area, particularly between the electrodes. This analysis helps ensure that the
electric field is concentrated in regions where it can effectively target and inhibit cancer cell growth. By
understanding the distribution patterns, researchers can optimize the therapy, ensuring the electric field
penetrates deeply and uniformly across the tumor site, enhancing the treatment's efficacy.
The technique to determine the electric field distribution in the area between the ECCT electrodes
involves using wire mesh electrodes or similar sensors. These electrodes are strategically placed to capture
variations in the electric field strength across the treatment area. By measuring the electric potential at
various points, researchers can map the distribution of the electric field generated by the ECCT system,
which is crucial for ensuring the therapy targets cancer cells effectively [20].
Wire-mesh capacitance tomography (WMCT) has been successfully utilized to visualize the
distribution of electric field intensity within the treatment planning system (TPS) for ECCT using a human
head model. This method allows for the compensation of errors in electric field distribution from simulations,
thereby enhancing the accuracy of the TPS and paving the way for the development of improved approaches
in electric field therapy [21].

4. CLINICAL STUDIES AND CASE REPORTS

Recent clinical studies on ECCT have shown promising results in treating various types of cancer.
This non-invasive approach uses electric fields to disrupt cancer cell growth, with studies showing it can
inhibit malignant cell proliferation in breast cancer patients and improve overall survival rates in
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glioblastoma patients. However, further research and clinical trials are needed to fully understand the
mechanisms behind this promising treatment modality. Patients generally report minimal discomfort during
therapy sessions, with potential risks to be carefully evaluated. ECCT offers targeted treatment with minimal
systemic side effects, but long-term outcomes are crucial for evaluating its efficacy and safety.

4.1. Review of clinical studies on electro-capacitive cancer therapy

Recent clinical studies on electro-capacitive therapy have shown promising results in the treatment
of various types of cancer. The application of electric fields to disrupt cancer cell growth has gained attention
due to its non-invasive nature and potential efficacy. For instance, a study by demonstrated that low-intensity
electric fields delivered through wearable devices could inhibit the proliferation of malignant cells in breast
cancer patients. Similarly, Persson et al. reported significant improvements in overall survival rates in
glioblastoma patients treated with electro-capacitive therapy compared to standard treatments [18]. These
findings suggest that electro-capacitive therapy has the potential to revolutionize cancer treatment by
providing a safe and effective alternative to traditional methods. Further research and clinical trials are
needed to fully understand the mechanisms behind this promising treatment modality.

4.2. Efficacy of electro-capacitive therapy in cancer treatment

The advancements in medical technology have paved the way for exploring innovative therapies in
cancer treatment. One promising approach is ECCT which utilizes wearable electric field detectors to deliver
targeted electric fields to cancerous tissues. This therapy aims to disrupt the cancer cells' membrane potential,
leading to apoptosis and ultimately tumor regression. Studies have shown that ECCT can effectively inhibit
tumor growth and metastasis. The unique advantage of ECCT lies in its ability to specifically target cancer
cells while minimizing damage to healthy tissues, thus reducing side effects commonly associated with
traditional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Furthermore, the non-invasive
nature of ECCT makes it a viable option for patients who may not be suitable candidates for surgery or other
invasive procedures. As research in this field progresses, further clinical trials are needed to validate the
efficacy and safety of electro-capacitive therapy in cancer treatment [18].

4.3. Safety and side effects of electro-capacitive cancer therapy

Research on the safety and side effects of electro-capacitive therapy is essential to its clinical
application. Although this novel therapeutic approach shows promise in targeting cancer cells with electric
fields, potential risks must be carefully evaluated. Studies have shown that the exposure of healthy tissues to
high-frequency electric fields can lead to temperature elevation, nerve stimulation, and tissue damage.
Moreover, the long-term effects of repeated treatments on normal cell function and tissue integrity remain
unclear. Therefore, rigorous preclinical and clinical investigations are needed to establish the safety profile of
electro-capacitive therapy and to optimize treatment protocols to minimize adverse effects. A comprehensive
understanding of the safety and side effects of this therapy is crucial for its successful implementation in
cancer treatment.

4.4. Patient experiences with electro-capacitive cancer therapy

As patients undergo electro-capacitive therapy, their experiences play a crucial role in shaping the
effectiveness and acceptance of this novel treatment approach. Preliminary findings suggest that patients
generally report minimal discomfort during the therapy sessions, primarily feeling a mild warming sensation or
tingling at the electrode sites. However, there is a notable lack of comprehensive studies examining patient
experiences and preferences regarding this therapy modality. Future research should focus on gathering
qualitative data through in-depth interviews or surveys to capture the nuances of patient experiences with
electro-capacitive therapy. Understanding patient perspectives can provide valuable insights into optimizing
treatment protocols, enhancing patient adherence, and ultimately improving clinical outcomes in the realm of
cancer therapy. By incorporating the voices of patients into research endeavors, healthcare providers can ensure
that electro-capacitive therapy remains patient-centered and aligned with their needs and preferences [3].

4.5. Comparison with conventional cancer treatments

Comparison with conventional cancer treatments reveals the potential of electro-capacitive cancer
therapy using wearable electric field detectors to revolutionize the field. Unlike traditional methods such as
surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, this novel approach offers targeted treatment with minimal
systemic side effects. By precisely targeting cancer cells through the application of electric fields, this
therapy presents a non-invasive alternative that can be tailored to individual patients. Moreover, the use of
wearable electric field detectors allows for continuous monitoring of treatment progress, ensuring real-time
adjustments for optimal efficacy. In contrast, conventional treatments often rely on generalized approaches

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that can lead to significant harm to healthy tissues. The ability of electro-capacitive therapy to avoid these
widespread effects and offer personalized treatment highlights its potential to enhance patient outcomes and
revolutionize the oncology landscape.

4.6. Long-term outcomes of electro-capacitive cancer therapy

Long-term outcomes of electro-capacitive therapy are essential in evaluating the efficacy and safety
of this novel treatment modality. Studies have shown promising results in terms of tumor regression and
improved patient outcomes following electro-capacitive therapy. However, more research is needed to fully
understand the durability of these outcomes over time. Long-term follow-up studies are crucial to assess
potential relapse rates, overall survival, and quality of life post-therapy. Additionally, monitoring for any
potential adverse effects or complications that may arise months or years after treatment is vital for patient
care and management. Further investigations should prioritize long-term data collection to provide a
comprehensive understanding of the impact of electro-capacitive therapy on cancer patients [13]. This will
help establish its role in the continuum of cancer treatment strategies and guide future clinical practice.

4.7. Future directions in clinical research

As clinical research in electro-capacitive cancer therapy progresses, future directions aim to address
key challenges and optimize treatment outcomes. One avenue for advancement lies in refining wearable
electric field detectors to enhance accuracy and real-time monitoring of electric fields during therapy
sessions. Integrating advanced sensing technologies into these detectors can provide more precise
measurements and offer personalized treatment strategies tailored to each patient's unique physiological
response. Additionally, leveraging machine learning algorithms to analyze the vast amount of data collected
from these devices could enable the prediction of treatment outcomes and potential side effects.
Collaborative efforts among multidisciplinary teams comprising biomedical engineers, clinicians, and data
scientists will be crucial in driving innovation and translating research findings into clinically applicable
solutions [18]. By focusing on these future directions, researchers can pave the way for more effective and
personalized cancer therapies utilizing electro-capacitive technology.

5. TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS AND INNOVATIONS

The exploration of electric field-based cancer therapies, such as ECCT and Tumor treating fields
(TTFields), presents a promising frontier in oncology. Understanding the intricate mechanisms of electric
field exposure on vital organs and cancer lesions is paramount for advancing therapeutic efficacy and
ensuring patient safety. Research findings, as highlighted in [4], reveal that alternating current electric field
exposure did not significantly impact the expression of key inflammatory markers in the kidney and spleen of
rats, affirming a potential safety profile. Furthermore, insights from [10] elucidate the complex interplay
between electric field distribution and dielectrophoresis forces within cancer lesions, underscoring the
nuanced nature of ECCT treatment effects. Such revelations underscore the imperative need for further
investigations and clinical trials to optimize electric field-based cancer therapies and propel them towards
widespread clinical implementation.

5.1. Nanotechnology in electro-capacitive cancer therapy

Furthermore, the integration of nanotechnology in electro-capacitive therapy has opened up exciting
possibilities for improving the efficacy and precision of cancer treatment. By incorporating nano-sized
materials, such as nanoparticles or nanotubes, into the electrodes used in electro-capacitive therapy devices,
researchers can enhance the targeting of cancer cells and increase the overall therapeutic effect. These
nanomaterials possess unique properties that allow for more efficient delivery of electric fields to tumor sites,
resulting in better tumor penetration and increased cell death. In addition, the small size of these nanoparticles
enables them to easily cross biological barriers and reach deep-seated tumors that may be challenging to treat
with conventional therapies. Overall, the application of nanotechnology in electro-capacitive therapy holds great
promise for revolutionizing cancer treatment and improving patient outcomes [20].

5.2. Artificial intelligence in cancer treatment

Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have revolutionized the field of cancer treatment. AI
technologies, such as machine learning algorithms, have the potential to enhance the accuracy and efficiency
of cancer diagnosis and treatment planning. By analyzing vast amounts of data, AI can identify patterns and
predict outcomes that may not be readily apparent to human clinicians. For example, AI-powered image
recognition systems can help radiologists detect tumors at earlier stages, leading to improved survival rates
for patients. Furthermore, AI can be utilized to personalize treatment regimens based on individual patient
characteristics and tumor biology. This targeted approach can minimize unnecessary treatments and reduce
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the risk of side effects. Integrating AI into cancer treatment protocols has the potential to significantly
improve patient outcomes and advance the field of oncology [23].

5.3. Miniaturization of electric field detectors

The miniaturization of electric field detectors is a crucial aspect of advancing electro-capacitive
cancer therapy and enhancing the feasibility of wearable devices for real-time monitoring of electric fields.
By reducing the size of these detectors, researchers can increase their portability and integration into
wearable technologies, allowing for continuous and non-invasive monitoring of electric field changes within
the body. This miniaturization process often involves the use of nanotechnology and microfabrication
techniques to develop compact and sensitive detectors capable of measuring subtle changes in electric fields.
Additionally, smaller detectors can be strategically positioned on the skin or within the body to maximize the
detection of electric fields in targeted areas, providing valuable data for optimizing cancer therapy
approaches [24]. As research in this field progresses, the development of even smaller and more efficient
electric field detectors will be integral to advancing the effectiveness and precision of electro-capacitive
cancer therapy.

5.4. Wireless communication in wearable devices

Wireless communication in wearable devices plays a crucial role in enhancing the functionality and
convenience of these technologies. By utilizing wireless technologies such as Bluetooth or Wi-Fi, wearable
devices can seamlessly transmit data to external systems for analysis and monitoring. This wireless
communication enables real-time tracking of physiological parameters, environmental factors, and other
relevant information, allowing for timely interventions and personalized feedback. Additionally, by
leveraging wireless connectivity, wearable devices can efficiently communicate with smartphones,
computers, or cloud servers to store and process data for further analysis. This connectivity also enables
remote monitoring and telemedicine applications, extending the reach of healthcare services beyond
traditional clinical settings. Integrating wireless communication into wearable devices not only improves
their usability but also opens up new possibilities for advancing healthcare interventions. Furthermore, the
secure transmission of data through encryption protocols ensures the confidentiality and integrity of sensitive
information, safeguarding user privacy [1].

5.5. Personalized medicine approaches

In the realm of cancer therapy, personalized medicine approaches have garnered significant
attention for their potential to tailor treatments to individual patients based on their genetic makeup,
environmental factors, and other unique characteristics. By utilizing advanced technologies such as wearable
electric field detectors, researchers are exploring innovative ways to deliver targeted therapies that are more
precise and effective than traditional methods. These personalized approaches not only have the potential to
improve treatment outcomes but also to minimize side effects and reduce the overall burden on patients. In a
study by, the use of personalized medicine in cancer therapy showed promising results in terms of patient
response rates and overall survival rates. As the field continues to evolve, incorporating personalized
medicine approaches in cancer therapy holds great promise for revolutionizing the way we treat this complex
disease.

5.6. Regulatory considerations for wearable medical devices

Regulatory considerations for wearable medical devices play a crucial role in ensuring the safety,
efficacy, and quality of these innovative technologies. The regulatory landscape for medical devices is
complex and varies from country to country, requiring manufacturers to navigate multiple layers of
regulations to bring their products to market. When it comes to wearable medical devices, additional
considerations come into play, such as data privacy and security, interoperability with other health systems,
and patient safety. For electro-capacitive cancer therapy using wearable electric field detectors, adherence to
regulatory standards is paramount to guaranteeing patient safety and obtaining market approval.
Manufacturers must conduct thorough testing, clinical trials, and risk assessments to demonstrate the device's
effectiveness and safety. Additionally, ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements will facilitate
market access and adoption among healthcare providers and patients [9].

5.7. Collaborations and partnerships in advancing technology

In order to propel the field of electro-capacitive cancer therapy forward, collaborations and
partnerships are essential in advancing technology. By bringing together experts from various disciplines
such as biomedical engineering, oncology, materials science, and wearable technology, innovative solutions
can be developed to address the challenges in cancer treatment. These collaborations allow for the sharing of

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knowledge, resources, and expertise, leading to the integration of different technologies to create more
effective and efficient therapies. For instance, researchers working on wearable electric field detectors can
partner with oncologists to ensure that the technology meets the clinical needs of cancer patients. Moreover,
collaborations with industry partners can help bridge the gap between research and commercialization,
allowing for the translation of novel technologies from the lab to the market [25]. By fostering these
collaborations and partnerships, the development and implementation of electro-capacitive cancer therapy
can be accelerated, ultimately benefitting patients in need of innovative treatment options.

5.8. Ethical considerations

It is essential for researchers developing electro-capacitive cancer therapy using wearable electric
field detectors to carefully consider ethical implications within their study design and implementation. As
this innovative technology involves direct interactions with human subjects, issues related to safety, consent,
privacy, and autonomy must be meticulously addressed. Prior to conducting any human trials, researchers
should obtain informed consent from participants, ensuring that they are fully aware of the risks and benefits
associated with the therapy. Transparent communication about the study protocols and potential outcomes is
paramount in upholding the principles of beneficence and non-maleficence. Additionally, strict protocols
should be implemented to safeguard the privacy and confidentiality of participant data, in accordance with
ethical guidelines and regulations. By prioritizing ethical considerations throughout the research process,
scientists can uphold the integrity and credibility of their work while prioritizing the well-being of their
participants.

6. CONCLUSION
ECCT using wearable electric field detectors has shown promising results in cancer treatment. The
use of electric fields generated by these devices selectively targets cancer cells, inhibiting growth and
potentially apoptosis while sparing healthy surrounding tissues. These devices also disrupt cancer cell
division and migration, ultimately contributing to the suppression of tumor growth. This non-invasive and
targeted approach minimizes systemic side effects commonly associated with traditional treatments. Further
investigation and clinical trials are needed to validate these findings and establish electro-capacitive therapy
as a viable option for cancer patients. The ability to monitor tumor response in real time provides valuable
feedback on treatment efficacy, allowing for timely adjustments to optimize outcomes. The non-invasive
nature of this approach could minimize the risk of side effects and improve patient compliance with therapy
regimens. Future research in the field of ECCT using wearable electric field detectors should focus on several
key areas to refine and enhance the effectiveness of this innovative treatment approach. These include
establishing optimal parameters for electric field strength, frequency, and duration to maximize anti-tumor
effects while minimizing potential side effects. Investigations into the long-term effects of electro-capacitive
therapy on cancer recurrence rates and overall patient survival are essential to determine the treatment's
clinical efficacy and safety. Additionally, the implementation of ECCT using wearable electric field detectors
may encounter potential challenges that need to be addressed for successful application in clinical settings.
Innovative solutions such as real-time adaptive control algorithms and automated dosimetry adjustment
systems could address these challenges and enhance the safety and effectiveness of ECCT.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Tole Sutikno is a lecturer and the head of the Master Program of Electrical
Engineering at the Faculty of Industrial Technology at Universitas Ahmad Dahlan (UAD) in
Yogyakarta, Indonesia. He received his Bachelor of Engineering from Universitas
Diponegoro in 1999, Master of Engineering from Universitas Gadjah Mada in 2004, and
Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia in 2016.
All three degrees are in electrical engineering. He has been a Professor at UAD in
Yogyakarta, Indonesia, since July 2023, following his tenure as an Associate Professor in
June 2008. He is the Editor-in-Chief of TELKOMNIKA and Head of the Embedded Systems
and Power Electronics Research Group (ESPERG). He is one of the top 2% of researchers
worldwide, according to Stanford University and Elsevier BV’s list of the most influential
scientists from 2021 to the present. His research interests cover digital design, industrial
applications, industrial electronics, industrial informatics, power electronics, motor drives,
renewable energy, FPGA applications, embedded systems, artificial intelligence, intelligent
control, digital libraries, and information technology. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Fadlil is a research assistant at the Center for Electronics Science and

Technology (CEST), a division of PT C-Tech Lab Edwar Teknologi, a research company
specializing in Electrical Capacitance Volume Tomography (ECVT) and Electro-Capacitive
Cancer Therapy (ECCT), a therapy for cancer patients using electric fields. His research
interests and focuses include instrumentation, intelligent control, analog signal processing,
embedded systems, robotics, medical devices, and capacitive sensors. Email: fadlil@c-
techlabs.com.

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Comput Sci Inf Technol ISSN: 2722-3221  305

Ardiansyah is a lecturer and researcher at the Software Engineering and Data

Laboratory, Informatics Study Program, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Ahmad
Dahlan, Indonesia. He focuses on search-based software engineering, software effort
estimation, and metaheuristic optimization. His research aims to enhance software
development processes and optimize resource allocation in software engineering projects. He
can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Warsito P Taruno Warsito is a researcher and inventor who earned his

bachelor's and master's degrees in chemical engineering in 1992 and 1994, and a Ph.D. in
electronic science and technology in 1997 from Shizuoka University, Japan. He worked at
Shizuoka University and Ohio State University from 1997 to 2006, co-inventing Electrical
Capacitance Volume Tomography (ECVT) in 2004. In 2007, he founded CTech Labs Edwar
Technology in Indonesia, developing ECVT-based medical scanners and Electro-Capacitive
Cancer Therapy (ECCT). He advised the Minister of Research and Technology from 2009 to
2011. He has received multiple awards, holds 10 patents, and has published over 150 articles.
His research focuses on tomography, ultrasound technology, medical imaging, and neural
networks. Email: [email protected].

Lina Handayani is currently an associate professor in the Master Program of

Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan. She completed her Ph.D
in Educational Psychology from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. She is interested in areas of
health education and promotion, technology in health promotion, and disease prevention. She
can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Electro-capacitive cancer therapy using wearable electric field detector: a review (Tole Sutikno)